The document discusses the importance of recycling and reusing municipal solid waste, sewage, and e-waste. It notes that recycling is important for reducing pollution, conserving resources and energy, and preserving landfill space. The document outlines methods for recycling these wastes, including decentralized collection, public awareness campaigns, using waste to create energy, and pay-as-you-throw systems. It also discusses the composition and management of municipal solid waste in India as well as the potential health and environmental effects of improper e-waste disposal.
Action plan on waste management at home and in the community.monadey
the file tells how one can manage waste in the community and at home. if every one does it on a small scale the world would be a better place to live in. i have tried to show some steps by which waste can be controlled.
By Nabila Haniph
The problem with garbage is that it’s a sum zero game. Garbage has to go somewhere but nobody wants it in their backyard. It’s as if trash is deposited in the garbage can and somehow it’s supposed to disappear into some magic black hole. Problem is, there is no black hole. There isn't even room for any more landfill.
NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME, NATIONAL GREEN CORPS, CLIMATE EDUCATION AND WASTE MA...W G Kumar
A training module to introduce College Lecturers and School Teachers to the subject of Climate Education and Live Projects that they can do in their institution and elsewhere
Action plan on waste management at home and in the community.monadey
the file tells how one can manage waste in the community and at home. if every one does it on a small scale the world would be a better place to live in. i have tried to show some steps by which waste can be controlled.
By Nabila Haniph
The problem with garbage is that it’s a sum zero game. Garbage has to go somewhere but nobody wants it in their backyard. It’s as if trash is deposited in the garbage can and somehow it’s supposed to disappear into some magic black hole. Problem is, there is no black hole. There isn't even room for any more landfill.
NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME, NATIONAL GREEN CORPS, CLIMATE EDUCATION AND WASTE MA...W G Kumar
A training module to introduce College Lecturers and School Teachers to the subject of Climate Education and Live Projects that they can do in their institution and elsewhere
Zero waste - an initiative towards the sustainability of the world ... this poster / infograph speaks the importance, need and easier ways to go zero waste .
Waste Management is one of the main aspect to keep environment clean as their are many types of waste which is necessary to keep managed so that it dose'nt spoil the surroundings.
Learn to manage your waste- waste disposal methods and AccidentsMaria Vincent
This presentation puts forward the alarming concern of improper waste disposal that is hazardous towards environement. It has statistical illustrations and suggests methods to proper waste management
The second part talks about accidents in rural and urban areas/
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and
monitoring of waste materials.
[1]
The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste
management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods
and fields of expertise for each.
Zero waste - an initiative towards the sustainability of the world ... this poster / infograph speaks the importance, need and easier ways to go zero waste .
Waste Management is one of the main aspect to keep environment clean as their are many types of waste which is necessary to keep managed so that it dose'nt spoil the surroundings.
Learn to manage your waste- waste disposal methods and AccidentsMaria Vincent
This presentation puts forward the alarming concern of improper waste disposal that is hazardous towards environement. It has statistical illustrations and suggests methods to proper waste management
The second part talks about accidents in rural and urban areas/
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and
monitoring of waste materials.
[1]
The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste
management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods
and fields of expertise for each.
Bio Gas Generation from Biodegradable Kitchen WasteIJEAB
Generation of Solid wastes in general and biodegradable waste in particular is increasing at house hold level over the last two decades. Per capita generation of the waste has been increasing steadily due to population growth and changing socio-economic characteristics and cultural habits and varies from 250g to 600g. Any material which can be decomposable by the action of microorganisms in a short period of time is called biodegradable Mostly food waste; vegetable peels and fruit pulp are biodegradable. These materials readily mix with the soil by the action of bacteria. During decomposition, these materials release carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide into the environment thereby contributes to air pollution and odour pollution. The gases that are released during the decay of biodegradable wastes can be captured for the economic utility and as well as to save the environment. An attempt is being made in this technical research paper to demonstrate the possibilities energy recovery from biodegradable kitchen waste that is collected from residential societies which can be utilized for the benefits of the society. Kitchen and food waste collected from a high end residential community of 300 families in Mumbai city suburbs is analyzed for the quantification of bio gas. Bio gas is captured through a fabricated anaerobic digester. Experimentation and results are discussed. The results are encouraging.
