Betty Newman's System Model provides a holistic and flexible framework for nursing. It focuses on a client system's response to stressors in the environment. The model views clients as unique composites of variables and uses primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to support optimal wellness.
Betty Neumann developed the model in the 1970s based on general system theory. She viewed clients as open systems composed of physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, developmental, and spiritual variables that interact with internal and external environments. Health is defined as harmony among all client variables. Nursing aims to reduce stressors and support reconstitution through primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions.
This theory will be helpful for Nurses and Student nurses while caring critically ill patient and understand how levels of prevention will be beneficial in internal, external and created environment of mankind.
This is the Roy Adaptation Model presented by Callista Roy.
This presentation includes assumptions of the theory, major concepts,meta paradigms and theory's strengths and weaknesses. It also includes the types of stimuli and coping systems of theory.
This theory will be helpful for Nurses and Student nurses while caring critically ill patient and understand how levels of prevention will be beneficial in internal, external and created environment of mankind.
This is the Roy Adaptation Model presented by Callista Roy.
This presentation includes assumptions of the theory, major concepts,meta paradigms and theory's strengths and weaknesses. It also includes the types of stimuli and coping systems of theory.
Theory of self care includes of self-care, self-care agency, self-care requisites and therapeutic self-care demand. This theory promotes the goal of self-care
Self-Care: Activities performed independently by an individual to promote and maintain personal well-being throughout life.
Dr. Roy also had a opportunity to be a clinical nurse scholar two year post doctoral program in neuroscience Nursing at University of California.
she selected this field to develop her understanding of the holistic person especially as an adaptive system and because of her familiarity with this clinical area as the result of her own neurological illness.
The Betty Neuman theory - Easy to understand ,The Neuman Systems ModelChithraValsan
Nursing Theory is defined as " A creative and rigorous structuring of Ideas, that project Tentative, Purposeful, and Systematic view of Phenomena." Aims of Nursing theories including to Describe, Predict, and Explain the Phenomenon of Nursing (Chinn and Jacobs, 1978).Main categories of Nursing theories are Grand Theory, Middle Range Theory, and Practice level Theory.
Martha Rogers’s Science of Unitary Human Beings...simplified...with a case sc...Karen V. Duhamel
This PowerPoint is a comprehensive overview of Martha Rogers's abstract conceptual model of the Science of Unitary Human Beings, with a simplified description of her model, including a case scenario illustrating key conceptual principles.
1. To be able to differentiate, apply and identify the various models of nursing theories and approaches in all phases of life.
2. To know the essential value of formal nursing conceptual models and understand the provision of a shared view of the metaparadigm concepts (person, environment, health and nursing).
3. Be able to focus on nursing's role: to work with patients to manage their health problems/life processes.
On My Mind Contemporaneously August to September 2018Ajaz Hussain
Part 2 of On My Mind Series where I contemporaneously record where my attention and thoughts got placed in the context of Systems and How to Build and Maintain an Effective Pharmaceutical Quality Managment System,
Theory of self care includes of self-care, self-care agency, self-care requisites and therapeutic self-care demand. This theory promotes the goal of self-care
Self-Care: Activities performed independently by an individual to promote and maintain personal well-being throughout life.
Dr. Roy also had a opportunity to be a clinical nurse scholar two year post doctoral program in neuroscience Nursing at University of California.
she selected this field to develop her understanding of the holistic person especially as an adaptive system and because of her familiarity with this clinical area as the result of her own neurological illness.
The Betty Neuman theory - Easy to understand ,The Neuman Systems ModelChithraValsan
Nursing Theory is defined as " A creative and rigorous structuring of Ideas, that project Tentative, Purposeful, and Systematic view of Phenomena." Aims of Nursing theories including to Describe, Predict, and Explain the Phenomenon of Nursing (Chinn and Jacobs, 1978).Main categories of Nursing theories are Grand Theory, Middle Range Theory, and Practice level Theory.
