itworkshhjjsjsjsjjsjsjajjajajajjsjsjahop (2).pptx

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER:
• Computer is an electronic device which takes the input information from the input device and
generates the output information and it will be displayed on the output.
• It enables arithmetic computations, data processing, information management (storage) and
knowledge reasoning in an efficient manner.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER
• Basically the computer system has three major components. These are
• Storage Unit
– Central Processing Unit (Processor)
– Memory Unit. (Main memory and Auxiliary storage).
• Input Unit.
• Output Unit.
Storage Unit:
The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions that are entered through the input
unit, before they are processed. It preserves the intermediate and final results before these are
sent to the output devices. It also saves the data for the later use. The various storage devices
of a computer system are divided into two categories.
Primary Storage: Stores and provides very fast. This memory is generally used to hold the
program being currently executed in the computer, the data being received from the input unit,
the intermediate and final results of the program. The primary memory is temporary in nature.
• The data is lost, when the computer is switched off. In order to store the data permanently, the
data has to be transferred to the secondary memory.

Secondary Storage:
Secondary storage is used like an archive. It stores several programs, documents, data bases
etc. The programs that you run on the computer are first transferred to the primary memory
before it is actually run. Whenever the results are saved, again they get stored in the
secondary memory. The secondary memory is slower and cheaper than the primary memory.
Some of the commonly used secondary memory devices are Hard disk, CD, etc.
Control Unit:
It controls all other units in the computer. The control unit instructs the input unit, where to
store the data after receiving it from the user. It controls the flow of data and instructions from
the storage unit to ALU. It also controls the flow of results from the ALU to the storage unit.
The control unit is generally referred as the central nervous system of the computer that
control and synchronizes it's working.
Arithmetic Logical Unit:
All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the computer. It also
does comparison and takes decision. The ALU can perform basic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, etc and does logic operations via, >, <, =, ‘etc. Whenever
calculations are required, the control unit transfers the data from storage unit to ALU once the
computations are done, the results are transferred to the storage unit by the control unit and
then it is send to the output unit for displaying results

InputUnit:
Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve any problem. Therefore we
need to input the data and instructions into the computers. The input unit consists of one or
more input devices. Keyboard is the one of the most commonly used input device. Other
commonly used input devices are the mouse, floppy disk drive, magnetic tape, etc.
OutputUnit:
The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a computation to outside
world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the commonly used output devices.

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS OFA COMPUTER
– Motherboard
– Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– Switching Mode Power Supply (SMPS)
– Cabinet
– CPU Heat Sink & Fan
– Random Access Memory (RAM)
– Hard Disc Drive (HDD)
– Floppy Disc Drive (FDD)
– CD ROM Drive
– CD Writer
– Different Screws used
– Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) Card
– LAN/ETHERNET Card
– Cables

MOTHERBOARD
– The Motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer. It interconnects all the parts of
a computer together.
– It provides a way for hardware in a computer to communicate with each other.
– The CPU, Memory hard Drives, optical drives, Video card, Sound card and all other
ports and expansion cards all connect to the motherboard directly or via cables.
– It can be thought of as the “backbone” of the computer and is also called as Main board,
system board or logic board.

DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF A MOTHERBOARD
– SOCKET 478
– North Bridge
– South Bridge
– CMOS Battery
– Primary & Secondary IDE
– Ports
– RAM Slots (SD RAM & DDR RAM)
– AGP Slot
– PCI Slot
– CNR Slot
– BIOS
– ATX Power Connector
– Floppy Drive Connector
– CD In jacks
– CMOS Jumper
– System fan connector

SOCKET 478/CPU Socket
• A Socket is an electrical component that is attached to a Motherboard and is designed to house a
CPU. It provides many functions, including:
– A Physical structure to support the CPU
– Support for a Heat Sink
– Forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the Motherboard.
• It provides machine and electrical connections between a CPU and the Motherboard. Here 478
indicate that this socket can hold a CPU with 478 pins.

