Municipal solid waste (MSW) consists of everyday items discarded by the public. MSW generation is rapidly increasing worldwide due to population growth and increased consumption. Traditional waste disposal methods are no longer viable. This document discusses the nature and management of MSW in India. It outlines key challenges facing MSW management in India and explores various technical solutions for processing MSW, including composting, biomethanation, gasification, refuse derived fuel production, and waste-to-energy. Private sector involvement is growing in MSW management across India.

1. Municipal Solid
Waste & its
Management
By,
Rahul Reddy

2. Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the
United States and as refuse or rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of
everyday items that are discarded by the public. "Garbage" can also refer
specifically to food waste, as in a garbage disposal; the two are sometimes collected
separately.
What is MSW?
Municipal solid waste includes commercial and residential
wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either
solid or semi solid from excluding industrial hazardous
wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes. To
simplify, waste generated out of day to day activity.

3. • Quantity of waste produced all over the world amounted to more than 12 billion
tons in 2006, with estimates of up to 13 billion tons in 2011.
• The rapid increase in population coupled with changing lifestyle and
consumption patterns is expected to result in an exponential increase in waste
generation of up to 18 billion tons by year 2020.
• Developing Countries & Countries with higher standard of living produce more
waste.
• Traditional Methods (dumping and burning) are no longer accepted.
• Urban areas running out of places to put garbage.
• Energy is the driving force for development in all countries of the world. The
increasing clamor for energy and satisfying it with a combination of conventional
and renewable resources is a big challenge.
• Need for innovative and environmental friendly initiatives for producing Power.
Nature of the Problem

4. MSW in INDIA:
Sources
The current annual generation of municipal solid waste in India is estimated to be around 2
lakh tones which will rise rapidly with population growth, urbanization and improving
living standards of people to around 8 lakh tons by 2030.
India at present is the world’s fifth biggest energy consumer and is predicted to surpass
Japan and Russia to take the third place by 2030.

5. A typical waste management system in India includes the following elements:
Waste generation and storage
Segregation, reuse, and recycling at the household level
Primary waste collection and transport to a transfer station or community bin
Street sweeping and cleaning of public places
Management of the transfer station or community bin
Secondary collection and transport to the waste disposal site
Waste disposal in landfills
• There are 4000 Urban Local Bodies (approx.) in India.

6. • The time has changed now.
• It is the duty of the ULBs to take care of MSW generated from the point of
generation to disposal due to the increased concerns of environment across the
globe.
• However, Government of India framed MSW policy and rules in 2000 itself but
neither the States were serious nor the ULBs were empowered to implement this.
• And now the movement has come after the new initiatives of the Government of
India with increased stake of new CSS where it has become mandatory for the
ULBs to reach the Service level benchmarks.
• With the new set of MSW rules revised after decade and half.
• Rise of a concept-MSW Management.
Change in times:

7. 1. The source segregation of waste has been mandated to channelize the waste to
wealth by recovery, reuse and recycle.
2. Responsibilities of Generators have been introduced to segregate waste in to three
streams, Wet, Dry and domestic hazardous wastes and handover segregated wastes
to authorised rag-pickers or waste collectors or local bodies.
3. Generator will have to pay “User Fee” to waste collector and for “Spot Fine” for
Littering and Non-segregation.
4. The concept of partnership in Swachh Bharat has been introduced. Bulk and
institutional generators, market associations, event organisers and hotels and
restaurants have been made directly responsible for segregation and sorting the
waste and manage in partnership with local bodies.
Salient Features Of MSW Rules, 2016

8. 5. All Resident Welfare and market Associations, Gated communities and institution
with an area “5,000 sq. m” should segregate waste at source- in to valuable dry
waste and handover recyclable material to either the authorised waste pickers or the
authorised recyclers, or to the urban local body.
6. The bio-degradable waste should be processed, treated and disposed of through
composting or bio-methanation within the premises as far as possible. The residual
waste shall be given to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the local
authority.
7. All manufacturers of disposable products who sale or market their products in such
packaging material which are non-biodegradable should put in place a system to
collect back the packaging waste generated due to their production.
8. The concept of RDF, and types of waste generated and the need of WTE is also
mentioned in the Waste Management Rules, 2016.
Salient Features Of MSW Rules, 2016

9. Value chain:
Note: In most of the Indian cities open dumping is the common practice which is adversely affecting on environment and public health.

