The document discusses solid waste management and composting. It explains that composting is a process where organic waste materials are broken down by microorganisms into a stable humus-like material called compost. Composting reduces the volume of waste and provides nutrients for plant growth. It can be done aerobically, using oxygen, or anaerobically, without oxygen. During aerobic composting, microbes break down organic compounds into carbon dioxide, nitrites, and nitrates.

1. Solid Waste Management is associated with the control of waste generation,
storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal in a manner that
is in accordance with the environmental considerations. To reduce the load on
disposal system, solid waste must be processed. Composting can be one such
process. It is a process in which organic substances are reduced from larger
volumes of rapidly decomposable material to small volumes of material which
continue to decompose slowly. Compost is particularly useful as organic manure
which contains plant nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium) as well as
micro nutrients which can be utilized for the growth of plants. Composting can be
carried out in two ways i.e., aerobically and anaerobically. During aerobic
composting aerobic micro-organisms oxidise organic compounds to Carbon dioxide,
Nitrite and Nitrate. Carbon from organic compounds is used as a source of energy
while nitrogen is recycled.
INTRODUCTION

2. Company is promoted by technocrats, having expertise in their relative
field of microbiology, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, entomology,
fisheries and agronomy.
Dedicated to R & D and manufacturing of environmentally friendly
products
Composting programs which accept a mixed waste stream accept material more or less as
it is currently collected, relying on the facility separation techniques described below. One
important modification to traditional collection techniques is the establishment of a HHW
collection program. To be effective at reducing the contaminants of concern in MSW
compost, such programs must emphasize heavy metal sources such as batteries and
consumer electronics. The remaining mixed waste (less any separately collected
recyclables and HHW) then serves as feedstock for the composting facility, where
centralized separation of non-compostable materials will occur. With this approach, 60 to
70 percent of the solid waste stream is typically processed into compost. The remaining 30
to 40 percent includes recyclables as well as rejects destined for the landfill or an
incinerator and landfill.

3. AREAS OF EXPERTISE
TWIGS,
BRANCHES
AND DEAD
LEAVES
GRASS
CLIPPINGS
KITCHEN
SCRAPS

4. MSW 3650 contains a synergistic blend of highly advanced and selectively adopted
microorganisms, which are naturally occurring, non-genetically engineered; which
have been subjected to stringent antibiotic screening; which are designed to provide
accelerated degradation of difficult to digest fats, oils, protein, starch, carbohydrates,
uric acid, detergents, hydrocarbons, phenols; cotton, biodegradable plastics, hair,
tissue, filters etc.
It also contains the nutrients required by these microbes which are not available in the
municipal solid waste. The Mineral solubilising Microbes present in MSW 3650
degrade the Minerals present in the Municipal Solid Waste. Nitrosomonas converts
Ammonia to Nitrites. Nitrobacter converts Nitrite into nitrate Obligates autotrophs
solubilize Phosphorous
Contents and Mode of
Action MSW 3650

5. Biomethanation using MSW-3650:
Here the biodegradable organic matter (This fraction will be around
40% of Total MSW) obtained after a mechanical segration of the total
MSW and after Particle size reduction; is digested by functional
Microbes either in specially designed digesters (Anaerobic) or in
isolated open yards (Aerobic).

6. Absorption of the nutrients is
enhanced .
2. Comparatively more cost
effective from the point of view of
life cycle cost.
3. Comparatively much less need
of land.
4. Drastic reduction of pathogens
is achieved.
5. Environment-friendly
SALIENT FEATURES OF MSW 3650

7. 6. No problem of Fly and Maggot
7. No problem of odor.
8. No release of greenhouse gases
to environment.
9. Relatively good looking
10. Reliable
11. Toxic materials are biodegraded
12. Useful products such as biogas
and compost are obtained.
SALIENT FEATURES OF MSW 3650

9. For Every 1 MT of the biodegradable organic matter obtained after a
mechanical segration of the total MSW and after Particle size
reduction;
1. Add 300g MSW-3650 for Open Dumps (Aerobic Process) or 350g
MSW-3650 for Closed reactors (Anarobic Process)
2. Add 1 Kg Jaggery
3. Add Sufficient water or Municipal Sewage Water to monitor
amoisture range of about 14% (throughout the treatment period of
about 20-30 days.
4. Blend the whole mass .
5. Keep in Closed Reactors or Open
Dumps. Heap height may be maintained upto 1 m. But Batch wise
only.
SUGGESTED LEVEL OF USAGE:

10. Process of composting

11. Centralized Separation:
In composting systems there are three objectives for materials separation:
 Recover recyclable or combustible materials as marketable by-products,
 Reduce the levels of visible inert materials (e.g., plastics and glass), and
 Reduce the levels of chemical contaminants (e.g., heavy metals and HHW).
Many of the separation technologies now applied to MSW composting were originally developed to
recover recyclable or combustible materials from solid waste. While some of these technologies
have been adapted for reduction of inerts, they have rarely been optimized for reducing chemical
contaminant levels. Reduction of inerts and chemical contamination will be highlighted in the
discussion below.

12. Municipal Solid Waste Composting:
Biological Processing
Carbon and Nitrogen
Moisture
Oxygen and Temperature
Compost System Evaluation

13. A wide range of technologies are available and many facilities use a sequence of
steps employing different processes. While this discussion attempts to cover these
technologies in a logical sequence of processing steps, individual facilities may omit
some options or may choose to arrange them in a different order. Facility designers
can select among them based on expected feedstock characteristics, finished
product quality specifications, and the options for marketing separated by-
products. For recovered recyclables, as with the compost product itself, a
knowledge of local market conditions and specifications should be central to
facility design.

14. Carbon and Nitrogen
Carbon and nitrogen are the two most important elements in the composting
process, as one or the other is normally a limiting factor. Carbon serves
primarily as an energy source for the microorganisms, while a small fraction of
the carbon is incorporated in their cells. Nitrogen is critical for microbial
population growth, as it is a constituent of protein which forms over 50 percent
of dry bacterial cell mass. If nitrogen is limiting, microbial populations will
remain small and it will take longer to decompose the available carbon.

15. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY

16. Excess nitrogen, beyond the microbial requirements, is often lost from the system as
ammonia gas or other mobile nitrogen compounds and can cause odors or other
environmental problems. wood chip will not be available to microorganisms during the
time frame of typical composting processes.
Increasing the surface area of wood and other organic particles through size
reduction (grinding or shredding), can increase carbon availability and accelerate
decomposition if adequate nitrogen is available. Nitrogen is usually the limiting
element in MSW, and additives such as manure, clean sewage sludge (biosolids),
septage and urea can be used as a supplemental nitrogen source.
Mixed Solid Waste

17. Composting is in essence a biological process. This fact is sometimes obscured by the
wealth of sophisticated technical options available .
But proper design and management must be based on the needs of microorganisms if
the process is to be a success. Neglect or misunderstanding of biological process
control can lead to serious problems at composting facilities, and has contributed to
facility closings.
Composting is defined by human intervention into the natural process of decomposition.
Processing

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