Multiple acessing
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The document discusses different multiple access protocols at the data link layer. It describes random access protocols like ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, and CSMA/CA. It also covers controlled access methods using reservation, polling, and token passing. Finally, it mentions channelization techniques for multiple access like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA that divide the channel bandwidth between stations using frequency, time, or code respectively.
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multiple access
The document discusses random access protocols for wireless networks including pure ALOHA and slotted ALOHA, describing how frames are transmitted and the vulnerable time periods that can cause collisions. It also covers carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)
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S.VIJAYALAKSHMI M.SC(CS) discusses Media Access Control and multiple access protocols. The main task of MAC protocols is to minimize collisions and utilize bandwidth by determining when nodes can access the shared channel, what to do when the channel is busy, and how to handle collisions. Early protocols like Aloha and slotted Aloha were inefficient at high loads due to many collisions. CSMA protocols reduce collisions by having nodes listen first before transmitting, but collisions are still possible due to propagation delays.
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1. The document discusses medium access control (MAC) protocols for shared broadcast links at the link layer. It covers three main classes of MAC protocols: channel partitioning, random access, and "taking turns" protocols.
2. Channel partitioning protocols like TDMA and FDMA divide the channel into time or frequency slots and allocate slots to nodes. Random access protocols like ALOHA, CSMA, and CSMA/CD allow nodes to transmit randomly and include mechanisms to detect and handle collisions. "Taking turns" protocols such as polling and token passing coordinate channel access by having nodes take turns transmitting.
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This document discusses transport layer protocols for ad hoc wireless networks. It first outlines the objectives of transport layer protocols, which include setting up end-to-end connections, delivering data packets reliably, and controlling flow and congestion. It then describes how traditional protocols like UDP and TCP are not suitable for wireless networks due to issues like frequent path breaks, network partitioning, and interference. The document proposes several approaches to improve transport layer performance in wireless networks, including splitting transport layer functions, using end-to-end approaches, and employing explicit link failure notification to handle breaks more efficiently. Key challenges for transport protocols in wireless ad hoc networks involve addressing mobility, interference and unreliable links.
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This document discusses multiple access protocols used at the data link layer. It describes random access protocols like ALOHA and CSMA, controlled access protocols using reservation, polling and token passing, and channelization protocols including FDMA, TDMA and CDMA. Random access allows stations to transmit without coordination when they have data, while controlled access requires stations to get authorization before transmitting. Channelization divides the available bandwidth using techniques like frequency, time, or code to allow multiple simultaneous transmissions. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate how each protocol works.
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BTS functions include modulation, channel coding, interleaving, encryption, frequency hopping, frame formatting, and signal strength measurements. The CGI uniquely identifies a cell using LAI and CI. The FCCH carries frequency synchronization information. The SCH carries timing synchronization and BSIC information. The BCCH broadcasts cell information like LAI and CI. The PCH pages mobiles for calls/SMS. The RACH is used by mobiles to request resources. The AGCH sends resource grants in response to RACH requests. The SDCCH is used for location updates, call setup, and SMS. The SACCH carries signal strength measurements and timing/power control information. The FACCH can replace bursts on the SDC
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Medium access control (MAC) is the sublayer of the data link layer that coordinates use of a shared medium in wireless networks. It addresses problems like hidden and exposed terminals through techniques like carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA). TDMA divides time into slots and assigns slots to different users to avoid collisions. Early random access protocols like Aloha and slotted Aloha had low throughput due to many collisions, while later protocols use RTS/CTS handshaking and carrier sensing to reduce collisions and improve throughput.
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Topics covered : FDMA, TDMA , Spread Spectrum Multiple Access,Space Division Multiple Access,Capacity of Cellular systems
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Similar to Multiple acessing
mutiple acces protocol.ppt
This document discusses multiple access protocols for wireless communication networks. It describes random access methods like ALOHA and carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) where any station can transmit without permission. It also covers controlled access methods using reservation, polling, or token passing where stations must get authorization before transmitting. Finally, it outlines channelization protocols that divide the available bandwidth through frequency, time, or code including frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA).
mac-protocols
This document discusses multiple access protocols for wireless networks. It covers random access methods like ALOHA, CSMA, and variations that use carrier sensing and collision detection/avoidance. Controlled access methods like reservation, polling, and token passing that coordinate transmission are also discussed. Finally, the document outlines channelization methods including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) that divide available bandwidth for simultaneous transmission.