10. (a) Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)
(b) Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD)
(c) Central and State Pollution Control Boards
(d) Department of Urban Development
(e) State Level Nodal Agency
(f) Urban Local Bodies
(g) Private Formal and informal Sector
(h) NGOs &
(i) The Public
The major stakeholders in the management of
Municipal Solid Waste include:

11. Roles:
Center
Policies
Laws & Rules
Financial Support to the states
Guidelines & Manuals
States
Implementation
ULBs
Actual Implementation
Prepare plans & execute
Collection, Transportation
Treatment & Disposal

12. • The growth of waste in India is skyrocketing as a result of growing urban populations and
rising production of waste per capita and the heat content of waste is constantly rising.
• India is short of land and thus available landfill is rapidly running out.
• India has significant energy shortage.
• Increasing pressure on India to reduce GHG/CO2 emissions and to deliver environmental
protection projects.
• In some cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad garbage
disposal is done by Public Private Partnerships (PPPs).
• The private sector has been involved in door-to-door collection of solid waste, street sweeping
(in a limited way), secondary storage and transportation and for treatment and disposal of
waste.
• ULB of newly selected Smart City, Tirupati has also initiated the door-to-door collection of
segregated waste charging a tipping fee of Rs.30 per month.
• And many other ULBs are in planning process.
Scenario:

13. • Rapidly Increasing Areas to be Served and Quantity of Waste
• Inadequate Resources
• Inappropriate Technology
• Disproportionately High Cost of Manpower
• Societal and Management Apathy
• Low Efficiency of the System
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT:

14. Methods of tackling MSW:

15. compost
Manual
Mechanized
Composting:
On an average, a prime fruit or a vegetable
market in a ULB produces 600-800Tons of
Food waste per day. And are shifted to landfills.
Instead an Organic Waste compost plant is to be
established in the respective markets to convert
the waste into Compost.
This can be done in collaboration of ULBs, Market
Committees, Private player or NGOs
Similarly, NGOs are to be encouraged to manage waste in parks and do the composting manually
In the waste land available in parks to achieve the budgetary target of 10lakh Compost pits under
MGNREGA

16.  COMPOSTING
Composting is an aerobic/facultative biodegradation of organic materials to
produce nutrient rich compost. It is the way to recycle your yard and kitchen
wastes, and is a critical step in reducing the volume of garbage
Advantages:- Cost effective implementation. Environmentally sound- Natural
recycling of organic materials. Nutrient value of compost material. Provides
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and micro-organisms that are essential for
plant growth. Utilize existing facilities when available. Prevents the production of
substances responsible for atmospheric pollution which are otherwise produced if
this matter is burned. Reduces landfill burden.

17. Some of the key Private Players involved in
MSWM, India:

18.  The total estimated potential for power from all MSW across India is about 1600
MW (2002). MNRE estimates the energy recovery potential from municipal solid
wastes to be about 1500 MW and this could go up to 5,200 MW by 2017.
 These trends have made many state governments keen on tapping this source of
energy.
Waste To Energy - WTE
5200 MW

19. Why WTE:
Avoided methane emissions from landfills
When a ton of solid waste is
delivered to a waste-to-energy
facility, the methane that would
have been generated if it were
sent to a landfill is avoided.
While some of this methane
could be collected and used to
generate electricity, a large
portion of methane and other
harmful pollutants cannot be
captured.
Avoided (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion - INC
When a megawatt of
electricity is generated by a
WTE facility, an increase in
carbon dioxide emissions that
would have been generated
by a fossil-fuel fired power
plant is avoided.
Avoided CO2 emissions from
metals production- REUSE
WTE facilities recover metals
for recycling. Recycling
metals saves energy and
avoids CO2 emissions that
would have been emitted if
virgin materials were mined
and new metals were
manufactured, such as steel.
As electricity produced from WTE does not depend on fluctuating
fossil fuel prices, it eliminates the pricing risk that has long
plagued conventional thermal generators due to inefficient
domestic production of coal and reliance on expensive coal
imports.

20. WTE facilities across the WORLD
VESTFORBRÆNDING, DENMARK Google Map - VESTFORBRÆNDING, DENMARK SPITTELAU WtE FACILITY, VIENNA, AUSTRIA
Google Map - SPITTELAU WtE FACILITY, VIENNA,
AUSTRIA
DELFZIJL, NETHERLANDS Google Map - DELFZIJL, NETHERLANDS
RUGENBURGER DAMM, HAMBURG, GERMANY
Google Map - RUGENBURGER DAMM,
HAMBURG, GERMANY NORDFORBRÆNDING, DENMARK
PFAFFENAU WtE FACILITY, VIENNA, AUSTRIA
HENGELO, NETHERLANDS PEITOU, TAIPEI, TAIWAN