CPU Heat Sink & Fan Retention Module
• The main function of this module is to see that the Heat sink and fan assembly does not loose
contact with the CPU such that, there is no possibility of the CPU getting burnt because of
missed contact with the heat sink. The locking lever locks the CPU into the socket.

Northbridge
• It is the focal point of the motherboard. It connects CPU/Socket, RAM slots and AGP slots. It
handles communication among the CPU, RAM, AGP and the Southbridge.
• It is also called as controller.
• It converts electronic signals to binary values and binary values to electronic signals. It is
nearby socket 478.

SOUTHBRIDGE
• It is not directly connected to the CPU. Northbridge ties the Southbridge to the CPU. It
handles all of computer Input/output functions such as USB, audio etc. It consists of Real time
clock and controller to I/O port.

CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) Battery
• CMOS memory is a small memory on PC Motherboards that is used to store BIOS settings so
that, each time the computer restarts or powers on, the computer applies those settings.
• It keeps the system clock running even when the computer is turned off.
• Computer is using a Coin Shape battery.
• It generate clock signal and it manage system continues time.

Primary and Secondary IDE Channels
• IDE à Integrated Drive Electronics
• These are 40 pin IDE interfaces that are used to connect IDE devices like Hard Disc, CD
Drive, and DVD Drive etc to the Motherboard.

Ports:
Ports are an Interface between the computer and the external world. The various ports of the mother
board are:
 PS/2 Mouse port - used to connect Mouse
 PS2 ports --Keyboard port---used to connect Keyboard
 Parallel port--------------------used to connect devices like printer
 Serial port ----------------------used to connect devices like mouse and external modem VGA Port-
Video Graphics Array used to hold on board VGA card. Generally monitor is connected to this
port.
 Ethernet/RJ 45 port ------------used with LAN card. It is an outer view of RJ 45 Jack associated
with LAN cards.
 USB port------------------------Universal Serial Bus. It is a high speed serial interface that is used
with all devices like pen drives etc.
 Gaming port------------------used to connect gaming devices like Joysticks.
 Sound ports------Line in, Line out and Micro phone.

RAM Slots:
There are 2 types of RAM slots
• SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) slots
• DDR RAM (Double Data Rate Random Access Memory) slots
These RAM slots hold the corresponding RAM modules
SDRAM slots hold SD RAM
DDR RAM slots hold DDR RAM
These two slots differ in the number of Notches (gaps). SDRAM slot has 2 or 3 Notches, while
DDR RAM has only one Notch.

AGP Slot, PCI Slots, CNR Slot & BIOS
• AGP Slot: AGP stands for Accelerated Graphics Port
It holds AGP card. It is a high speed point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a
computer motherboard. It is faster than PCI slot...
• PCI Slots: PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect.
It is used as an expansion slot. It holds external cards which are used to increase the
capabilities of the system. There is more than one PCI slot.

AGP Slot , PCI Slots , CNR Slot & BIOS
CNR Slot: CNR Stands for Communications and Networking Raiser
It is a dedicated connector for cards specific to the motherboard design to offer communications
and networking options.
BIOS:BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System
It provides a small library of basic I/O functions used to operate and control the peripherals such as
keyboard, display on the monitor etc.
BIOS setting can be used to:
• Configure hardware
• Set the system clock
• Enable/disable system components etc

CPU
• CPU: CPU stands for Central Processing Unit.
It is considered as the heart of the computer. It is the portion of a computer that carries out the
instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic arithmetic, logical and input/output
operations of the system.

CPU
The missing pins on the CPU indicate Pin1 indication which must coincide with the pin1
indication of the Socket while installing the CPU.

SMPS
• SMPS: SMPS stands for Switching Mode Power Supply:
• It is the device which supplies power to each and every component inside the computer to
work. It consists of
– A fan to expel the heat generated inside
– 230v AC input jack which receives I/P
– 230v AC output jack generally connected to the monitor.