Martha Rogers’s Science of Unitary Human Beings...simplified...with a case sc...Karen V. Duhamel
This PowerPoint is a comprehensive overview of Martha Rogers's abstract conceptual model of the Science of Unitary Human Beings, with a simplified description of her model, including a case scenario illustrating key conceptual principles.
1. To be able to differentiate, apply and identify the various models of nursing theories and approaches in all phases of life.
2. To know the essential value of formal nursing conceptual models and understand the provision of a shared view of the metaparadigm concepts (person, environment, health and nursing).
3. Be able to focus on nursing's role: to work with patients to manage their health problems/life processes.
On My Mind Contemporaneously August to September 2018Ajaz Hussain
Part 2 of On My Mind Series where I contemporaneously record where my attention and thoughts got placed in the context of Systems and How to Build and Maintain an Effective Pharmaceutical Quality Managment System,
Explore credentials, theoretical sources, and historical perspective of Betty Neuman
Review concepts/definitions and concept map
Critique theory
Examine the Neuman Systems Model’s acceptance by the nursing community
Demonstrate NSM’s use through case
ARTS 2001C Week 1 - Assignment 1Birds resting-Maria P.docxfredharris32
ARTS 2001C: Week 1 - Assignment 1
Birds resting-Maria Pribe
ARTS 2001C: Week 1 - Assignment 1
Birds resting-Maria Pribe
ARTS 2001C: Week 1 - Assignment 1
Birds resting-Maria Pribe
Photograph
• A photo of two birds resting in a nest build on deep top of a tree. They are peacefully
lying on each other. They are gray in color.
Photograph
•A photo of two birds resting in a nest build on deep top of a tree. They are peacefully
lying on each other. They are gray in color.
• Natural frames are simple to locate in a photo; they provide the best
angles for shooting an eye-catching photograph. Beautiful colors in
between the subject and the frame attract the eye of a viewer. When
photographs are horizontally oriented, they give a more
comprehensive view letting us understand the surroundings better
(Quigley, 2019). A clear statement of what the most vital in the
photo is strengthened by filling the frame because it takes up all the
attention of a viewer immediately; the viewer takes a glance at the
picture. The framing choice affects the decision on where to place an
element in the frame. (Tartsinis, 2020). Mostly the frame is divided
into three parts, which give the subject a priority. The viewer’s eye
level is determined by the horizontal line that runs across the canvas.
The Description Of Framing Element
•Natural frames are simple to locate in a photo; they provide the best
angles for shooting an eye-catching photograph. Beautiful colors in
between the subject and the frame attract the eye of a viewer. When
photographs are horizontally oriented, they give a more
comprehensive view letting us understand the surroundings better
(Quigley, 2019). A clear statement of what the most vital in the
photo is strengthened by filling the frame because it takes up all the
attention of a viewer immediately; the viewer takes a glance at the
picture. The framing choice affects the decision on where to place an
element in the frame. (Tartsinis, 2020). Mostly the frame is divided
into three parts, which give the subject a priority. The viewer’s eye
level is determined by the horizontal line that runs across the canvas.
The Description Of Framing Element
Reference
Quigley, B. (2019). DON'T SAY CHEESE A Brief History of Early Portrait
Photography. Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History, 31(3), 40-48.
Tartsinis, A. M. (2020). Icons of Style: A Century of Fashion Photography, 1911–
2011: J. Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Center, Los Angeles June 26-October 21,
2018. Curated by Paul Martineau, Associate Curator in the Department of
Photography, J. Paul Getty Museum. Fashion Theory, 24(2), 293-304.
Reference
Quigley, B. (2019). DON'T SAY CHEESE A Brief History of Early Portrait
Photography. Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History, 31(3), 40-48.