21. Company Head
Quarters
Highlights
Asia Bio Energy Pvt. LTD Chennai Follows Biogas induced mixing arrangement – BIMA, technology for a 5.1MW MSW to Energy project.
Cicon Environment Technologies Bhopal Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) technology and activated sludge process is followed.
Bermaco WM Power LTD Navi Mumbai Completed 11MW Biogas plant in Mumbai using WABIO process.
Sound Craft Industries Mumbai 12.8 MW plant at Mumbai using Ericson technology, USA.
Hydroair Tectonics LTD Navi Mumbai Adopting aerated & UASB technologies for the treatment of waste sludge & Biogas generation
respectively.
Ramky Enviro Engineers LTD Hyderabad Undertaking comprehensive biomethanation projects coupled to secure composting & landfills. Also
involved in incineration. Currently operating India’s largest waste incinerator at Taloja, Maharashtra.
Maithem Engineers Pvt. LTD Pune Has adopted modified UASB technology. Installed about 250 WTE plants.
Essel Infra Mumbai MSW plants varying from 3,11 & 11.5MW in 6 locations, where Jabalpur has the RDF technology.
Jindal ITF New Delhi Operating Thimarpur-okhla 1st large scale MSW-WTE project. Currently planning for A.P and Punjab.
A2Z Infra Gurgaon RDF based combustion technology with scope for cogeneration of heat & power.
Hanjer Biotech Energies Mumbai Developing 15MW WTE plant with RDF technology. Closed biogas plant.
Selco International LTD Hyderabad First unit in 1999 with 6.6MW capacity.
Zanders Engineers LTD Mohali Collaborative gasification technology to process multiple feedstocks.
UPL Environmental Engineers Pvt. LTD Vadodara Advanced gasification technology with destruction efficiency of 99.9%.
East Delhi Waste Processing Company Pvt. LTD New Delhi Implementing 10MW WTE plant with RDF technology.
WTE Companies operating in India:

22. Ways to generate energy:
 Pyrolysis
 Incineration
 Landfill
However, many of the
studies across the world
has strongly said that
Pyrolysis would be the
viable option both
economically and
environmentally.

23. • LANDFILLING
Landfilling is the disposal for solid waste that cannot be economically reused or
recycled or incinerated for energy recovery. Landfills are lined with impermeable
materials to prevent leachates from polluting groundwater.
Advantages:- Relatively inexpensive. Wide range of contaminants and material can
be disposed off. Contaminants are completely removed form the site. Permits rapid
remediation of site. By proper landfilling ground water, surface water and air
pollution can be prevented. Cleaner environment and city beautification. Land
reclamation.
Description:

24. • BIOMETHANISATION
Biomethanization is a biological process in which the organic matter is decomposed
by anaerobic organisms, producing methane gas as the major by product (60%) and
CO2 (approx. 40%)
Advantages:- Less area as it is compact system. Minimum mechanism required for
system operation. Biogas produced is substitute to carbon fossil fuel. Water
produced can be used for irrigation. Power generation from biogas
• GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
Gasification is the chemical conversion at high temperature of material containing
carbon atoms into synthetic gas. The gas may consist of carbon monoxide,
hydrogen and methane also known as synthetic gas (Syngas). This syngas can be
used to manufacture chemicals and can be used as fuel in place of natural gas for
power generation.
Advantages:- Power generation from Syn gas. Can also generate steam which can
be used of industrial applications. Destruction efficiency is 99.9%. Air emission
below standard.

25. • REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF)
Refused derived fuel is the segregated high fraction of processed Municipal Solid
Waste. Often in pellets form it is produced from combustible elements of household
and commercial waste, and used in industrial boilers to produce energy.
Advantages:- Dehydrates and forms municipal solid waste into small pellet’s. Easy
transportation, storage and combustion stability. Good quality fuel from waste.
Power generation. Calorific Value of RDF: 3000 – 4000Kcal/Kg which matches the
calorific value of many coal variants available domestically.
Pelletization of municipal solid waste
involves the processes of segregating,
crushing, mixing high and low heat
value organic waste material and
solidifying it to produce fuel pellets or
briquettes, also referred to as Refuse
Derived Fuel (RDF).