CABINET
• CABINET:
It holds all the components of a computer.
• Power switch: Starts the computer
• Reset switch: Restarts the computer
• Power LED: Glows when computer is working
• HDD LED: glows when ever hard disk is accessed.
Front view Back view Inner view of the Cabinet

CPU HEAT SINK & FAN
• CPU HEAT SINK & FAN:
It consists of locking levers which are used to secure this assembly to the CPU heat sink and fan
retention module around the socket. It consists of Fan which is used to expel heat from the
heat sink to the atmosphere.

HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD)
HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD):
• Jumper pins—used to change settings of Hard Disk Power Connector – used to power the
Hard Disk

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (FDD)
• Access LED -- glows when the floppy is accessed
• Eject button -- used it eject the floppy out of the drive
• Power connector -- this is the point from which the FDD derives the power to work
• Data cable connector -- comes from the Motherboard

DIFFERENT SCREWS USED:
• The following are the different screws used to connect different components of a computer.
• Outer screw – used to connect the Cabinet case, SMPS etc
• Inner screw – used to connect the devices inside the computer like CD Drive, HD Drive etc
• Motherboard screw – used exclusively to screw the motherboard inside the cabinet/chasis

AGP CARD:
AGP CARD:
• AGP Stands for Accelerated Graphics Port.
• It is responsible for displaying information on the monitor

LAN CARD/ETHERNET CARD/NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
• LAN stands for Local Area Network
This card is used to connect two or more devices hence making communication between them
possible.
• LINK LED – Glows when there is any active connection to the card
• ACT LED – Glows whenever the card sends/receives data
• ACT stands for Acknowledgement

CABLES
• Floppy Drive Cable – Always has a Twist
• IDE Cables – Used to connect IDE devices such as the Hard disk, CD Drive etc IDE cables are
available in 2 versions
• 40 conductor cable – low speed
• 80 conductor cable – high speed

THE FIVE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
• 1940 – 1956: First Generation – Vacuum Tubes
These early computers used vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
These first generation computers relied on ‘machine language’ (which is the most basic
programming language that can be understood by computers).
• 1956 – 1963: Second Generation – Transistors
The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the advent of the second generation of
computing.
• 1964 – 1971: Third Generation – Integrated Circuits
By this phase, transistors were now being miniaturized and put on silicon chips (called
semiconductors). This led to a massive increase in speed and efficiency of these machines.
• 1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation – Microprocessors
The increased power of these small computers meant they could be linked, creating networks.
Which ultimately led to the development, birth and rapid evolution of the Internet? Other
major advances during this period have been the Graphical user interface (GUI), the mouse
and more recently the astounding advances in lap-top capability and hand-held devices.
• 2010- : Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence
Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still in development, but some of these
technologies are beginning to emerge and be used such as voice recognition. Leaning to the
future, computers will be radically transformed again by quantum computation, molecular and
nano technology.

ASSEMBLING A PENTIUM – IV PC WITH THE FOLLOWING
COMPONENTS
• Motherboard
• P-IV 1.6 GHz 478 pin CPU
• SMPS
• 256 MB SD RAM
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
• Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)
• CD ROM Drive
• CD Writer Drive
• Ethernet/LAN Card

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED
• Preparing the Chassis/Cabinet:
– Open the cabinet side doors
– Install the I/O shield

Installing the Motherboard:
– Always hold the motherboard on the RAM
slots/PCI slots or CNR slots
– Place the Motherboard in such a way that the
ports of the motherboard correctly fit into the I/O
shield
– Fix the screws to the motherboard
– Don’t touch the motherboard with the sharp edge
of the screw driver as it may damage some of the
components of the motherboard.

Installing the CPU:
– Unlock the lever of the socket 478 and move it up
until it is perpendicular to the motherboard
– Place the CPU in the socket 478 and make sure
that the pin1 indication of the CPU must coincide
with the pin1 of the socket 478. Never press CPU
into the socket.
– Now, lock the socket 478 by restoring the locking
lever to its original position.