Tartsinis, A. M. (2020). Icons of Style: A Century of Fashion Photography, 1911–
2011: J. Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Center, Los Angeles June 26-October 21,
2018. Cura ...
ARTS 2001C Week 1 - Assignment 1Birds resting-Maria P.docxwraythallchan
ARTS 2001C: Week 1 - Assignment 1
Birds resting-Maria Pribe
ARTS 2001C: Week 1 - Assignment 1
Birds resting-Maria Pribe
ARTS 2001C: Week 1 - Assignment 1
Birds resting-Maria Pribe
Photograph
• A photo of two birds resting in a nest build on deep top of a tree. They are peacefully
lying on each other. They are gray in color.
Photograph
•A photo of two birds resting in a nest build on deep top of a tree. They are peacefully
lying on each other. They are gray in color.
• Natural frames are simple to locate in a photo; they provide the best
angles for shooting an eye-catching photograph. Beautiful colors in
between the subject and the frame attract the eye of a viewer. When
photographs are horizontally oriented, they give a more
comprehensive view letting us understand the surroundings better
(Quigley, 2019). A clear statement of what the most vital in the
photo is strengthened by filling the frame because it takes up all the
attention of a viewer immediately; the viewer takes a glance at the
picture. The framing choice affects the decision on where to place an
element in the frame. (Tartsinis, 2020). Mostly the frame is divided
into three parts, which give the subject a priority. The viewer’s eye
level is determined by the horizontal line that runs across the canvas.
The Description Of Framing Element
•Natural frames are simple to locate in a photo; they provide the best
angles for shooting an eye-catching photograph. Beautiful colors in
between the subject and the frame attract the eye of a viewer. When
photographs are horizontally oriented, they give a more
comprehensive view letting us understand the surroundings better
(Quigley, 2019). A clear statement of what the most vital in the
photo is strengthened by filling the frame because it takes up all the
attention of a viewer immediately; the viewer takes a glance at the
picture. The framing choice affects the decision on where to place an
element in the frame. (Tartsinis, 2020). Mostly the frame is divided
into three parts, which give the subject a priority. The viewer’s eye
level is determined by the horizontal line that runs across the canvas.
The Description Of Framing Element
Reference
Quigley, B. (2019). DON'T SAY CHEESE A Brief History of Early Portrait
Photography. Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History, 31(3), 40-48.
Tartsinis, A. M. (2020). Icons of Style: A Century of Fashion Photography, 1911–
2011: J. Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Center, Los Angeles June 26-October 21,
2018. Curated by Paul Martineau, Associate Curator in the Department of
Photography, J. Paul Getty Museum. Fashion Theory, 24(2), 293-304.
Reference
Quigley, B. (2019). DON'T SAY CHEESE A Brief History of Early Portrait
Photography. Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History, 31(3), 40-48.
Tartsinis, A. M. (2020). Icons of Style: A Century of Fashion Photography, 1911–
2011: J. Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Center, Los Angeles June 26-October 21,
2018. Cura.
Slides from Nance Devlin's presentation 'Extending the scope of patient reported outcomes and QALYs' which she gave at the ISPOR Summit in Washington DC on October 19th, 2018.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. #
Betty Newman’s System
Model
Presented By:-
Mr. Mahesh Chand
F.Y.M.Sc. Nursing
Sunday, August 19, 2018 2
Guide:
Mr. Basvant Dhudum
Asst. Professor (MSN)
B.V.D.U.C.O.N.
Sangli
3. #
Master Outline
Introduction of theory
History and background of theorist
Development of model
Characteristics of theory
Basic assumptions
Major concepts
Applications in nursing practice
References
Sunday, August 19, 2018 3
4. #
BETTY NEUMANN’S SYSTEM MODEL
• Betty Neumann’s system model provides a
comprehensive, flexible, holistic and system based
perspective for nursing.
• It focuses attention on the response of the client
system to actual or potential environmental stressors.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 4
5. #
BETTY NEUMANN’S SYSTEM MODEL
• The use of primary, secondary and tertiary nursing
prevention intervention for retention, attainment,
and maintenance of optimal client system wellness.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 5
7. #
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF THE
THEORIST
• Betty Neumann was born in 1924, in
Lowel, Ohio.