26. • The process is essentially a method that condenses the waste or changes its
physical form and enriches its organic content through removal of inorganic
materials and moisture.
• The calorific value of raw MSW is around 1000 kcal/kg while that of fuel pellets is
4000 kcal/kg. On an average, about 15–20 tons of fuel pellets can be produced
after treatment of 100 tons of raw garbage. Since palletization enriches the
organic content of the waste through removal of inorganic materials and
moisture, it can be very effective method for preparing an enriched fuel feed for
other thermochemical processes like pyrolysis/ gasification, apart from
incineration. Pellets can be used for heating plant boilers and for the generation
of electricity. They can also act as a good substitute for coal and wood for
domestic and industrial purposes.
Importance of Palletization:

27. Pallet feed may increase the capacity of the
production and lessen the transportation
expenses…
The important applications of RDF
are found in the following spheres:
 Cement kilns
 RDF power plants
 Coal-fired power plants
 Industrial steam/heat boilers
 Steel Plants (Case study: 700 TPD MSW
processing plant and 6.6 MW Power plant in
Hyderabad)

28. • Torrefaction is a thermochemical treatment of biomass at 200 to 320 °C (392 to 608ºF). It
is carried out under atmospheric pressure and in the absence of oxygen, i.e. with no air.
During the torrefaction process, the water contained in the biomass as well as
superfluous volatiles are released, and the biopolymers (cellulose, hemicellulose and
lignin) partly decompose, giving off various types of volatiles. The final product is the
remaining solid, dry, blackened material that is referred to as torrefied biomass or bio-coal.
• During the process, the biomass typically loses 20% of its mass (dry bone basis) and 10% of
its heating value, with no appreciable change in volume. This energy (the volatiles) can be
used as a heating fuel for the torrefaction process. After the biomass is torrefied it can be
densified, usually into briquettes or pellets using conventional densification equipment, to
increase its mass and energy density and to improve its hydrophobic properties.
• An energy density of 18–20 GJ/m³ — compared to the 26 to 33 gigajoules per ton heat
content of natural anthracite coal — can be achieved when combined with densification
(pelletizing or briquetting) compared to values of 10–11 GJ/m³ for raw biomass, driving a
40–50% reduction in transportation costs. Importantly, pelletizing or briquetting primarily
increases energy density. Torrefaction alone typically decreases energy density, though it
allows the material to be more easily pelletized or briquetted.
Added value if the palletization undergoes
Torrefaction:

29. Integrated Commercial
Waste (ICW)
Plastic Waste
Wood Waste
Organic/food
Waste
Glass Waste
Paper Waste
Metal Waste
Construction and
Demolition Wastes (C & D)
Metals
Wood
Concrete
Bitumen
Soil, Sand &
GravelBrick and
Masonry
MSW includes:
House hold
waste
Dry Waste
Re & Non
Recyclables
Food Waste
&
Average Composition of MSW primarily comprises of 51% of organic fraction, 17% of recyclables
(paper, glass and plastic), 32% of inert material, and less than one percent glass and metal. (Report of
Task Force on Waste to Energy)

30. Palletization:
Palletization
Screening
Drying
Segregation
Metal
Glass
Wet Organic
S
h
r
e
d
d
i
n
g
Size
reduction
Densification
The emission characteristics of RDF are superior compared to that of coal with fewer
emissions of pollutants like NOx, SOx, CO and CO2.

31. • In the process of waste management, end to end segregation
becomes the major problem.
• Though the recent MSW rules say that it’s the duty of
generator to segregate and handover the waste and also
transport those segregated waste separately to the
destination, its no where implemented. (Mentioned in MSW
report )
• In order to address this and lessen the pressure at the end
point, decentralized Palletization system or the establishment
of Palletization plants in every major ULB would be
beneficial.
• This may also lessen the transportation Cost as its mass is
compressed and the power generated from15-20 tons of RDF
fuel derived from Pallets equals to 100 tons of normal MSW.
• Which could address the major gaps existing in the coverage
of collection services, scientific processing and disposal of the
waste.
Idea for Setting up a decentralized
Palletization system:

32. A mechanical biological treatment (MBT) system is a type of waste processing facility
that combines a sorting facility with a form of biological treatment such as composting
or anaerobic digestion. MBT plants are designed to process mixed household waste as
well as commercial and industrial wastes.
• The "mechanical" element is usually an automated mechanical sorting stage. This
either removes recyclable elements from a mixed waste stream (such as metals,
plastics, glass and paper) or processes them. It typically involves factory style
conveyors, industrial magnets, eddy current separators, shredders and other tailor
made systems, or the sorting is done manually at hand picking stations. The
mechanical element has a number of similarities to a materials recovery facility
(MRF).
• Some systems integrate a wet MRF to separate by density and floatation and to
recover & wash the recyclable elements of the waste in a form that can be sent for
recycling. MBT can alternatively process the waste to produce a high calorific fuel
termed refuse derived fuel (RDF).
MBT technology:

