Computer literacy
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Motherboard and its components are explained and each slide has the notes to refer.(below each slide in notes section) RAM Memory, AGP, PCI slots and Heat sink for processor
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Computer literacy
- 1. A look at the brains of the computer, the motherboard, and its associated components. Computer Literacy
- 2. 2 Overview 1. Inside a PC 2. The Motherboard 3. RAM 4. ROM 5. CMOS Memory 6. The CPU 7. Expansion Slots 8. Booting the Computer types of memory the 'brains' the processor
- 3. 3 Power supply CD-ROM drive Floppy disk drive Hard disk drive Wires and ribbon cables Sound/network cards Inside a PC Mother board
- 4. 4 Motherboards House the CPU Allow devices to communicate with it and each other Most popular: ATX ATX More power-management features Support faster systems Easier to install Selection of motherboard determines capabilities and limitations of the system
- 5. Form Factor Motherboard form factor Determines the size of the board Drives selection of power supply, case, CPU, cards ATX: most popular motherboard form factor BTX: the latest motherboard form factor Three types of motherboards you can select: A board providing the most room for expansion A board suiting the computer’s current configuration A board falling in between current and future needs
- 9. Expansion Slot ( PCI type ) Expansion slot or Expansion bus is the slot that enable the user to add the adapter card for additional function to the system. Peripheral Component Inter-Connect slots allow direct interaction between secondary H/W and CPU Ex. -Sound card or Multimedia - LAN card. - Internal Modem card. -TV tuner card. -Additional hard disc controller card.
- 10. AGP Port AGP ( Accelerated Graphic Port ) port is a high speed data transfer port, this port is used by the display adapter card that demands so much data with in short period of time.
- 12. Hard Drive Connection There are two types of hard drive connections that a computer could have: Parallel ATA (PATA), also known as IDE, and Serial ATA (SATA). Serial ATA (SATA, abbreviated from Serial AT Attachment) is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid-state drives Parallel ATA (PATA), originally AT Attachment, is an interface standard for the connection of storage devices such as hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, and optical disc drives in computers.
- 13. Memory Socket( DIMM socket) There are 3 types of memory that currently popular used in the PC, 1. SD RAM 2. DDR RAM 3. Rambus-DRAM or RDRAM
- 14. Continue…. RDRAM Memory -Used in Pentium 4 motherboard -highest performance and is most expensive. DDR ram -128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB. -medium high performance and medium price. SDRAM -lowest performance and lowest price.
- 15. Data/Instruction Flow from RAM to Cache
- 16. Read-Only Memory can be read but not changed. It is non-volatile storage: it remembers its contents even when the power is turned off. Some kinds of ROM are PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and CD-ROM. ROM
- 17. CMOS is a battery powered semiconductor chip which stores information. A computer needs a semi-permanent way of keeping some start-up data e.g. the current time, the no. of hard disks and type of hard disks and boot sequence. the data may need to be updated/changed CMOS memory requires (very little) power to retain its contents. supplied by a battery on the motherboard Retains data even when computer is turned off CMOS Memory the battery
- 18. BIOS It’s the first program that runs every time we turn on computer. BIOS instructs the computer on how to perform a number of basic functions such as booting and keyboard control. It also provides a way for configuring computer hardware. Hardware like hard drive, floppy drive, optical drive, CPU, memory, etc. On starting computer we see message like “Press F2 for Setup” Non volatile
- 19. CMOS Battery • This is a 3 volt battery, this battery supplies the power to CMOS ram for CMOS ram to retain the information during system powered off, the battery may be last for 5 or 6 years.
- 21. CPU Socket A CPU socket or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. CPU sockets on the motherboard can most often be found in most desktop and server computers (laptops typically use surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the Intelx86 architecture.
- 22. The CPU The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the chip on the motherboard that acts as the "computer's brain " it does calculations, and coordinates the other motherboard components CPU examples: the Pentium, the PowerPC chip The CPU is also known as the processor or microprocessor.
- 23. Different kind of CPU Intel Celeron Pentium 4 Xeon AMD Duron Athlon XP Sempron Athlon 64 Common features Clock rate > 2GHz Differences Word Size Cache Memory Size Front Side Bus No. of transistors
- 24. Some Processors (CPUs) PowerPC Chip Chip Fan Pentium Chip
- 26. The CPU and RAM Communication The CPU processes data. The RAM contains data and programs. The data bus transports the processed data to the RAM so it can be stored, displayed, or output.
- 27. How CPU Works
- 28. The CPU in Action The CPU
- 29. Chipset • Chip set is a set of IC. • The combination of the North and Southbridge in a computer is Called the chipset. • NB allows communication between CPU,RAM,AGP • SB handles Secondary H/W,BIOS,I/O,USB
- 30. The system clock sends out 'ticks' to control the timing of all the motherboard tasks e.g. it controls the speed of the data bus and the instruction cycle The time it takes to complete an instruction cycle is measured in megahertz (MHz). 1 MHz = one million cycles per second The System Clock
- 31. CPU Heat Sinks and Cooling Fans
- 32. Explore…. •Hard disk and its connectivity to mother board?? •Disk Drive Components and working?? •Difference between SATA and PATA?? •Power supply and power connectors?? •What is North Bridge and South Bridge?? •Discuss about Booting process ??
Editor's Notes
- A motherboard, also known as the primary circuit inside the computer, and where the central processing unit(CPU), Memory slots, drives and other peripherals. A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. it also connects the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices. An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard.