Installing the CPU heat sink
and fan assembly:
– Put the CPU heat sink and fan assembly into the
CPU heat sink and fan retention module and
secure (lock) it to the CPU heat sink and fan
retention module
– Power the CPU heat sink and fan by plugging in
the power connector into the CPU fan connector
on the Motherboard.

Installing the RAM
– Catch the RAM at the edges and put into the
corresponding Ram slot in such a way that the
Notches on the RAM must go into the Notches on
the slot.
– Press the RAM into the slot until the White levers
got locked.

Installing the SMPS
– Place the SMPS in the SMPS case and secure (lock)
it to the chassis with the help of 4 outer screws

Installing the ATX power connector
– Put the ATX power connector into the
corresponding connector on the motherboard and
– Press it until it gets locked.

Installing the HDD
– Put the Hard disk into the corresponding Hard disk
cabin and secure it using the Inner screws
– Connect the IDE data cable to the IDE channel on
the Motherboard in such a way that the Notch on
the cable goes into the notch provided on the
motherboard
– Connect the other end of the data cable to the
HDD in such a way that when we install the power
connector, the red wire on the power connector
and red wire on the IDE data cable come adjacent
to each other.

Installing the FDD
– Remove the cover on the front side of the cabinet
pertaining to the Floppy disk drive
– Push the FDD into the case from front
– Secure the FDD to the chassis with Inner screws
– Connect one end of the FDD cable to the
Motherboard and the other end to the FDD
– Connect the cable to the FDD in such a way that
when we install the power connector, the red wire
of the power connector and the red wire on the
FDD data cable come adjacent to each other.

Powering the HDD & FDD
– Connect the peripheral power connector from the
SMPS to the HDD
– Connect the Floppy power connector from the
SMPS to the FDD
– Connect them in such a way that the red wire of
the power connector and the red wire of the HDD
& FDD data cables come adjacent to each other.

Installing the CD ROM drive/ CD
Writer drive
– Remove the cover on the front side of the cabinet pertaining to the CD
Rom drive
– Push the CD ROM drive into the case from front
– Secure the CD ROM drive into the chassis with Inner screws
– Connect one end of the CD ROM drive data cable to the IDE channel
on the Motherboard and the other end to the CD ROM Drive.
– Connect the cable to the CD ROM drive in such a way that, when we
install the power connector, the red wire of the power connector and
the red wire on the data cable come adjacent to each other.
– Connect the power connector from the SMPS to the CD ROM Drive
– Follow the similar steps for Installing the CD Writer Drive

Installing the CD ROM drive/ CD
Writer drive

Installing the LAN card
– Put the LAN card into the desired PCI slot and
press it until the pins on the LAN card go into the
slot up to 3/4th of the height
– Fix the LAN card to the chassis with an Inner screw

Installing the LAN card
• Connect the front panel connectors to the Motherboard as
specified in the Motherboard specifications manual.
• Fix the peripheral devices such as the keyboard, mouse,
monitor etc to the ports
• This completes the assembling of the P-IV computer

STEPS TO DISASSEMBLE A P-IV PC
– Remove the Power Supply
– Disconnect all the external devices such as the Keyboard, mouse,
monitor etc, and unplug every cable that is plugged into your computer
– Remove the System case (cabinet) cover by removing all the screws
fixed to the cabinet and, slide the cover back and lift it off.
– Disconnect all the internal data cables connected to IDE channels and
IDE devices like HDD, FDD, CD ROM, CD Writer etc.
– Remove the device cards (LAN card, AGP card etc) by undoing the
screw that holds the cards in place. Remove them, from their
corresponding slots
– Remove the power connectors cables used to supply power to the
peripheral devices and the motherboard
– Remove the SMPS from its case by removing all the screws used to fix
it.
– Remove the disk drives from their corresponding cabins by undoing the
screws used to hold them in place.