34. By processing the biodegradable waste either by anaerobic digestion or by composting MBT technologies help to
reduce the contribution of greenhouse gases to global warming.
• Usable wastes for this system:
• Municipal solid waste
• Commercial and industrial waste
• Sewage sludge
Possible products of this system:
• Renewable fuel (biogas) leading to renewable power
• Recovered recyclable materials such as metals, paper, plastics, glass etc.
• Digestate - an organic fertilizer and soil improver
• Carbon credits – additional revenues
• High calorific fraction refuse derived fuel - Renewable fuel content dependent upon biological component
• Residual unusable materials prepared for their final safe treatment (e.g. incineration or gasification) and/or landfill
Further advantages:
• Small fraction of inert residual waste
• Reduction of the waste volume to be deposited to at least a half (density > 1.3 t/m³), thus the lifetime of the landfill is at least twice as long as usually
• Utilization of the leachate in the process
• Landfill gas not problematic as biological component of waste has been stabilized
• Daily covering of landfill not necessary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpDzGPTkRlc

35. • Lessen the transportation cost
• Avoids for further establishment of separate composting plants.
• Prepare RDF with high Calorific value.
• Segregates the recyclables.
• The Pallets with high Calorific(RDF) can also be used for Steel Industry.
• New in Indian Conditions
• Technical niche
• Financial feasibility
Advantages/Dis Advantages:

36. • Improper collection and segregation of waste, apt for Indian conditions.
• Uncontrolled production of residual waste.
• For a better tomorrow, marching towards Zero Waste.
• To increase the capacity of WTE plants in power generation.
• Due to absence of segregation of waste at source, the waste processing
technologies essentially handle mixed waste which not only increases the cost of
waste processing but also produces products with poor quality (e.g. compost
contaminated with heavy metals). Such products cannot be sold market at
competitive price hence affect the financial viability of the project. Mixed waste
also causes wear and tear in the waste handling equipment and also is source of
emission of toxic pollutants when the waste is combusted.
Need of MBT:

37. Case study: Regional waste management approach in Gujarat. (Formation of clusters)
And the said Transportation charges can be mitigated by collecting tipping fee.
However there may be some aversion to pay in the initial stages, but some or all of the costs of waste
management can be removed from property tax bills, providing more independence in the
management and financial of residential waste system. Waste management services are then treated
just like other utilities such as electricity or water that are charged by unit of consumption.
Case study: The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection initiated making PAYT
programs revenue-neutral by reducing taxes at the same time as introducing trash fees, so residents
don't see the trash fee as a new cost for a fixed amount of trash. And increased amount of trash may
add up their expenses.
However, Lower-income families tend to produce less waste and thus pay lower waste collection
fees.
For this, the ULBs need to engineer their capacity building.
As reverse engineering is not possible in a country like India, we should be following the “polluter
pays” principle and incentives for those who produce the degradable and recyclables to be initiated.
Efficient management of waste cannot take place in isolation of
the ULBs due to unavailability of land and financial viability of
the projects.

38. • Involvement of NGOs or Private sector for collection of waste and taxes may
minimize the burden on ULB with added CB.
• Implementation of MSW rules strictly, on those who litter openly on empty lands
and streets.
• Private companies are to be encouraged in order to invest their CSR funds in
Waste Management.
• Conducting awareness drives and classes to encourage the concept of reuse.
Add on:

39. Observations of the High Powered Expert
Committee:

40. Average estimations by P.C:

41. (i) Needs Assessment,
(ii) Feasibility evaluation ,
(iii) Scoping and Structuring and
(iv) Procurement to identify a preferred private service operator for the proposed
project.
(v) Improved Governance.
(“People achieve Moksha by visiting 4 pilgrimage sites. However, government files often had to travel to over 20 tables
before it is addressed.”) this needs to be changed. Where, Officials think that we are givers and people are just
receivers. It is a crime where a Private party in a concession is to be treated as mere partner rather than as a contractor
or job worker.
The complete process of implementing PPP for the
provision of MSWM services involves 5 (five) steps of
project development…