Efficient Waste Disposal Paving the Way for a Sustainable Future.pdfpriya singh
Title: Efficient Waste Disposal: Paving the Way for a Sustainable Future
Introduction:
Waste disposal is a critical aspect of modern society as we grapple with increasing population growth, urbanization, and consumption. The improper management of waste poses significant environmental and health risks. However, by implementing efficient waste disposal practices, we can mitigate these challenges and move towards a more sustainable future. This article explores the importance of waste disposal, the environmental impact of improper waste management, and innovative solutions that can pave the way for a cleaner and healthier planet.
The Importance of Proper Waste Disposal:
Proper waste disposal is crucial for maintaining environmental quality and protecting human health. When waste is not managed correctly, it can contaminate soil, water bodies, and the air we breathe. Hazardous substances released from untreated waste can seep into groundwater, leading to the pollution of drinking water sources. Additionally, decomposing organic waste produces greenhouse gases such as methane, contributing to climate change.
The Environmental Impact of Improper Waste Management:
Improper waste management has severe consequences for the environment. One of the most significant issues is the pollution of our oceans. Plastic waste, in particular, poses a severe threat to marine ecosystems, with millions of tons ending up in the ocean each year. Marine animals can ingest or become entangled in plastic, causing injury or death. Furthermore, the presence of plastic particles in the water can disrupt the entire food chain, ultimately affecting human health.
Landfilling, another common waste disposal method, has detrimental effects as well. Landfills release greenhouse gases, primarily methane, which has a significantly higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide. Moreover, landfills take up valuable land space and can contaminate nearby soil and groundwater if not adequately managed.
Innovative Solutions for Efficient Waste Disposal:
Recycling: Recycling plays a crucial role in waste management. By transforming used materials into new products, recycling reduces the demand for raw materials, conserves energy, and decreases waste going to landfills. Governments and communities should promote recycling initiatives and establish comprehensive recycling programs to ensure widespread participation.
Composting: Organic waste can be converted into nutrient-rich compost through composting. Composting not only diverts organic waste from landfills but also produces a valuable resource for agriculture and landscaping. Encouraging individuals and businesses to compost can significantly reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills and enhance soil quality.
Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Facilities: WTE facilities convert non-recyclable waste into energy through various processes such as incineration or anaerobic digestion. These facilities generate electricity or heat while re
The EF compares human demand on nature with nature’s regenerative capacity.
It is a measure of the demands and the consumption of natural resources by people.
The sizes of ecological footprint vary from country to country and from person to person.
Phyto cover for Sanitary Landfill Sites: A brief reviewIJERA Editor
Landfill gases (LFG) are produced due to biodegradation of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) when water comes in contact with buried wastes. The conventional clay cover is still practiced to mitigate the percolation of water in landfills in India. Gas extraction systems in landfill for gas collection are used but are much expensive. Thus, “Phytocapping” technique can be one of the alternatives to mitigate landfill gases and to minimize percolation of water into the landfill. Indian plants with locally available soil and municipal solid waste can be tested for the purpose of methane mitigation, heavy metals remediation from leachate. Methane oxidation due to vegetation can be observed compared to non-vegetated landfill. Root zone methane concentrations can be monitored for the plant species
Phyto cover for Sanitary Landfill Sites: A brief reviewIJERA Editor
Landfill gases (LFG) are produced due to biodegradation of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) when water comes in contact with buried wastes. The conventional clay cover is still practiced to mitigate the percolation of water in landfills in India. Gas extraction systems in landfill for gas collection are used but are much expensive. Thus, “Phytocapping” technique can be one of the alternatives to mitigate landfill gases and to minimize percolation of water into the landfill. Indian plants with locally available soil and municipal solid waste can be tested for the purpose of methane mitigation, heavy metals remediation from leachate. Methane oxidation due to vegetation can be observed compared to non-vegetated landfill. Root zone methane concentrations can be monitored for the plant species
This content covers the necessary theories and related mathematical problems of Solid Waste Management Course which basically is prepared for the undergraduate students of BSc in Civil Engineering program.