unit 3 Multiple Access.ppt
The document discusses multiple access protocols at the data link layer. It describes several random access protocols including ALOHA, Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), CSMA with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), and CSMA with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA). It also covers controlled access protocols like reservation, polling, and token passing. Finally, it discusses channelization protocols including Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
Media Access Control (MAC Layer)
Media Access Control, Random access, ALOHA, CSMA,CSMA/CD,CSMA/CA, Controlled access, Channelization, FDMA,TDMA,CDMA, MAC layer
Multiple Access in wireless communication
This document discusses multiple access techniques in wireless communication. It describes several techniques including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). It also covers packet radio access methods like ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, and Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA). Each technique allows multiple users to share wireless spectrum resources simultaneously through dividing access in frequency, time, code, or space.
Multiple Access in Computer Network
Error Detection and correction: Types of Errors, Error Detection mechanism (Linear codes, CRC, Checksum), Error Correction mechanism: Hamming Encoding. Data Link Control and Protocols: Flow and Error Control, Stop-and-Wait ARQ. Go-Back-N ARQ,
Selective Repeat ARQ, HDLC and Point-to-Point Protocol
Multiple Access: Random Access (ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA), Controlled Access (Polling, Reservation, Token Passing), Channelization (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA). Wired LANs (Ethernet): Traditional Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet.
multiple access in wireless communication
This document discusses multiple access techniques in wireless communication. It describes several techniques including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). It also covers packet radio access methods like ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, and Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA). Each technique allows multiple users to share wireless spectrum resources simultaneously through dividing access in frequency, time, code, or space dimensions.
Computer Network presention Pravin Bhargav , Surykant Ratrey (1).pptx
This document summarizes multiple access protocols used in computer networks. It describes random access protocols like ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, and CSMA/CA that allow nodes to transmit without coordination. It also covers controlled access protocols like reservation, polling, and token passing that coordinate transmissions between nodes to avoid collisions. Finally, it discusses channelization protocols including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA that divide the available bandwidth between nodes in different ways.
3 mediumaccesscontrol-090302072045-phpapp01
Medium access control (MAC) is the sublayer of the data link layer that coordinates use of a shared medium in wireless networks. It addresses problems like hidden and exposed terminals through techniques like carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA). Early MAC protocols like Aloha and slotted Aloha had low throughput due to collisions from lack of coordination, while later protocols use mechanisms like reservations, polling, and orthogonal codes to coordinate access and avoid collisions.
Unit_3_WSN.pptx
This document discusses wireless medium access control (MAC) protocols. It provides an overview of MAC responsibilities and categorizes MAC protocols as contention-free, contention-based, or hybrid. It describes several MAC protocols including Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), MACA, IEEE 802.11, and IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee. It discusses key characteristics for MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks including energy efficiency, scalability, adaptability, latency, reliability, and contrasts them with traditional network priorities like fairness.
WHAT IS MAC-1 presentation for information .pptx
This presentation discusses media access control (MAC) protocols. It begins by defining MAC and describing multiple access protocols like random access, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), and their variations. Random access methods use random transmission with collisions resolved by retransmission. CSMA requires listening before transmitting to avoid collisions. Variations include CSMA/CD which detects collisions on Ethernet, and CSMA/CA used in wireless networks which avoids collisions through interframe spacing, backoff windows, and acknowledgements.
9 multiple access
This document discusses multiple access mechanisms for communication networks. It describes three main types of multiple access protocols: random access, controlled access, and channelization. Random access protocols like ALOHA and CSMA allow nodes to access the channel randomly and risk collisions. Controlled access protocols like polling, token passing, and reservation assign channel access in a coordinated fashion to avoid collisions. Channelization techniques partition the channel by frequency (FDMA), time (TDMA), or code (CDMA) to enable multiple simultaneous transmissions.
Class work 7,computer_network_317
This document provides information about the CSMA protocol for computer networks. It discusses two variants of CSMA: CSMA with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) and CSMA with collision detection (CSMA-CD). CSMA-CA operates in the media access control layer and avoids collisions by verifying the absence of other traffic before transmitting. CSMA-CD also operates at the MAC layer and can detect collisions and stop transmissions to avoid wasting bandwidth. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each protocol.
MultipleAccess.ppt
This document discusses multiple access mechanisms for shared communication channels, including random access methods like ALOHA and slotted ALOHA, and controlled access methods like polling, token passing, and channelization techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It provides examples and explanations of how each technique works, key parameters that impact performance, and calculations related to throughput and other metrics.