42. MNRE(1.5 – 3 Cr for RDF & Pyrolysis)
UNDP/GEF Assisted project
Clean Energy Fund(10k Cr 2012-17)
Finance Commission Grants(50% for the
MSWM-Service level benchmarking)
Nirmal Grams(5lakh Rs / 1000 people)
MoEF & Climate change and
MoAgriculture (Subsidy up to 50% on capital cost of
compost plants)
$1.25 billion fund, backed by state-owned
Power Finance Corp. Ltd and Rural
Electrification Corp. Ltd
Swachh Bharat Mission(25% of state share to
match 75% of central share in the 40% stake of MSWM)
14623+4874 Crs
AMRUT & SMART Cities Mission
• Provide efficient, reliable, and custom
made waste management policies and
grants for efficient MSWM.
• A lot of though has gone into finalizing
the schemes for the IMSWM facility
including collection, transportation,
Processing & Disposal of waste
services.
• These allocations, together with
private partnerships, could result in an
investment of about Rs.65,000 crore in
the MSWM and WTE sectors.
Government Initiatives to
promote MSWM & WTE:

43. SBM:

44. • Waste Generation
• Waste Handling and Sorting
• Waste Storage & Processing at Source
• Collection
• Sorting, Processing & Transformation
• Transfer & Transport
• Disposal
Functional elements of Municipal Solid
waste management:

45. Apart from Households, Commercial, Industrial & Construction waste generators.,
The Slums, Hospitals, Market Yards & Function halls also play a key role in waste
generation.
It is observed that there is no door to door collection in many major ULBs like
Kakinada & Vijayawada.
And in the places where the door to door segregated collection exists in the places
like Tirupati & Guntur the process of handling and sorting is not properly handled
as per CPHEEO manual resulting in the same old conditions.

46. Installed
Capacity
as on
Thermal (MW)
Nuclear
(MW)
Renewable (MW)
Total (MW)
% Growth
(on yearly
basis)
Coal Gas Diesel
Sub-Total
Thermal
Hydel
Other
Renewable
Sub-Total
Renewable
31-Dec-1947 756 - 98 854 - 508 - 508 1,362 -
31-Dec-1950 1,004 - 149 1,153 - 560 - 560 1,713 8.59%
31-Mar-1956 1,597 - 228 1,825 - 1,061 - 1,061 2,886 13.04%
31-Mar-1961 2,436 - 300 2,736 - 1,917 - 1,917 4,653 12.25%
31-Mar-1966 4,417 137 352 4,903 - 4,124 - 4,124 9,027 18.80%
31-Mar-1974 8,652 165 241 9,058 640 6,966 - 6,966 16,664 10.58%
31-Mar-1979 14,875 168 164 15,207 640 10,833 - 10,833 26,680 12.02%
31-Mar-1985 26,311 542 177 27,030 1,095 14,460 - 14,460 42,585 9.94%
31-Mar-1990 41,236 2,343 165 43,764 1,565 18,307 - 18,307 63,636 9.89%
31-Mar-1997 54,154 6,562 294 61,010 2,225 21,658 902 22,560 85,795 4.94%
31-Mar-2002 62,131 11,163 1,135 74,429 2,720 26,269 1,628 27,897 105,046 4.49%
31-Mar-2007 71,121 13,692 1,202 86,015 3,900 34,654 7,760 42,414 132,329 5.19%
31-Mar-2012 112,022 18,381 1,200 131,603 4,780 38,990 24,503 63,493 199,877 9.00%
31 Mar 2015 169,118 23,062 1,200 188,898 5,780 41,267 35,777 77,044 271,722 10.8%
31 Mar 2016 185,172 24,508 993 210,675 5,780 42,783 @ 42,727 85,510 301,965 11.13%
Installed Power Capacity in India:3]

47. Govt aims to stop import of thermal coal by 2017: Piyush Goyal

48. Current position of Andhra Pradesh State
Power generation:
State/UT
Energy Requirement April 2015 - March
2016
Requirement (MU) Availabilit y
(MU)
Shortage (%)
Andhra
Pradesh
54,224 54,214 (0.10%)

49. MSW production in Andhra Pradesh:
6160.54 TPD
1284.17 TPD
Srikakulam,
Vizianagaram &
Visakhapatnam
Districts.
1732.01 TPD
East & West,
Krishna
Districts
1446.3 TPD
Guntur, Nellore
& Ongole
Districts
1698.06 TPD
Ananthapur,
Kadapa, Kurnool
& chittor Districts
But as per APPCB only 1595 TPD is being processed (Source, APPCB Website). This
indicates a huge gap in the generation and treatment of solid waste which is matter
of great concern.