Decentralized composting of municipal solid waste in bengaluru city – an over...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEME...IAEME Publication
The main objectives of this paper to review the cost of the different municipal solid waste
management and to assess the different options using a comparative life cycle appraisal in
selected wards of Bangalore. Life cycle appraisal methodology was used for optimum
municipal solid waste management strategies in selected wards of Bangalore city. Bangalore
is the largest city and business capital of Karnataka state. The population of the city as per the
2011 census is 8,443,675 with the total number of houses 2,101,831. The total of
approximately 62.84 tons per day of waste is generated in selected wards of Bangalore.
Environmental LCA is a system analysis tool is used to analyze and to evaluate different
options that can be implemented to enable the good community solid waste management in the
present study. Collected waste to the landfill and composting (Oc I) Optimized route for waste
to landfill (OcII) vermin composting (62%) and landfill (32%) (OcIII), Entire waste
Incineration (Oc IV), were taken into consideration. An effective Community Municipal Solid
waste management system is needed in these selected wards, since the generated CMSW is
transported to the dumped yard that has no liner, no biogas capture, etc. Based on the analysis
indicates that, the Option OcI and OcIII led to the most adverse environmental impact in the
human health and ecosystem quality damage category. Option OcII (Recycling, optimized
route and landfilling) is the best option in terms of lower environmental impacts on human
health, ecosystem quality and resources and financial requirements. The results also showed
that the most eco-friendly scenario to be implemented in the future would be the combination
of incineration and landfill (OcIV), further, Oc III option had the least helpful effect on the
resources damage category. Theoverall analysis of different options implied that the scenario
Sc-1 was the worst options, and followed by OcII and OcIII among the studied options.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1. SRES’S Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
1
UNIT V
REUSE AND RECYCLE
5.1 Importance of Recycling & Reuse
Recycling is one of the best ways for you to have a positive impact on the world in which we
live. Recycling is important to both the natural environment and us. We must act fast as the amount
of waste we create is increasing all the time.
The amount of rubbish we create is constantly increasing because:
Increasing wealth means that people are buying more products and ultimately creating more waste.
Increasing population means that there are more people on the planet to create waste.
New packaging and technological products are being developed, much of these products contain
materials that are not biodegradable.
New lifestyle changes, such as eating fast food, means that we create additional waste that isn’t
biodegradable.
Environmental Importance
Recycling is very important as waste has a huge negative impact on the natural environment.
Harmful chemicals and greenhouse gasses are released from rubbish in landfill sites. Recycling
helps to reduce the pollution caused by waste.
Habitat destruction and global warming are some the affects caused by deforestation. Recycling
reduces the need for raw materials so that the rain forests can be preserved.
Huge amounts of energy are used when making products from raw materials. Recycling requires
much less energy and therefore helps to preserve natural resources.
Importance To People
Recycling is essential to cities around the world and to the people living in them.
No space for waste. Our landfill sites are filling up fast, by 2010, almost all landfills in the UK will
be full.
2. SRES’S Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
2
Reduce financial expenditure in the economy. Making products from raw materials costs much
more than if they were made from recycled products.
Preserve natural resources for future generations. Recycling reduces the need for raw materials; it
also uses less energy, therefore preserving natural resources for the future.
5.2 Reuse and Recycling of MSW
MSW includes commercial and residential wastes generated in municipal or notified areas in
either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-
medical wastes. It consists of household waste, wastes from hotels and restaurants, construction
and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets.
Recycling is the recovery and reuse of materials from wastes. Solid waste recycling refers to
the reuse of manufactured goods from which resources such as steel, copper , or plastics can be
recovered and reused. Recycling and recovery is only one phase of an integrated approach to
solid waste management that also includes reducing the amount of waste produced, composting ,
incinerating, and landfilling.
MSW Generation in India
As per estimates more than 55 million tons of MSW is generated in India per year; the yearly
increase is estimated to be about 5%. It is estimated that solid waste generated in small, medium
and large cities and towns in India is about 0.1 kg, 0.3 – 0.4 kg and 0.5 kg per capita per day
respectively. The estimated annual increase in per capita waste generation is about 1.33 % per year.