Computer network
Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) is a method for stations to access a shared data transmission channel. There are two variants: CSMA/CD used in wired networks, and CSMA/CA used in wireless networks. CSMA/CD uses collision detection, where a station monitors the channel after transmitting and resends if a collision is detected. CSMA/CA avoids collision using inter-frame spacing, contention windows and acknowledgements since collision is difficult to detect in wireless transmissions. Both aim to reduce collisions by having stations check if the channel is idle before transmitting.
AIU_CN_2.pptx
This document summarizes multiple access protocols used in computer networks at the data link layer. It discusses random access protocols like CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA that allow nodes to transmit randomly. It also covers controlled access protocols like reservation, polling, and token passing that require nodes to get permission before transmitting. Finally, it describes channelization techniques for sharing bandwidth, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA that divide the channel by frequency, time, or code respectively.
Introduction to networking
This document provides an overview of carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) and carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) protocols. It discusses how CSMA works to prevent collisions by having nodes listen first before transmitting. It also describes how CSMA/CD, the protocol used in Ethernet, adds the ability to detect collisions and stop transmissions to reduce collision duration. The document explains collision detection, jamming signals, backoff algorithms, and retransmission processes in CSMA/CD to help nodes avoid repeated collisions when resending data.
Multiple Access Control Protocol (MAC Protocol) Networking
Multiple Access Control Protocol allows several terminals connected to the same multi-point transmission medium (Broadcast network ) to transmit over it and to share its capacity.
Examples of shared physical media are wireless networks, bus networks, ring networks and point-to-point links operating in half-duplex mode.
Multiple Access ppt in Object Oriented Programming
This document discusses multiple access protocols for sharing a communication channel between multiple stations. It covers both random access protocols like ALOHA and slotted ALOHA, and controlled access protocols like polling, token passing, and reservation. It also discusses channelization protocols for sharing bandwidth, including Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA). FDMA divides the channel into frequency bands, TDMA divides it into time slots, and CDMA allows all stations to transmit simultaneously using unique coding. The document provides detailed explanations, examples, diagrams and equations for each protocol.
Demand Assigned Multiple Access
DAMA is a technique used to assign satellite channels to users on an as-needed basis. It allows a satellite to communicate with different earth stations simultaneously without interference. With DAMA, communication channels are assigned based on requests from user terminals to a network control system. Once allocated, a channel is reserved for a user's session and not available to others until it is finished. This improves efficiency over systems that permanently allocate channels.
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Computer Network presention Pravin Bhargav , Surykant Ratrey (1).pptx
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Multiple Access Control Protocol (MAC Protocol) Networking
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Multiple Access ppt in Object Oriented Programming
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Multiple acessing
- 2. Data link layer divided into two functionality-oriented sublayers LOGIC LINK CONTROL-Error and flow control MAC LAYER-Multiple access resolution
- 3. Taxonomy of multiple-access protocols discussed in this chapter
- 4. RANDOM ACCESS In random access or contention methods >No scheduling of time station >No rule that which station should send next Protocol used in this method- ALOHA Carrier Sense Multiple Access Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
- 5. >1972-for Radio >Pure/Slotted >Globally used >Acknowledgement >Back off time TB >Vulnerable time-Time in which possibility of collision ALOHA
- 6. 12.6 Frames in a pure ALOHA network
- 7. >Carrier sense multiple access >Vulnerable time-Time need to propagate from one to another >Senses the medium >Method- 1.Persistent I 2. Non Persistent- Random amount of time 3.P-Persiustance- change of slot duration> max propagation time CSMA
- 8. 12.8 Figure 12.10 Behavior of three persistence methods
- 9. >Carrier sense multiple access/collision Detection >Arguments algorithm to handle for collision >Monitors CSMA/CD
- 11. >Carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance >Two signal >For wireless –because collision cannot be detected >Three strategy-Interframe Space(short ifs high priority) Contention window Acknowledgement CSMA/CA
- 12. Flow diagram for CSMA/CA
- 13. 12.13 CONTROLLED ACCESS In controlled access, the stations consult one another to find which station has the right to send. A station cannot send unless it has been authorized by other stations. Reservation Polling Token Passing Three popular controlled-access methods
- 15. Select and poll functions in polling access method >Primary device >Link is available >Select-selection of primary >Poll-primary device verify and allow to transmit
- 16. Logical ring and physical topology in token-passing access method
- 17. CHANNELIZATION Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between different stations. Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA)-Guard band Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA)-Access method of DLL to control PL Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)-One chanel all transmission, simuntaniously Protocol