The document discusses municipal solid waste (MSW), including its types, characteristics, generation in India, related problems, and management options. MSW consists of everyday items discarded from residential, commercial, and institutional sources. It is a growing problem in India, with only a portion being processed and treated properly. Effective management requires an integrated approach including waste reduction, recycling, composting, and proper disposal through methods like landfilling and incineration.

1. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES – ITS
PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT
• AG 35 USHASI RAY
• AG 36 MAYURAKSHI SARKAR
• AG 37 DRISHTI DEBNATH
• AG 38 PROTAYAN SARKAR
• AG 39 SHRIPARNA NANDI
• AG 40 SUBHADIP ADAK
• AG 41 SOUVIK PAL
• AG 42 ANIRBAN DAS
• AG 43 ARKAPRABHENDU KHAN
• AG 44 ROHAN PATRA
PRESENTED BY ~

2. Index
 INTRODUCTION
 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE(MSW)
 TYPES OF MSW
 SCENARIO OF MSW IN INDIA
 CHARACTERISTICS
 PROBLEMS RELATED
 MANAGEMENT
 CONCLUSION & REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION :
WASTE : It is the unwanted and unusable material, discarded after primary use or is worthless , defective and of no use.
A waste product may become a by-product, joint product or resource through an invention that raises a waste product's
value above zero.
A by-product, by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value.
Waste include
 municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse),
 hazardous waste,
 wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff),
 radioactive waste and others.

4. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE ( MSW ):
It is commonly known as trash or garbage in united states and as refuse or rubbish in Britain. It consists of everyday items
we use and then throw away, such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps,
newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries. This comes from our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses

5. TYPES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

6. RESIDENTIAL WASTE : Any waste material including garbage, trash, refuse, derived from households.
Sources :
 Food wastes and vegetable leftovers
 Paper and cardboards
 Plastics
 Textiles
 Yard wastes
 Wood
 Glass, metals and ashes
 Special wastes like bulky items, consumer electronics,
batteries , oil

7. INDUSTRIAL WASTE : It includes the waste discharged from various industries like leather, textile, thermal plants, paper
industries etc.
Examples :
 Sugarcane baggase, cob, stover, stalk,animal dung ,crop
residues- Agrobased industry
 Coal ash – thermal power plants
 Blast furnace and steel melting slag- iron and steel mills
 Scrap metal – metal industry
 Sandpaper
 Radioactive wastes – nuclear power plants

8. COMMERCIAL UNIT WASTE : Any waste other than domestic waste. Waste from premises used mainly for the purposes of
a trade or business or purpose of sport, recreation, education and entertainment but excluding household, agricultural or
industrial waste.

9. INSTITUTIONAL WASTE : Garbage materials discarded from institutional enterprises .
Sources :
 Social service
 Charitable service
 Educational service
 Governmental service

10. WASTES FROM CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION SITES : These are the status of the building materials after the end life of
buildings.
Examples :
 Concrete
 Brick
 Cement
 Scrap metal
 Plastics
 Wood
 Glass
 Tiles
 Asbestos
 Steel

11. WASTE FROM TREATMENT PLANTS AND SITES : These are wastes generated from the treatment plants and sites like waste
water treatment.
Waste water treatment is the process of converting waste water that can be discharged into the
environment. Primary Treatment removes material that either float or settle down due to gravity, like
rags,sticks, sand and small stones. Secondary Treatment removes more of suspended solids, usually by
biological processes in which microbes consume organic impurities as food and convert them into carbon
di-oxide, water and energy.

12. BIOMEDICAL WASTES : it is a type of infectious bio-waste, generated from hospitals, biomedical equipment and chemical
manufacturing units including syringes, scalpels, needles, bandages, used gloves, infusion kits , amputed body parts, and
other medical supplies that has been in contact with blood and body fluids.
Sources :
 Hospitals
 Health clinics
 Nursing homes
 Emergency medical services
 Medical research laboratories
 Offices of physicians, dentists, veterinarians, morgues, funeral homes

13. SCENARIO OF MSW IN INDIA :
Currently, as per government estimates about 65 million tonnes
of waste is generated annually in india and over 62 million
tonnes of it is MSW. Only about 75-80% of municipal waste gets
collected; out of this only 22-28 % is processed and treated.
It is estimated that about 100000 MT of municipal solid waste
(MSW) is generated every day in the country. Urban Local
Bodies spend about Rs.500 to Rs.1500 per ton on solid waste for
collection, transportation, treatment and disposal, in which,
about 60-70% is spent on collection, 20 to 30% on
transportation and less than 5% on final disposal. The problem
of solid waste has assumed significant dimension especially in
the urban centers.
The need of the hour is to devise an efficient solid waste
management system wherein the decision-makers and waste
management planners can deal with the increase in complexity,
uncertainty, multi-objectivity, and subjectivity associated with
this problem

15. CHARACTERISTICS OF MSW :
Based on moisture content –
• Dry waste- absorbent pad, gloves, disposable labwares, pipettes etc
• Wet waste – vegetable and fruit peels , rotten food, used tea bags,
egg shells, tender coconut shells etc
Based on decomposability –
• Decomposable- food, paper, wood, rubber
• Non decomposable – glass, plastic,metal
Based on combustibility :
• Combustible- paper, cardboard, textile etc
• Non combustible- glass, tin
Based on nature :
• Organic – crop residue, left overs, animal manure
etc
• Inorganic waste – packaging materials, metals

16. PROBLEMS GENERATED FROM MSW :
 Impact on environment –
1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Soil pollution
4. Aesthetic pollution
 Impact on health

17. MANAGEMENT OPTIONS :
Given the complex nature of the problem, effective management strategies for municipal waste must be comprehensive
and integrated. A combination of reduction, recycling, composting, and proper disposal is essential for addressing the
challenges associated with municipal waste.
Waste Reduction
Waste reduction is an important first step in managing municipal waste. By reducing the amount of waste generated in
the first place, municipalities can alleviate pressure on existing waste management infrastructure and reduce
environmental impacts. This can be achieved through public education campaigns, incentives for businesses to minimize
packaging, and regulations that encourage the use of reusable products.