Composition of MSW Generated in Indian Cities
In India, the biodegradable portion dominates the bulk of MSW. This is mainly due to food
and yard waste. With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of
municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition has been changing.
Recycling is a significant way to keep large amounts of solid waste out of landfills, conserve
resources, and save energy. As of now total 30.1% of MSW recovered, recycled, or composted,
incinerated 14.5%, and landfilled 55.3%.
The technology of recycling involves collection, separation, preparing the material to buyer's
specifications, sale to markets, processing, and the eventual reuse of materials. Separation and
3. SRES’S Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
3
collection is only the first step; if the material is not also processed and returned to commerce, then
it is not being recycled. In many parts of the country, markets are not yet sufficiently developed to
handle the growing supply of collected material.
Intermediate markets for recyclable materials include scrap dealers or brokers, who wait for
favorable market conditions in which to sell their inventory. Final markets are facilities where
recycled materials are converted to new products, the last phase in the recycling circle.
Fig 1. MSW Composition in India
MSW Management in India
A typical waste management system in India includes the following elements:
1. Waste generation and storage
2. Segregation, reuse, and recycling at the household level
3. Primary waste collection and transport to a transfer station or community bin
4. Street sweeping and cleaning of public places
5. Management of the transfer station or community bin
6. Secondary collection and transport to the waste disposal site & Waste disposal in landfills
4. SRES’S Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
4
Fig 2. MSW Collection & Conveyance
In most of the Indian cities, the MSW collection, segregation, transportation, processing and
disposal is carried out by the respective municipal corporations and the state governments enforce
regulatory policies, but wherein most of the Indian cities open dumping is the common practice
which is adversely affecting on environment and public health.
The major stakeholders in the management of Municipal Solid Waste include: (a) Ministry
of Environment and Forests (MoEF) (b) Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) (c) Central and
State Pollution Control Boards (d) Department of Urban Development (e) State Level Nodal
Agency (f) Urban Local Bodies (g) Private Formal and informal Sector.
In some cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad garbage
disposal is done by Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). The private sector has been involved in
door-to-door collection of solid waste, street sweeping (in a limited way), secondary storage and
transportation and for treatment and disposal of waste.
Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500 to Rs.1500 per ton on solid waste management of
which, 60-70% of the amount is on collection alone, 20% - 30% on transportation, but hardly any
fund is spent on treatment and disposal of waste
Potential for Energy Generation from MSW
The total estimated potential for power from all MSW across India is about 1457 MW (2002).
MNRE estimates the energy recovery potential from municipal solid wastes to be about 1500 MW
and this could go up to 5,200 MW by 2017. These trends have made many state governments keen
on tapping this source of energy.
Technological Routes for Energy Generation from MSW
5. SRES’S Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
5
Energy can be recovered from the organic fraction of waste (biodegradable as well as non-
biodegradable) through thermo-chemical and biochemical methods.
5.2.1 Methods of Recycling of MSW
I. Decentralized SWM
II. Awareness in Reuse and Recycle
III. Using MSW for creating energy such as RDFs
IV. PAYT system (Pay as You Through) must be implemented
V. Creating awareness among public on SWM
5.3 Reuse and Recycle of Sewage
Reclaimed or recycled water (also called wastewater reuse or water reclamation) is the
process of converting wastewater into water that can be reused for other purposes. Reuse may
include irrigation of gardens and agricultural fields or replenishing surface
water and groundwater (i.e., groundwater recharge). Reused water may also be directed toward
fulfilling certain needs in residences (e.g. toilet flushing), businesses, and industry, and could even
be treated to reach drinking water standards. This last option is called either "direct potable reuse"
or "indirect potable" reuse, depending on the approach used. Colloquially, the term "toilet to tap"
also refers to potable reuse.
Reclaiming water for reuse applications instead of using freshwater supplies can be a water-
saving measure. When used water is eventually discharged back into natural water sources, it can
still have benefits to ecosystems, improving streamflow, nourishing plant life and
recharging aquifers, as part of the natural water cycle.
Wastewater reuse is a long-established practice used for irrigation, especially in arid countries.
Reusing wastewater as part of sustainable water management allows water to remain as an
alternative water source for human activities. This can reduce scarcity and alleviate pressures on
groundwater and other natural water bodies.