50. Composition of MSW from
each District:
6160.54
TPD
100% D2D
3072wards
/3393
Total waste
processing
every day –
8%
No. of Steel
plants in the
state – 1+7*
No. of Cement
plants in the
state – 27*
No. of WTE
plants under
process - 10
Waste
Segregated
from source –
4-5%

51. Total amount to the state of AP under SBM – 308.54 Cr
(Central Share)
100% reimbursement for cost rendered on MSWM DPRs –
SBM
20% VGF or Grants on WTE projects - SBM
Allocation of SBM funds:

52. • GoI funds
• Matching contribution by States/ ULBs
• User Charges
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
• FFC recommendations (incl land based instruments) may include levy on
surroundings who litter. (Betterment Tax)
• Municipal bonds
• Borrowings from bilaterals and multilaterals
• National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF)
• Convergence with other Government schemes
• Incremental Tax polcies.
Additional Resources for financing MSWM
program:

53. S.No
State
Name
Installme
nt
SWM
Amount
IHHL &
CTBs
IEC
Amount
CB &A
&OE
Supplem
entry
Total
2016-17
Andhra
Pradesh
1st 6.3300
6.33
SBM Sanctions:
S.No
State
Name
Installme
nt
SWM
Amount
IHHL &
CTBs
IEC
Amount
CB &A
&OE
Supplem
entry
Total
2015-16
Andhra
Pradesh
1st 30.0000 30
2015-16
Andhra
Pradesh
2nd 25.7423 25.7423
2015-16
Andhra
Pradesh
2nd 13.6927 13.6927
2015-16
Andhra
Pradesh
1st 3.0000 3
S.No State Name
Installm
ent
SWM
Amount
IHHL &
CTBs
IEC
Amount
CB &A
&OE
Supplem
entry
Total
1 Andhra Pradesh Ist 21.02 13.76 4.17 1.05 40
No. of DPRs
submitted till
date are 110.

54. 1 Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam Srikakulam (M)
2 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari
Kakinada (M
Corp.)
3 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari
Rajahmundry (M
Corp.)
4 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool
Kurnool (M
Corp.)
5 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Chittoor (M)
6 Andhra Pradesh West Godavari Bhimavaram (M)
7 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Guntur (M Corp.)
8 Andhra Pradesh Y.S.R. Kadapa (M Corp.)
9 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Madanapalle (M)
10 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Narasaraopet (M)
11 Andhra Pradesh Krishna
Machilipatnam
(M)
12 Andhra Pradesh Anantapur Guntakal (M)
13 Andhra Pradesh Nellore Nellore (M Corp.)
14
Andhra
Pradesh
West Godavari
Eluru (M
Corp.)
15 Andhra Pradesh Anantapur Tadpatri (M)
16 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Chilakaluripet (M)
17 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Tirupati (M Corp.)
18 Andhra Pradesh West Godavari
Tadepalligudem
(M)
19 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Nandyal (M)
20 Andhra Pradesh Nellore Kavali (M)
21 Andhra Pradesh Vizianagaram Vizianagaram (M)
22 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Adoni (M)
23 Andhra Pradesh Anantapur Dharmavaram (M)
24 Andhra Pradesh Anantapur Hindupur (M)
25 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Tenali (M)
26 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Gudivada (M)
27 Andhra Pradesh Prakasam Ongole (M)
28 Andhra Pradesh Y.S.R. Proddatur (M)
29 Andhra Pradesh Anantapur
Anantapur (M
Corp.)
30 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Srikalahasti (M)
ULBs under AMRUT as on 18/06/2016

55. Cluster No.
Participating ULBs
Proposed WtE Plant
location
Basic Value of
Land (in Rs. lakhs
/
acres)
Cluster 1
Visakhapatnam
Thangudupalli Village,
Anandapuram Mandal 7.00
Cluster 2
Vizianagaram
Vizianagaram - 18 acres
land in Gunupoorupeta 5.00
Srikakulam
Amudalavalasa
Nellimarla
Cluster 3
Tadepalligudem
Tadepalligudem: 25
acres
XX
Bhimavaram
Tanuku
Palakollu
Narsapuram
Eluru
Nidadavolu
Cluster 4
Guntur
Guntur - Naidupeta,
Chilakaluripet Road -
77 acres
33.80
Vijayawada
Tenali
Chilakaluripeta
Sattenapalli
Mangalagiri
Narsaraopeta
Ponnur
Tadepalle
Cluster 5
Machilipatnam in Rudravaram village,
6 kms from
Machilipatnam - 49
acres XX
Gudivada
Repalle & Vuyyuru
Pedana
Proposed WTE Plants in Andhra Pradesh:
(Dividing the total minor & major ULBs into clusters)
Cluster 6
Tirupati
Tirupati - Ramapuram -
25 acres
14.00
Chittoor
Srikalahasti
Nagari
Venkatgiri
Puttur
Cluster 7
Nellore
Nellore - Donthali - 25
acres (12.8 kms from
Nellore MC) 12.00
Kavali
Gudur
Atmakur
Cluster 8
Kurnool
Kurnool: Gargeya puram
& Nuthan Pally - 56 acres
5.00
Dhone
Guduru
Yemmiganur
Nandyal
Nandikotkur
Cluster 9
Ananthapur
Ananthapur - Gooty
road 12.5 acres -
additional land needs
to be acquired XX
Dharmavaram
Guntakal
Tadipatri
Pamidi
Gooty
Cluster 10
Kadapa
Kolumulapalle - 92
acres
1.
4
0
Rayachoty
Proddatur
Rajampet
Badvel

