SOLID WASTE TREATMENR AND MANAGEMENT PPT

Solid Waste Treatment
& Management
AR. SMITA RASHMI
solid waste collection,
segregation and disposal.

Contents
• Rules and Guidelines that regulate the management of MSW
• Integrated Solid Waste Management concepts and strategies
• Framework of 5R approach
• Seven-step process of Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan
• Flow Chart of Household waste collection, transportation, and disposal
• Selection of Appropriate technology or a combination of technologies
• Calculation of the landfill volume and useful life of the landfill
AR. SMITA RASHMI

With the support of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 of the Ministry of
Environment & Forest, the Ministry of Urban Development aims to guide all urban areas in the country
towards Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management, adopting the aspects of waste minimization at
source with an emphasis on the 3R principles of reduce, reuse and recycle; with proper systems of
segregation, collection, transportation, processing, treatment and disposal in complete harmony with the
environment.
A number of rules and guidelines regulate the management of MSW:
MSW Management and Handling Rules 2000 and revised draft 2013 (by MOEF)
Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling 2014 (Guidelines published by the Ministry of
Urban Development through CPHEEO in the year 2014)
Magnitude and density of urban population in India are increasing rapidly, and consequently, the Municipal
agencies spend about 5-25% of their budget on MSWM. Despite such heavy expenditure, the current level of
service in many urban areas is so low that it poses a threat to public health, in particular, and environmental
quality in general.
AR. SMITA RASHMI

Collection and transportation activities constitute approximately 80–95% of the total budget of MSWM.
Hence, it forms a key component in determining the economics of the entire MSWM system. On the contrary,
disposal and treatment of waste is an underinvested area, and open dumping, uncontrolled and poorly
managed landfills are a common feature across most Indian cities and towns. The results pose a serious threat
to the underground water reserves and surface water bodies through run–offs.
As per the World Bank Statistics, incorporated by the High-Powered Expert Committee in its Report on Indian
Infrastructure and Services, the following is the report card on Solid Waste Management in Indian Cities:
Efficiency: Primary collection – 38 per cent, Segregation of recyclables – 33 percent, Street sweeping – 72
percent, Transportation – 52 percent, Processing – 9 percent, Disposal (scientific) – 1 percent (2010). The
Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) has estimated that by 2047, waste generation in Indian cities will increase
fivefold to touch 260 million tonnes per year (Asnani 2006).
A study by the World Bank (2006) puts India’s annual generation of municipal solid waste to be somewhat
lower levels, i.e., in the range of 35 to 45 million tonnes, amounting to about 100,000 to 120,000 metric tonnes
every day.
The fact that a large part (over 60%) of India’s waste is biodegradable provides an opportunity for
composting.
AR. SMITA RASHMI

Modern Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management: Concepts & Benefits
The Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) system is based on the ‘waste management hierarchy’ (see
figure 1.1) with an aim to reduce the amount of waste being disposed of, while maximizing resource recovery
and efficiency. Based on this waste management hierarchy, an assessment of local needs and conditions should
lead to the selection of an appropriate mix of processes and technologies. The preferred waste management
strategies within the hierarchy include:
At source reduction and reuse at source:
The most preferred option for waste management is to prevent the generation of waste at various stages,
including at the product design stage, production, packaging, use, and reuse stages of a product. Waste
prevention helps reduce handling, treatment, and disposal costs and reduces various environmental impacts
such as leachate, air emissions, and the generation of greenhouse gases.
AR. SMITA RASHMI

Waste recycling: Recovery of recyclable material resources through a process of segregation, collection and re-
processing to create new products is the next preferred alternative.
Waste to composting: The organic fraction of waste can be composted to improve soil health and agricultural
production, adhering to FCO (fertilizer control order) norms.
Waste-to-Energy: Where material recovery from waste is not possible, energy recovery from waste through the
production of heat, electricity, or fuel is preferred. Biomethanation, waste incineration, production of Refuse
Derived Fuel (RDF), and coprocessing of the sorted dry rejects from MSW in cement kilns are commonly
adopted “Waste to Energy” technologies.
(Selected waste and by-products with recoverable calorific value can be used as fuels in a cement kiln,
replacing a portion of conventional fossil fuels, like coal)
Waste Disposal: Remaining residual wastes at the end of the hierarchy, which are ideally comprised of inerts,
are to be disposed of in sanitary, lined landfills, which are constructed in accordance with stipulations of the
MSW Management and Handling Rules, 2014.
The hierarchy implies that all options of waste minimization should be exercised before treatment and disposal
technologies are selected and implemented.
AR. SMITA RASHMI

The ISWM concept, as described, is closely linked to the 3R approach (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle),
which is also aimed at optimizing the management of municipal solid waste from all the waste-generators
(households, commercial and institutional establishments, parks and gardens, construction and
demolition activities, urban agriculture, safety and healthcare facilities) and involving all the stakeholders
(waste generators, service providers, informal sector, regulators, government, and
community/neighbourhoods).
The adoption of the 3R concept helps to minimize the amount of waste to be handled by the
municipal authority, minimizing the public health and environmental risks associated with it.
AR. SMITA RASHMI