Achieving more sustainable sanitation and wastewater management will require emphasis on
actions linked to resource management, such as wastewater reuse or excreta reuse that will keep
6. SRES’S Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
6
valuable resources available for productive uses. This in turn supports human wellbeing and
broader sustainability.
Simply stated, reclaimed water is water that is used more than one time before it passes back
into the natural water cycle. Advances in wastewater treatment technology allow communities to
reuse water for many different purposes. The water is treated differently depending upon the source
and use of the water and how it gets delivered.
Cycled repeatedly through the planetary hydrosphere, all water on Earth is recycled water, but
the terms "recycled water" or "reclaimed water" typically mean wastewater sent from a home or
business through a sewer system to a wastewater treatment plant, where it is treated to a level
consistent with its intended use.
The World Health Organization has recognized the following principal driving forces for
wastewater reuse:
a. increasing water scarcity and stress,
b. increasing populations and related food security issues,
c. increasing environmental pollution from improper wastewater disposal, and
d. increasing recognition of the resource value of wastewater, excreta and greywater.
Water recycling and reuse is of increasing importance, not only in arid regions but also in cities
and contaminated environments.
Already, the groundwater aquifers that are used by over half of the world population are being
over-drafted. Reuse will continue to increase as the world's population becomes increasingly
urbanized and concentrated near coastlines, where local freshwater supplies are limited or are
available only with large capital expenditure. Large quantities of freshwater can be saved by
wastewater reuse and recycling, reducing environmental pollution and improving carbon
footprint. Reuse can be an alternative water supply option.
5.3.1 Types of Reuse and Application of Sewage
Table 1. Types of Reuse of sewage
Categories of
use
Uses
7. SRES’S Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
7
Urban uses
Irrigation of public parks, sporting facilities, private gardens, roadsides; Street
cleaning; Fire protection systems; Vehicle washing; Toilet flushing; Air
conditioners; Dust control.
Agricultural
uses
Food crops not commercially processed; Food crops commercially processed;
Pasture for milking animals; Fodder; Fibre; Seed crops; Ornamental flowers;
Orchards; Hydroponic culture; Aquaculture; Greenhouses; Viticulture.
Industrial uses
Processing water; Cooling water; Recirculating cooling
towers; Washdown water; Washing aggregate; Making concrete; Soil
compaction; Dust control.
Recreational
uses
Golf course irrigation; Recreational impoundments with/without public access
(e.g. fishing, boating, bathing); Aesthetic impoundments without public
access; Snowmaking.
Environmental
uses
Aquifer recharge; Wetlands; Marshes; Stream augmentation; Wildlife
habitat; Silviculture.
Potable uses
Aquifer recharge for drinking water use; Augmentation of surface drinking
water supplies; Treatment until drinking water quality.
5.3.2 Methods of Recycling of Sewage
Wastewater treatment and reuse is an important issue and scientists are looking for inexpensive
and suitable technologies. Water treatment technologies are used for three purposes i.e. water
source reduction, wastewater treatment and recycling. At present, unit operations and processes are
combined together to provide what is called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Primary
treatment includes preliminary purification processes of a physical and chemical nature while
secondary treatment deals with the biological treatment of wastewater. In tertiary treatment
processes, wastewater (treated by primary and secondary processes) is converted into good quality
water that can be used for different types of purpose, i.e. drinking, industrial,
medicinal etc. supplies. In the tertiary process, up to 99% of the pollutants are removed and the
8. SRES’S Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
8
water is converted into the safe quality for a specific use. In a complete water treatment plant, all
these three processes are combined together for producing good quality and safe water.
Fig 2. Methods of Recycling of Sewage
Despite the development of various technologies for water treatment and reclamation,
economic, effective and rapid water treatment and reclamation at a commercial level is still a
challenging problem. The management of the removed pollutants (sludge) should be kept in mind.
The systematic approach of water treatment and recycling technologies involves the understanding
of the technology that includes construction and operational cost, along with the maintenance and
management of removed pollutants.