56. Power Plant Process plant Total
Land 7.00 - 7.00
Site development 5.00 0.96 5.96
Civil works 100.00 18.00 118.00
Plant machinery 300.00 72.00 372.00
Misc fixed assets 2.50 3.84 6.34
Consultancy fees including Project
Development Fee 1.00 22.60 23.60
Contingencies 15.00 7.20 22.20
Pre-ops 8.42 6.00 14.42
Total Base Project cost 438.92 130.60 569.52
WTE Project cost..Visakhapatnam: 10MW
DSRA 6 Months Debt service 47.58
Source of funds % share
Equity 25.00%
Debt 75.00%

57. At the state level, renewable energy producers can choose to
1) Receive a preferential tariff or
2) Sell the electricity at a market price
 Income from Sale of Power:
• The MSW based power plant proposed will have an installed capacity of 10,000 KW with a Plant Load
Factor (PLF) of 90% for all the years.
 Income from F.D of DSR funds:
 Income from sale of RECs:
 VGF and Grants & Repayable Grants:
 Income through sale of vertified slag:
Note: Review on clause 2.4 of WTE model PPA, Andhra Pradesh.
Case Study: Mundra Tata Power.
Revenue assumptions:
Tariff as per latest CERC cal (Revised) 4.26
Rs/KW
O&M, Depreciation, Interest, Variable cost 3.33
ROE 1.00
Sale revenue per Unit 8.59

58. Best Practices around world: Korea &
Europe
Korean Waste Management

59. European Waste Management

60. Proposal for establishment of decentralized
Treatment & RDF palletization plants, MBT
technology:

61. MSW - An alternate for coal!
Typical Waste Management Process
Residential
Areas
Commercial
Areas
Industrial
Areas
Parks, Roads & Common
Areas
Mix Waste collected from the primary & secondary sources
transported mostly in tippers to be sent to MBT plant.
Recyclables Organic Compost RDF Pallets
Process Output
WTE Plant
Steel PlantCement
Plant
Proposed MBT Process-Simplifies segregation Process

62. • Through sale of RDF pallets
• Through sale of Compost
• Through Sale of Recyclables
• Through sale of metals
• Through Tipping fees
• Through sale of Biogas if the MBT plant is equipped with the technology.
• Through VGF, Grants & Repayable Grants.
Revenues for MBT plant:

63. For Srikakulam

64. For Vizianagaram

65. For Vizag

67. Task force report on WTE technology
Cost for compactors and transportation may be
reduced or mitigated after MBT

68. • Centralized Plants:
i. 40% viability gap funding for
capital investment from the
Government of India or 20%
viability gap funding each for
capital investments and O & M
costs linked to performance.
ii. 10% support from the State
Government towards O&M
expenditure.
iii. Minimum 50% to be invested by
private sector.
• Decentralized Plants:
i. 40% from the Central Government
towards capital investment or 20%
viability gap funding each for
capital investments and O&M costs
linked to performance
ii. 20% from state and/or ULB’s as a
viability gap for O&M Costs based
on performance.
iii. 40% investments from private
sector.

69. Apart these, Decentralized biogas generation plants could be an other possible
option and levying of an environment tax on products with non-recyclable
packaging could be levied and that money should be used for waste disposal and
recycling. The public works departments should use low-micron, non-recyclable
plastic for constructing roads, as it has been proven that it makes them stronger.
Along with building up the capacities of ULBs to strictly adhere the MSW rules and
act stringently upon those who break law and litter openly. Community
participation and education at schools may come handy.
As per realistic estimates, India can produce approx. 33800 tons of RDF each day.
And 1232 tons from Andhra Pradesh.
Way forward:
Techno-commercial appraisal of the project,
Review legal and institutional framework requirements,
Review MSW supply arrangement agreements,
Organize stakeholder consultation meeting,
Identify the suitable land near the clusters