The motherboard is the main circuit board inside a computer that connects all the parts together. It contains the CPU, memory, expansion slots, and connections to all other components. Key parts of the motherboard include the chipset, CPU socket, memory slots, BIOS chip, and interface connections. The motherboard provides power from the PSU and allows components like graphics cards and hard drives to connect via expansion slots to work together and form a functioning computer system.

1. Parts and usage

2. • the most important component in any personal
computer
• contains almost every important elements of the
computer
• other manufacturer refer to this as the “ Logic
Board”
• the main circuit board inside the PC which holds
the processor, memory and expansion slots and
connects directly or indirectly to every part of the
PC.
• made up of a chipset(known as the “glue logic”),
some code in ROM and the various

3. • Expansion slots
• CPU(Main Processor)
• Coprocessor
• Memory
• BIOS and
• Support circuits of chipset for interrupt,
DMA etc.

5. The expansion slots are long thin connectors
on the motherboard, near the backside of the
computer. Various expansion cards are connected
to the motherboards through data, address and
control lines/buses on these slots. One can
connect various expansion cards such as display
card, hard drive controller, sound card, network
card, modem card etc. on these slots. When an
adapter card is connected to the expansion slot, it
is actually connected to the data, address and
control bus on the motherboard.

7. The main component of any
motherboard is the main processor chip
which controls all the inner functions of the
system. The CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT(CPU) functions as the brain of every
PC. It is usually inserted into the socket
and is not soldered onto the motherboard
as many other chips are normally done,
this makes its replacement, in case of any
problem, very easy.

8. PowerPC Chip
Chip Fan
Pentium Chip

9. • a mechanical component that provides
mechanical and electrical connections
between a microprocessor and a printed
circuit board (PCB). This allows the CPU to
be replaced without soldering.
Types:
PGA – Pin Grid Array ; Protruding Pins
LGA – Land Grid Array ; Balls Grid Array

10. Pin Grid Array Land Grid Array

11. • the place where computer stores the
program and data that help the
program in carrying out its operations.
• used by computers to run its
operating system in any application
that you start and also responsible in
loading a system.

12. • RAM memory(Random Access
Memory)
is a read/write type of memory which
is used by the processor to keep
program, data and intermediate
results during program executions. It
is VOLATILE type of memory, which
lose its content when the power
supply is switched off.

15. The physical installation of RAM memory on
the motherboard can take place in various
ways.
• DIP(dual In-line Pin) memory chips were used
on initial motherboards.
• Later SIMM ( single inline memory modules)
became common.
• Currently DIMM(dual inline memory modules)
are most common memory module.

16. • ROM (Read Only Memory)
 as its name suggest is a read only type of
memory it cannot be written.
a Non-Volatile type of memory, meaning it
does not lose its content when the power
supply to it is switched off.
A motherboard normally contains one or
more of these ROM chips.

18. • BIOS -Basic Input Output System.
• A chip w/c directs the I/O operations of all the
devices in or attached to the system
• All Peripherals are instructed by BIOS
• Holds the configuration, loading the operating
system, detects also the devices, and
monitors the PC temperature.
• Communication between the processor and
memory

19. • Prepares the machine
so other software
programs stored on
various media (such as
hard drives, floppies,
and CD’s) can load,
execute, and assume
control of the computer.

20. • Alternatively referred to as a Real-
Time Clock (RTC), Non-Volatile
RAM (NVRAM) or CMOS RAM
• short for Complementary Metal-
Oxide Semiconductor.
• an on-board semiconductor chip
powered by a CMOS battery inside
computers

21. • Contains the information about the system
configuration (hard disk types, date and
time, and the order in w/c the computer
will look for bootable disk). The CMOS
battery allows the CMOS to pressure
these settings.
• Preserves the settings of the
BIOS

22. • This houses the CMOS battery

23. • a group of integrated circuits, or chips, that
are designed to work together, and are
usually marketed as a single product.
There are two Chipset in a Motherboard:
• Northbridge Chipset
• Southbridge Chipset

24. • Also known as the I/O controller Hub
(ICH)
• the chip that controls all of the
computers I/O functions, such as USB
, audio, serial, the system BIOS , the
ISA bus, and the IDE channels.

25. • Also known as “Memory Controller
hub”.
• Typically handles communications
between the CPU, RAM.
• Always closer to CPU w/ heat sink
• also one of the responsible in
processing data.

27. • The Northbridge connects directly to
the processor via the front side bus
(FSB). A memory controller is located
on the Northbridge, which gives the
CPU fast access to the memory. The
Northbridge also connects to the AGP
or PCI Express bus and to the
memory itself.

28. • a computer bus interface for connecting host bus
adapters to mass storage devices such as hard
disk drives and optical drives.
• designed to replace the older AT Attachment
standard offering several advantages over the
older interface:
• reduced cable size and cost (7 conductors
instead of 40),
• native hot swapping,
• faster data transfer through higher signalling
rates,

30. • More commonly known as ATA and is
a standard interface for IBM
compatible hard drives.
•Primary IDE header – Goes to hard
disk
•Secondary IDE header – Goes to
CD-ROM

31. Data Cable

32. 24 PIN ATX Connector
Pin Out
• Will give a power supply of the
whole system board
• 24/20 PIN depends on the system
board

33. • This adds a additional 12v to your
processor

35. POST(Power-On-Self-Test)
• This produce audible beep indicating
an error, warning, or system ok.

36. • Connection where the CD drive is
plugged in
• Also transfer power to the CD drive
such as the audit of the CD ROM
• Allows the computer to recognized the
drive in order to operate correctly

38. • Jack for microphone, headset, speaker
• Use to connect Ethernet patch cable

40. Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)
headers are sockets on a
motherboard into which
floppy disk drive cables are
plugged. Some
motherboards have more
than one FDD header;
many newer motherboards
omit them entirely, as
floppy disks have become
obsolete.

41. • DDR – Double Data Rate
• AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port
• PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
• DIP-dual in-line package
• SIMM-single in-line memory module
• DIMM-dual in-line memory module
• IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics
• ISA - Industry Standard Architecture
• ATX - Advanced Technology eXtended
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