STEPS TO DISASSEMBLE A P-IV PC
– Remove the RAM from the Ram slots by unlocking
the White levers used to lock them
– Remove the CPU heat sink and fan retention from
the CPU heat sink and fan retention module by
unlocking the locking levers
– Remove the CPU/Processor from the Socket 478
by unlocking the socket locking lever
– Remove the Motherboard by removing all the
screws used to fix the motherboard
– This completed the disassembling of a P-IV PC

Problem 2:To install Windows XP
• Step 1 : Prepare The Boot Sequence
• Insert the windows XP cd in your cdrom and than go
to the BIOS by hitting “DEL” or “F12″ when your
system in powering on. Go to Boot order and make
sure cdrom is
• on the first place.
• Save settings and restart your computer.
• Once you have successfully booted from the CD, you
will see the Windows XP
• “Welcome to Setup” screen. Press ENTER to
begin the setup process.

• Step 2: Accept the license agreement
• When you see the Windows XP license
agreement press F8 to accept it and proceed.

• Step 3: Searching for Previous Versions of Windows XP
• Setup will search for existing Windows installations.
You will see the next “repair or install fresh copy”
screen appear only if a Windows installation currently
exists on your machine. If you’re installing on a brand-
new hard drive, skip to Step 5.

• Step 4: Continue Installing a Fresh Copy
• Press ESC. You will be given a list of partitions
available on your hard drive.

Step 5: Partitions
• If there are multiple partitions on your hard drive, or you
have multiple hard drives in the computer, use the UP or
DOWN arrow keys to choose your install partition. Please
note that your system partition needs to be a primary
partition (usually the first partition that shows up in the
list), not a logical partition. The partition should be at least
10 GB in size. Make sure that all the data you need from
this partition is copied elsewhere, because it will be
deleted.
• Once you have selected the right partition selected, press
ENTER. You will see the next “you already have a system
installed” screen only if you already have Windows
• installed on this partition. If you are installing on a brand-
new hard drive, skip to Step 7.

• Step 6: Continue Installing On The Selected
Drive
Press C to continue. You will be given a list of
install options

• Step 7: Format The Selected Partition
• Select the option to “Format the partition
using the NTFS file system (quick) and
• press ENTER.You will receive a warning about
formatting the drive unless the drive is brand-
new.

• Step 8: Continue With The Format
Press F to continue formatting selected
partition. If you still haven’t backed up, this is
the last change to backup your important
data, after this step you will not to able to go
back and restore your data.

• Step 9: Copying Files
• After the format setup will automatically copy
files and restart your computer. Go to BIOS
and remove cdrom from first boot device.
Start your computer.

• STEP 10: Setup will show a progress box and
reboot when copying files is complete.
• When you see the "Press any Key to Reboot"
do not Press any Key. If CD boots anyway,
remove CD and reboot.

• Step 11:From this point, you will follow the on
screen prompts.

Step 12:If you live outside the US, you will
probably need to modify the default settings.

• Step 13:If you live outside the US, you will
probably need to modify the default settings.

• Step14: Personalize your XP Enter your Name
Organization.

• Step 15:Enter the Product Key. The Key is located on the back of the CD folder in
the Retail versions, and on a holographic label with the OEM versions purchased
with a piece of hardware. Write this key down and secure it in a safe place in case
the original misplaced or destroyed through natural causes .

• Step 16:Choose a name for the computer, this should be a unique name for
the computer, especially if it is to be connected to a network. In Pro, you
are given the option of creating a password or leaving it blank.

• Step 17:Set your Time Zone and Time and
Date.

• Step 18: If detected you will have the choice
to choose a typical configuration or custom.
Choose typical if you are unsure.

• Step 19: For home you will choose your workgroup, if a network is already
established and you intend to connect to it, use the existing workgroup
name, otherwise, I suggest using the default.