The framework proposes to have a multipronged approach that includes the 5Rs principle: Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle, Recover, and Remove. The first choice of measures in waste management is avoidance and waste
reduction. This step aims for goods to be designed in a manner that minimises their waste components.
Also, the reduction of the quantity and toxicity of waste generated during the production process is
important.
Re-using an article removes it from the waste stream for use in a similar or different purpose without
changing its form or properties. The recycling of waste involves separating articles from the waste stream
and processing them as products or raw materials. This approach seeks to recycle a product when it reaches
the end of its life span. Recycling is the process of transforming materials into secondary resources for
manufacturing new products. Promoting the waste recycling sector and providing that with institutional
support can motivate all the stakeholders to segregate at the source of generation.
Recovery involves reclaiming particular components or materials or using the waste as a fuel. Material
recovery involves a variety of mechanical or biological processes that remove a variety of materials from the
waste stream. Remove refers to residuals management or the management of materials that remain after
the previous 4Rs have been applied. The last step of the waste management when the quantity of waste
cannot be reduced during production. The purpose of implementing the waste management hierarchy is to
use waste as a resource and divert these potential resources from dumpsites/landfills.
AR. SMITA RASHMI

The development of a Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan follows a 7-step process
AR. SMITA RASHMI

Technical Aspects: Processing & Treatment Of MSW
Waste Treatment: How To Select Appropriate Technologies
AR. SMITA RASHMI

AR. SMITA RASHMI
WINDROW COMPOSTING - 1.5 TO 3M HEIGHT
3 TO 6M WIDE

Composting
After waste minimization and recycling systems, the ISWM hierarchy indicates adoption of resource recovery
strategies and composting as the third preferred waste management practice, ensuring that waste is processed
appropriately to facilitate further use of the material.
Composting is a controlled aerobic process of biologically “digesting” the municipal solid waste, so it may be
recycled for other purposes – plant nutrients, stabilization of soil in the remediation process, or soil amendment
for recovery of poor soils.
Compost production can be carried out at the decentralized level (home composting/bin composting/box
composting/vermicomposting/in-vessel composting) or at a centralized level (windrow composting/in-vessel
composting/aerated static pile), depending upon the feasibility of implementation. Both processes required
significant pre-processing, and only organic matter is to be composted.
AR. SMITA RASHMI

Waste To Energy
Where material recovery and composting from municipal solid waste are not possible or desirable due to local
conditions or because of the nature of waste, recovery of energy from municipal solid waste is suggested as a
feasible alternative. When high calorific value fraction of the MSW is either incinerated or processed
anaerobically (biomethanation), the resultant energy, either as heat (incineration) or biogas (methane), can
be reused either directly or converted to electricity using appropriate generators. The sale of this energy
should result in the financial viability of waste-to-energy systems. Where the tariff of power is not high enough
to ensure the financial sustainability of the plant, a tipping fee may be considered by the ULB.
Typically, only cities that can supply at least 500 TPD of waste should venture to install waste-to-energy plants.
Where national legislation does not prescribe norms for emissions from incinerators, the CPCB/SPCB may
consider accepted international emission control norms.
AR. SMITA RASHMI

Refuse Derived Fuel
Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) refers to the high-calorific, non-recyclable fraction of processed municipal solid
waste, which is used as a fuel for either steam/ electricity generation, or as an alternative fuel in industrial
furnaces/boilers. The composition of RDF is a mixture that has higher concentrations of combustible materials
than those present in the parent mixed MSW.
RDF should preferably be co-processed in cement plants. Co-processing of RDF in steel industry and for
power generation is also indicated, but not proven in India.
AR. SMITA RASHMI

Relative Capital Cost of Various MSWM
Technologies in India
AR. SMITA RASHMI
Overview of Main Components of MSW (Municipal Solid Waste)

Incineration is a waste treatment process
that involves the combustion of substances
contained in waste materials. Industrial plants for
waste incineration are commonly referred to as
waste-to-energy facilities. Incineration and other high-
temperature waste treatment systems are described
as "thermal treatment".
Biomethanation is a process by which organic
material is microbiologically converted under
anaerobic conditions to biogas. ... Microorganisms
degrade organic matter via cascades of biochemical
conversions to methane and carbon dioxide.
Pelletization of municipal solid waste involves
the processes of segregating, crushing, mixing high
and low heat value combustible waste material and
solidifying it to produce fuel pellets or briquettes,
also referred to as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
Another method of treating municipal solid waste is
composting, a biological process in which the organic
portion of refuse is allowed to decompose under
carefully controlled conditions. Microbes metabolize
the organic waste material and reduce its volume by
as much as 50 percent.
AR. SMITA RASHMI

Solid Waste Description Waste generation: 0.49 kg/person/day;
Waste composition: approx. 47% Organic and rest non-biodegradable / recyclable
Collection rate: 60-70%; Recycling of metal, glass, plastic: formal, carried out by scavengers;
Composting: carried out by a private company which composts 20% of municipal solid waste and compost is sold
commercially.
Open dumping: remaining solid waste is dumped openly on various landfill sites on the outskirts of the city.
Expenditure: 20% of the municipal budget.
Incineration: less facility has been established yet due to inhibitive costs of plant set-up and its running and maintenance.
In the 32.316 sq km area of any city, 478 tonnes of solid waste are generated, out of which only 60 to 70 percent is disposed
of daily.
The types of solid waste generated are: -
1. Domestic (54 %) - 258 tonnes
2. Commercial (31 %) - 148 tonnes
3. Industrial and Constructional debris (13 %) - 62 tonnes
4. Hospital (2 %) - 10 tonnes
AR. SMITA RASHMI

(a) Collection: -
People generally throw the solid waste beside the roads.
no provision of bins for the people so that they can't dump the solid waste appropriately.
From there, sanitary workers collect the SW in wheelbarrows and dump it in the dumping points.
From the dumping points, MMC staff collect SW in tractors and carry it to the landfill points.
(b) Disposal: -
All the types of solid waste generated are presently disposed of by MMC.
Any type of segregation method is not applied during the disposal.
The MMC staff simply collects the waste and disposes of it at the dumping points.
AR. SMITA RASHMI

SOLID WASTE TREATMENR AND MANAGEMENT PPT

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