• Completed B.Sc. nursing in 1957, and
M.S. in Mental Health Public health
consultation, from UCLA in 1966.
• She holds a Ph.D. in clinical psychology.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 7
8. #
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF THE
THEORIST
• A pioneer in the community mental
health movement in the late 1960s.
• Began developing her health system
model, while a lecturer in community
health nursing at University of
California, Los Angeles.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 8
9. #
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF
THE THEORIST
• The models was initially developed, in response
to graduate nursing students expression of a need
for course content, that would expose them to
breadth of nursing problems, prior to focusing on
specific nursing problem areas.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 9
10. #
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF
THE THEORIST
• The model was published in 1972 as “A Model for
Teaching Total Person Approach to Patient Problems”
in Nursing Research.
• It was refined, and subsequently published in the first
edition of Conceptual Models for Nursing Practice, in
1974, and in the second edition in 1980.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 10
11. #
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL
• Neumann’s model was influenced by a variety
of sources.
• The philosophy writers de Chardin and cornu
(on wholeness in system).
• Von Bertalanfy, and Lazlo on general system
theory.
• Selye on stress theory.
• Lararus on stress and coping.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 11
12. #
NEUMANN’S WORK & THE
CHARACTERISTICS
OF A THEORY
• Theories can be the bases for hypotheses, that
can be tested.
• Theories contribute to and assist in, increasing the
general body of knowledge within the discipline,
through the research implemented to validate
them.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 12
13. #
NEUMANN’S WORK & THE
CHARACTERISTICS
OF A THEORY
• Theories connects the interrelated concepts in
such a way, as to create a different way of
looking at a particular phenomenon.
• Theories must be logical in nature .
• Theories should be relatively simple yet
generalizable.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 13
14. #
NEUMANN’S WORK & THE
CHARACTERISTICS
OF A THEORY
• Theories can be utilized by the practitioner, to
guide and improve their practice.
• Theories must be consistent with other validated
theories, laws and principles but will leave open
unanswered questions, that need to be
investigated.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 14
16. #
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
1. Each client system is unique, a composite of
factors and characteristics within a given range
of responses contained within a basic structure.
I am
unique
Sunday, August 19, 2018 16
17. #
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
2. Many known, unknown and universal
stressors exist. Each differ in it’s potential
for disturbing a client’s usual stability level
or normal Line of Defense.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 17
18. #
3. Stressors both universal and known; some
are unique to the client. They have potential
to disturb equilibrium, thus causing a change
in priority of needs at any given moment.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 18
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
Stressors
disturbs the
normal
equilibrium
19. #
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
4. Man is a composite of the interrelationship of
the four variables ( biological, psychological,
socio-cultural and developmental) which are at
all times present.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 19
20. #
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
5. Each client/ client system has evolved a normal
range of responses to the environment that is
referred to as a normal Line of Defense. The
normal Line of Defense can be used as a
standard from which to measure health
deviation.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 20
21. #
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
6. When the flexible Line of Defense is no
longer capable of protecting the client/ client
system, against an environmental stressor,
the stressor breaks through the normal Line
of Defense.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 21
22. #
CORE Lines of Resistance
Normal Line of Defense
Flexible Line of Defense
CORE
Normal Line of DefenseNormal Line of DefenseNormal Line of Defense
23. #
STRESSORS
• Interpersonal – occur between individuals
• Intrapersonal – occur within person
• Extrapersonal – occur outside the
individual
Sunday, August 19, 2018 23
25. #
Primary prevention relates to general knowledge
applied to clients assessment to identify
stressors before they occur.
Secondary prevention relates to symptomatology.
These are interventions generally initiated after
an encounter with a stressor.