• Step 20:For Pro, the same goes for Pro as suggested for Home, but you will
have the choice to join a Domain, if you do not have a Domain or do not know
leave blank.
• Setup will continue and reboot when completed ignore the "Press Any Key".
The XP loading window will now display after reboot.
Installing Drivers For Your Devices
• Now that you have an operating system installed, you’ll need to install drivers
for your devices such as Video Cards, Network Interface Cards, Sound Cards,
etc. In many cases, if Windows recognizes the device, drivers will be installed
automatically. In some cases, generic drivers are installed and they will work
fine.
• Drivers are small software programs that help the operating system use or
“drive” the device. Whenever a device doesn’t work properly, ask if the proper
driver has been installed.
• Notice that when you purchase a PC from a major manufacturer, such as
Gateway or Dell, they’ll be sure your system has working drivers installed for
all hardware. But, when you build your own system, you might need to find
and install drivers to get your hardware working properly. This will actually
help you learn more about your PC, and, if things go wrong later, you’ll have a
head start in solving PC problems.

Driver Installation Example: Monitor Driver
• We’ll use the Monitor, which is actually driven by the video card, as an
example. The monitor purchased for this PC build is a ViewSonic A70f+
17" monitor.
• Installing the proper monitor information files is one of the small things
that purchasing a fully assembled PC will have done for you. Trying to
drive a monitor at too high a refresh rate is one of the very few things that
you can mess up with software that has the potential to destroy hardware.
We’ll start by opening the Control Panel (Figure 152).
Figure : The control panel window
Select “System” to get to Device Manager

• Default Monitor Driver
In the Control Panel, select.System to open the System Properties
dialog box (Figure 153). Then select “Device Manager” to get a list of
hardware in the PC. Finally, click “Monitor,” and you’ll see that a
generic monitor is listed (Figure 154). Windows knows it’s a Plug and
Play monitor, but it doesn’t list the exact model. This means the PC
recognizes and can use your monitor, but it doesn’t identify the exact
model of the monitor.
Figure : System Properties

• Under “System Properties,” we can hit
“Device Manager” to look at the devices in
the system.
Figure : Generic monitor identified

• Only a plug-and-play monitor is recognized. We’ll change that
in a minute.
Locating a New Driver
• A disk came with the Viewsonic monitor, and we’ll put that in
the CD drive. Autorun starts a program to install a new driver,
but it fails with the message that it couldn’t find a better driver.
The generic plug and play driver will still be used. This could be
because the CD only has a driver for Windows 98 and not XP
yet. Or sometimes software just sucks!
• Go to the website for viewsonic.com and look under “Download
Drivers.” When looking for updated drivers for a device, your
first visit can be to the hardware manufacturer’s website.
Viewsonic.com sends us to microsoft.com to see if the A70f+
monitor is “Signed” or “Unsigned” for Windows XP. “Signed”
means the monitor or other device is designed for Windows XP.
“Signed” means “Approved.” “Unsigned” means the monitor
isn’t designed for Windows XP. It might work, but there are no
promises.

Installing the New Driver
• We double click on the vs-winXP.exe program (anything ending in
.exe is an executable program) and it installs the proper monitor
information. In addition to drivers, there are also
• .inf files which provide information about a device. A monitor doesn’t
actually have drivers. Monitors are driven by the video card. So, the
monitor “driver” is really just an information file telling the actual
driver what settings the monitor supports.
• We now examine Device Manager again and it lists the monitor as a
ViewSonic A70f+ (Figure 155). This means the correct monitor is
identified. If we right click on the monitor in Device Manager, we
bring up its properties dialog box.

Figure : ViewSonic monitor now recognized

• After downloading and running the proper driver installer from View
Sonic, the correct monitor is identified.
Installing Other Drivers
• Proceed similarly to install drivers for your other devices, such as a
sound card if you have one. Whenever a device doesn’t seem to be
working properly, ask if you’ve installed the proper device driver or if
it’s been done automatically. Looking for the device under Device
Manager in Windows is a good way to see if the device driver is
installed. We’ll install a controller for the built-in networking. As you
can see in Figure 156, a question mark by Ethernet Controller in
Device Manager shows that network drivers aren’t yet installed.
• If your main board has built-in sound or networking, a CD that
contains drivers probably came with the main board. Place the CD into
the CD drive and let Windows XP search for the appropriate driver.
• If we place the CD that came with the main board into the drive and
double click on the CD drive letter in Windows, the CD shows us that
drivers can be installed for AC’97 sound, USB 2.0, and networking
(Figure 157).