18. Recycling
Recycling is another key component of municipal waste management. By separating recyclable materials from
household waste, municipalities can divert a significant portion of waste from landfills and reduce the need for raw
material extraction. To improve recycling rates, local governments can invest in infrastructure such as recycling facilities
and collection programs, as well as provide incentives for residents and businesses to participate in recycling initiatives.
It includes steps like :
 Collection
 Sorting
 Processing
 Marketing

19. Composting : organic waste is an effective way to reduce the amount of material sent to landfills and mitigate the
production of methane gas. Municipalities can implement composting programs for residents and businesses, as well as
establish community composting facilities to process organic

20. DISPOSAL : Disposal is the final element in the solid waste mangement system. It is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes,
be the residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, semisolid waste (sludge) from municipal
and industrial treatment plants, incinerator residue, compost or other substances from various solid waste processing
plants that are of no further use to society. Some of the disposal methods of solid waste are -
1.Open dumping – it is an illegal process in which any
types of wastes are dumped at any location like along the
roadside, vacant lots on public or private property even in
parks other than a permitted landfill or facility. Open
dumping poses a threat to human health and the
environment because it causes land pollution.
2. Refuse Derived Fuel ( RDF ) : This is the
combustible part of raw waste, separated for burning
as fuel. Various physical processes such as screening,
size reduction, magnetic separation, etc., are used to
separate the combustibles.

21. 3. Pyrolysis : This is the thermal degradation of
carbonaceous material to gaseous, liquid and solid
fraction in the absence of oxygen. This occurs at a
temperature between 200 and 900°C. The product
of pyrolysis is a gas of relatively high calorific value
of 20,000 joules per gram with oils, tars and solid
burned residue
4. Gasification : This is the partial combustion of carbonaceous
material (through combustion) at high temperature (roughly
1000°C) forming a gas, comprising mainly carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, water vapour and methane, which
can be used as fuel. Gasification is the solid waste incineration
under oxygen deficient conditions, to produce fuel gas. In India,
there are very few gasifiers in operation, but they are mostly for
burning of biomass such as agro-residues, sawmill dust, and forest
wastes. Gasification can also be used for MSW treatment after
drying, removing the inert and shredding for size reduction.

22. 5. Incineration -
Incineration is one of the waste treatment technologies
that involve the combustion of organic materials and other
substances. This refers to the controlled burning of wastes,
at a high temperature (roughly 1200 – 1500°C), which
sterilises and stabilises the waste in addition to reducing
its volume. Hence, Incineration waste treatment system is
normally described as ‘thermal treatment’. Incinerator
process converts the waste into bottom ash, particulates
and heat, which can be used to generate the electric
power. The volume of ash is usually 10% of the original
volume of the waste. Finally, the ash is typically disposed
off in the landfill site. In developing countries, the use of
incineration is in few amounts to around 1-5%
respectively.
In India the incineration is a poor option as the waste
consists mainly high organic material (40–60%) and high
inert content (30–50%) also low calorific value content
(800–1100 kcal/kg), high moisture content (40–60%) in
MSW and the high costs of setting up and running the
plants.

23. 6. Landfill -
A landfill is an area of land onto or into which waste is deposited. The aim is to avoid any contact between the waste and
the surrounding environment, particularly the groundwater.
Landfilling will be done for the following types of waste: Mixed waste ,Pre-processing and post-processing wastes ,Non-
hazardous waste.
Landfilling will usually not be done for the following waste streams in the municipal solid waste:Biowaste/garden waste,Dry
recyclables
Essential components of municipal solid waste landfill
1. A liner system at the base and sides of the landfill which prevents migration of leachate or gas to the surrounding
soil.
2. A leachate collection and control facility which collects and extracts leachate from within and from the base of
the landfill and then treats the leachate.
3. A gas collection and control facility (optional for small landfills) which collects and extracts gas from within and
from the top of the landfill and then treats it or uses it for energy recovery.
4. A final cover system at the top of the landfill which enhances surface drainage, prevents infiltrating water and
supports surface vegetation.
5. A surface water drainage system which collects and removes all surface runoff from the landfill site.
6. An environmental monitoring system which periodically collects and analyses air, surface water, soil-gas and
ground water samples around the landfill site.
7. A closure and post-closure plan which lists the steps that must be taken to close and secure a landfill site once
the filling operation has been completed and the activities for long-term monitoring, operation and maintenance of the
completed landfill.

25. Conclusion :
The problem of municipal waste poses significant challenges for cities and towns around the world. However,
with effective management strategies in place, these challenges can be addressed in a sustainable manner. By
focusing on waste reduction, recycling, composting, proper disposal, integrated management approaches, and
public participation, municipalities can work towards a more sustainable future where municipal waste is
minimized and managed responsibly. It is essential for local governments to prioritize investment in
infrastructure and policies that support these strategies in order to achieve meaningful progress in addressing
the problem of municipal waste.
REFERENCE
 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in
 Wikipedia
 Wordpress.com