- Bus line is a physical wiring that connects the components of the computer system on the motherboard There are several different types of expansion slot: ISA: older technology, for modems and slow devices PCI: for graphics, sound, video, modem or network cards AGP: for graphics cards Buses evolved around data path and speed Local bus (system) and expansion bus (ISA) Buses carry electrical power, control signals, memory addresses, and data On-board ports, connectors, and riser slots ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) – The oldest expansion slot that is configured in 8-Bit and 16-Bit slots. Also referred to as the AT bus. Operates at 8MHz, although some manufacturers reliably achieve a throughput of 10 MHz. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) – The most popular expansion slot that is configured in both 32-bit, 33MHz and 64-bit, at 33MHz and 66MHz. A new standard is the PCI-X which can operate at 66MHz, 133MHz, 266MHz, and 533MHz. PCI-X 1066MHz is being developed. PCI adapters are configured with software and the standard supports bus-mastering, which allows an adapter to take over the external bus from the CPU and execute operations with another bus-mastering adapter without going through the processor.
- AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) – 32-bit bus interface for graphics adapters developed from the PCI bus. It speeds up 3-D graphics, 3-D acceleration, and full-motion playback. Allows the video adapter to directly access RAM on the motherboard when needed. The video subsystem is isolated from the rest of the computer. In order to implement AGP, the motherboard must have an AGP expansion slot, the chipset must support AGP, and an operating system that supports AGP must be installed. Some motherboards will allow changing the amount of memory AGP can use. The amount normally used is 64MB, configured through BIOS settings, and referred to as the AGP Aperture.
- Random Access Memory (RAM). RAM is used to hold programs while they are being executed, and data while it is being processed. RAM is volatile, meaning that information written to RAM will disappear when the computer is turned off. RAM contents can be accessed in any (i.e. random) order. By contrast, a sequential memory device, such as magnetic tape, forces the computer to access data in a fixed order because of the mechanical movement of the tape. How much RAM is Enough? Computers typically have between 64 and 512 Mb (megabytes) of RAM. RAM access speeds can be as fast as 8 nanoseconds (8 billionth of a second). The right amount of RAM depends on the software you are using. You can install extra RAM.
- RAM – Random Access Memory RAM is volatile data is lost when the power to the computer is turned off The instructions and data for the job performing are written to RAM and read from it as needed Two operations of RAM Loading means copying data from the secondary storage to the main memory Saving means copying data from RAM to the non-volatile secondary storage. Types of RAM SRAM DRAM SDRAM DDR-RAM
- Cache memory – A fast type of memory designed to increase the speed of microprocessor operations. L1 (Level one) cache – Cache memory that is located inside the microprocessor. Write-through cache – The microprocessor writes 1s and 0s into the cache memory at the same time as regular memory. Write-back cache – The 1s and 0s are written to regular memory when the microprocessor is not busy. It is more efficient than write-through cache. L2 cache – Cache memory that is on the motherboard for Pentium and lower processors. Starting with the Pentium Pro processor, the L2 cache is inside the processor packaging and known as on-die cache
- ROM – Read Only Memory ROM is non-volatile Data are stored permanently Data can only be read but cannot be changed Store instructions and tells the computer how to load the operations system when booting up Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
- Types of CMOS batteries 3.6V lithium battery with a four-pin connector; connects with a Velcro strip 4.5V alkaline battery with a four-pin connector; connects with a Velcro strip 3.6V barrel-style battery with a two-pin connector; soldered on 3V lithium coin-cell battery (most common) Also called real-time clock/nonvolatile RAM (RTC/NVRAM) chip Retains data even when computer is turned off Setup cannot be changed unintentionally, but disk drive must be working before you can change the setup
- The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the chip on the motherboard that acts as the "computer's brain" it does calculations, and coordinates the other motherboard components CPU examples: the Pentium, the PowerPC chip The CPU is also known as the processor or microprocessor.
- The instruction pointer in the CPU's control unit stores the location of the next program instruction to be executed. The instruction is loaded into the instruction register to be carried out. registers are local memory on the CPU The ALU (arithmetic logic unit) executes the instruction. The result is placed in the accumulator (another register), then stored back in RAM or used in other CPU operations.
- A chip (microchip) is an integrated circuit - a thin slice of silicon crystal packed with microscopic circuit elements e.g. wires, transistors, capacitors, resistors
- Short for Basic Input/Output System, the BIOS (pronounced bye-oss) is a ROM chip located on all motherboards that allows you to access and set up your computer system at the most basic level. In the picture below, is an example of what a BIOS chip may look like on your computer motherboard. In this example, this is a picture of an early AMIBIOS, a type of BIOS manufactured by the AMI. Another good example of a BIOS manufacturer is Phoenix. The BIOS includes instructions on how to load basic computer hardware and includes a test referred to as a POST (Power On Self Test) that helps verify the computer meets requirements to boot up properly. If the computer does not pass the POST, you will receive a combination of beeps indicating what is malfunctioning within the computer. The four main functions of a PC BIOS POST - Test the computer hardware and make sure no errors exist before loading the operating system. Additional information on the POST can be found on our POST and Beep Codes page. Bootstrap Loader - Locate the operating system. If a capable operating system is located, the BIOS will pass control to it. BIOS drivers - Low level drivers that give the computer basic operational control over your computer's hardware. BIOS or CMOS Setup - Configuration program that allows you to configure hardware settings including system settings such as computer passwords, time, and date.