5.4 Reuse and Recycle of E-Waste
9. SRES’S Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
9
Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Used
electronics which are destined for refurbishment, reuse, resale, salvage recycling through material
recovery, or disposal are also considered e-waste. Informal processing of e-waste in developing
countries can lead to adverse human health effects and environmental pollution. With the usage of
electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) on the rise, the amount of electrical and electronic waste
(e-waste) produced each day is equally growing enormously around the globe.
5.4.1 Effects of E-Waaste
Disposal of e-wastes is a particular problem faced in many regions across the globe. Computer
wastes that are landfilled produces contaminated leachates which eventually pollute the
groundwater. Acids and sludge obtained from melting computer chips, if disposed on the ground
causes acidification of soil. For example, Guiyu, Hong Kong a thriving area of illegal e-waste
recycling is facing acute water shortages due to the contamination of water resources.
This is due to disposal of recycling wastes such as acids, sludges etc. in rivers. Now water is
being transported from faraway towns to cater to the demands of the population. Incineration of e-
wastes can emit toxic fumes and gases, thereby polluting the surrounding air. Improperly monitored
landfills can cause environmental hazards. Mercury will leach when certain electronic devices,
such as circuit breakers are destroyed. The same is true for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from
condensers. When brominated flame retardant plastic or cadmium containing plastics are landfilled,
both polybrominated dlphenyl ethers (PBDE) and cadmium may leach into the soil and
groundwater. It has been found that significant amounts of lead ion are dissolved from broken lead
containing glass, such as the cone glass of cathode ray tubes, gets mixed with acid waters and are
a common occurrence in landfills.
Not only does the leaching of mercury poses specific problems, the vaporization of metallic
mercury and dimethylene mercury, both part of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
is also of concern. In addition, uncontrolled fires may arise at landfills and this could be a frequent
occurrence in many countries. When exposed to fire, metals and other chemical substances, such
as the extremely toxic dioxins and furans (TCDD tetrachloro dibenzo-dioxin, PCDDs-
polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. PBDDs-polybrominated dibenzo-dioxin and PCDFspoly
chlorinated dibenzo furans) from halogenated flame retardant products and PCB containing
condensers can be emitted. The most dangerous form of burning e-waste is the open-air burning of
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(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
10
plastics in order to recover copper and other metals. The toxic fall-out from open air burning affects
both the local environment and broader global air currents, depositing highly toxic by products in
many places throughout the world.
5.4.2 Methods of Management of E-Waste
In industries management of e-waste should begin at the point of generation. This can be done
by waste minimization techniques and by sustainable product design. Waste minimization in
industries involves adopting:
Inventory management,
Production-process modification,
Volume reduction,
Recovery and reuse.
Inventory management
Proper control over the materials used in the manufacturing process is an important way to
reduce waste generation (Freeman, 1989). By reducing both the quantity of hazardous materials
used in the process and the amount of excess raw materials in stock, the quantity of waste generated
can be reduced. This can be done in two ways i.e. establishing material-purchase review and control
procedures and inventory tracking system.
Developing review procedures for all material purchased is the first step in establishing an
inventory management program. Procedures should require that all materials be approved prior to
purchase. In the approval process all production materials are evaluated to examine if they contain
hazardous constituents and whether alternative non-hazardous materials are available.
Production-process modification
Changes can be made in the production process, which will reduce waste generation. This
reduction can be accomplished by changing the materials used to make the product or by the more
efficient use of input materials in the production process or both. Potential waste minimization
techniques can be broken down into three categories:
i) Improved operating and maintenance procedures,
ii) Material change and
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(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
11
iii)Process-equipment modification.
Recovery and reuse
This technique could eliminate waste disposal costs, reduce raw material costs and provide
income from a salable waste. Waste can be recovered on-site, or at an off-site recovery facility, or
through inter industry exchange. A number of physical and chemical techniques are available to
reclaim a waste material such as reverse osmosis, electrolysis, condensation, electrolytic recovery,
filtration, centrifugation etc. For example, a printed-circuit board manufacturer can use electrolytic
recovery to reclaim metals from copper and tin-lead plating bath.