Tertiary prevention relates to the adaptive
process, as reconstitution begins and moves
back towards primary prevention. These are
the interventions initiated after treatment.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 25
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
28. #
1.Person
Each layer consists of five person variable or
subsystems: Physiological- Refer to the
physiochemical structure and function of the body.
Psychological- Refers to mental processes and
emotions. Socio-cultural- Refers to relationships;
and social/cultural expectations and activities.
Spiritual- Refers to the influence of spiritual beliefs.
Developmental- Refers to those processes related
to development over the lifespan.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 28
29. #
2.Environment
The internal environment exists within the client system.
The external environment exists outside the client system.
A created environment which is an environment that is created
and developed unconsciously by the client and is symbolic of
system wholeness.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 29
30. #
3.Health
Neuman sees health as being
equated with wellness. She
defines health/wellness as “the
condition in which all parts and
subparts (variables) are in
harmony with the whole of the
client (Neumann, 1995)”.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 30
31. #
3.Health
The client system moved toward
wellness when more energy is
available than is needed.
The client system moves toward
illness and death when more
energy is needed than is available.
.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 31
32. #
4. Nursing
Neuman sees nursing as a unique
profession that is concerned with all
of the variables, which influence the
response a person might have to a
stressor. The person is seen as a
whole, and it is the task of nursing to
address the whole person.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 32
33. #
4. Nursing
Neuman defines nursing as “action
which assist individuals, families
and groups to maintain a
maximum level of wellness, and
the primary aim is stability of the
patient/client system, through
nursing interventions to reduce
stressors.’’
Sunday, August 19, 2018 33
34. #
4. Nursing
The role of the nurse is seen in terms of degree of
reaction to stressors, and the use of primary,
secondary and tertiary interventions.
Sunday, August 19, 2018 34
35. #Sunday, August 19, 2018 35
Primary
prevention
Secondary
prevention
Tertiary
prevention
Stressors
Reaction
Interventions
Reconstitution
Stressors
Stressors
Basic
structure
and Line of
Defense
The Neuman System Model (3 rd
edition, 1995)
38. #
ACCEPTANCE BY THE NURSING
COMMUNITY
PRACTICE
EDUCATION
RESEARCH
Sunday, August 19, 2018 38
39. #
Conclusion
Introduction of theory
History and background of theorist
Development of model
Characteristics of theory
Basic assumptions
Major concepts
Applications in nursing practice
Sunday, August 19, 2018 39
40. #
• Dewan, S. A., & Ume-Nwagbo, P. N. (2006). Using the Neuman model for best practices.
Nursing Science Quarterly, 19(1), 31-35.
• Tomey, A.M & Alligood, M.R. Nursing theorists and their work. Mosby-Elsevier. 6th
edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby
• Charlotte Tourville, Karen Ingalls. (2003). The Living Tree of Nursing Theories. Nursing
Forum, 38(3), 21-30, 36. Retrieved November 12, 2008, from ProQuest Nursing & Allied
Health Source database. (Document ID: 476634011).
• Diana M L Newman (2005). A COMMUNITY NURSING CENTER for the HEALTH
PROMOTION of Senior Citizens Based on the Neuman Systems Model. Nursing Education
Perspectives, 26(4), 221-3. Retrieved November 12, 2008, from ProQuest Nursing & Allied
Health Source database. (Document ID: 869718191).
• Smith, M. (1989) Neuman’s model in practice. Nursing Science Quarterly, 2(16), 116 117.
• Ingalls, K. & Tourville, C. (2003). The living tree of nursing theories. Nursing Forum, 38(3),
pg 21.
• Malinski, V. (2003). Nursing research and nursing conceptual models: Betty Neuman’s
system model. Nursing Journal Quarterly, 16(3), pp 201-206.
• Betty Neuman’s System Model. SlideShare, 6, November 2008
• Http://www.slideshare.net/iversonny/betty-neumans-system-model/
Sunday, August 19, 2018 40