Sustainable product design
Minimization of hazardous wastes should be at product design stage itself keeping in mind the
following factors
Rethink the product design
Use of renewable materials and energy
Use of non-renewable materials that are safer
5.5 Reuse and Recycle of C&D Waste
Construction and demolition (C&D) waste is generated from construction, renovation, repair,
and demolition of houses, large building structures, roads, bridges, piers, and dams. C&D waste is
made up of wood, steel, concrete, gypsum, masonry, plaster, metal, and asphalt.
Construction and demolition (C&D) materials are generated when new building and civil-
engineering structures are built and when existing buildings and civil-engineering structures are
renovated or demolished (including deconstruction activities). Civil-engineering structures include
public works projects, such as streets and highways, bridges, utility plants, piers, and dams.
C&D materials often contain bulky, heavy materials such as:
Concrete
Wood (from buildings)
Asphalt (from roads and roofing shingles)
Gypsum (the main component of drywall)
Metals
Bricks
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(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
12
Glass
Plastics
Salvaged building components (doors, windows, and plumbing fixtures)
Trees, stumps, earth, and rock from clearing sites
5.5.1 Benefits of Reducing the Disposal of C&D Materials
Reducing the amount of C&D materials disposed of in landfills or incinerators can:
Create employment and economic activities in recycling industries and provide increased
business opportunities within the local community, especially when deconstruction and
selective demolition methods are used.
Reduce overall building project expenses through avoided purchase/disposal costs, and the
donation of recovered materials to qualified charities, which provides a tax benefit. Onsite
reuse also reduces transportation costs.
Lead to fewer disposal facilities, potentially reducing the associated environmental issues.
Offset the environmental impact associated with the extraction and consumption of virgin
resources and production of new materials.
Conserve landfill space.
5.5.2 Methods to Reduce, Reuse and Recycle C&D Materials
1. Source reduction: reduces life-cycle material use, energy use and waste generation. EPA gives
it the highest priority for addressing solid waste issues. While reuse and recycling are important
methods to sustainably manage waste once waste has already been generated, source reduction
prevents waste from being generated in the first place.
Examples of C&D source reduction measures include preserving existing buildings rather than
constructing new ones; optimizing the size of new buildings; designing new buildings for
adaptability to prolong their useful lives; using construction methods that allow disassembly and
facilitate reuse of materials; employing alternative framing techniques; reducing interior finishes;
and more.
Salvaging and Reusing of C&D Materials: Demolishing existing buildings and disposing of the
debris is not a resource efficient practice. Recovering used, but still-valuable C&D materials for
further use is an effective way to save money while protecting natural resources.
Deconstruction for Reuse
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(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
13
Deconstruction is the process of carefully dismantling buildings to salvage components for reuse
and recycling. Deconstruction can be applied on a number of levels to salvage usable materials and
significantly cut waste.
Deconstruction has many benefits, including the following:
Maximizes the recovery of materials.
Conserves finite, old-growth forest resources.
Provides many employment and job training opportunities.
When coupled with traditional demolition methods, allows communities to create local
economic activities around manufacturing or reprocessing salvaged materials.
Diverts demolition debris bound for disposal
Preserves resources through reuse.
3. Recycling C&D Materials:
Many building components can be recycled where markets exist. Asphalt, concrete, and rubble are
often recycled into aggregate or new asphalt and concrete products. Wood can be recycled into
engineered-wood products like furniture, as well as mulch, compost, and other products.
Metals—including steel, copper, and brass—are also valuable commodities to recycle.
Additionally, although cardboard packaging from home-building sites is not classified as a C&D
material, it does make its way into the mixed C&D stream, and many markets exist for recycling
this material.
Re buying C&D Waste: Buying used C&D materials and recycled content products for use in new
construction can:
Boost the local economy as recovered materials are typically locally sourced.
Lower construction and renovation costs while maintaining building function and
performance.
Ensure materials collected from reuse and recycling programs will be used again in the
manufacture of new products and/or new construction, thereby fully realizing the benefits
of reuse and recycling efforts;
Preserve local architectural character and historic significance (in cases of preserved or
restored buildings).
14. SRES’S Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
(An Autonomous Institute)
Environmental Science (Audit Course)
Prepared By: Dr. M.V. Jadhav
Prof. U.T. Kulkarni
14