Figure : ASUS driver installation program

• Installing network drivers from the CD that
came with the main board. We install the
LAN driver.
• After installing the LAN (Local Area
Networking) driver, Device Manager shows
us the network driver is installed (Figure
158).
Figure : Network Driver Installed

Dealing with Driver Problems
• Hardware won’t work properly if it doesn’t have proper driver
software installed. It is quite common to experience driver-related
difficulties when you build a new PC, so let’s take a look at some ideas
for how to deal with them.
• In general, if your device needs a device driver or an .inf file, see if a
CD or disk came with the device. If it didn’t or it doesn’t work, see if
you can find the manufacturer’s website using google.com. Most
manufacturers have free drivers online for their products.
• It’s good for the computer to know the exact model and make of your
monitor before you install non-generic video drivers, because some
video drivers might try to operate the monitor at a faster refresh
frequency than the monitor can handle. If this happens, your screen
will go very fuzzy or blurry. Prolonged time doing this can damage the
monitor. A hissing sound from the monitor is especially bad. If this
happens, restart the PC immediately in “Safe Mode” and temporarily
disable the hyped-out video driver until the proper monitor information
is provided.

Missing Drivers
• A missing driver is one of the first things to check for if added
hardware won’t work. For example, if we try to use the mainboard’s
built-in networking to connect to another PC in our home, it won’t
work. It’s not that the built-in hardware for networking doesn’t work.
Examining Device Manager...Other Devices...Ethernet Controller, we
see that no driver has been installed (Figure 156). The key expressions
telling us something is missing are “Unknown” and “Not Available.”
Things should be known and available to our PC! Question marks next
to devices in Device Manager aren’t good either! When in doubt
whether a driver is installed, right click on the device in Device
Manager to see the driver information.
• Updating Drivers
If we hadn’t already run the CD that came with the mainboard to
install all the drivers for onboard devices, we could proceed as follows
to install the Ethernet driver. Hit “Update Driver” (Figure 159).

Figure : Ethernet Controller Properties
Right clicking on the Ethernet Controller in Device Manager is another way
to change the network driver. If some piece of hardware isn’t working, ask
if the device needs a driver and see if the proper driver is installed.

• We’re taken to a “Hardware Update Wizard” screen (Figure 160),
which allows us to install the driver software. We’re told to insert the
CD that came with the hardware. In this case, the network adapter is
part of the mainboard, so we insert the CD that came with the
mainboard.
Figure : Hardware Update Wizard

Figure : Network Connections (under Control Panel)

Selecting “Update Driver” brings up the hardware
update wizard.
If we insert the main board CD now, the system appears
to hang. So, we hit Ctrl+Alt+Delete and receive a
message that the Hardware Wizard program isn’t
responding. That confirms our hunch that the Wizard
wasn’t working. We close the non-responsive program.
Trying again, we select “Install from a list or specific
location” (Figure 160). Then, we select the CD as the
removable drive to search for a new driver. You might
think that these two approaches should lead to the same
result, either failure to install or success. It doesn’t turn
out that way, however! The Wizard now runs and
properly finds the driver! Examining Device Manager, we
see the proper network adapter is recognized, as in Figure
158.

• If we look under “Network Connections” (Figure 161), we see that the Local
Area Network (LAN) is enabled. And, our new system can connect to other
systems in our house (We have a network hub and cables installed already).
Problems with Driver CDs
• It’s important to realize that sometimes a CD with drivers won’t run as desired.
For example, the View Sonic CD didn’t work for us. Sometimes, double
clicking on the CD drive letter will start the CD and it will run then.
Sometimes, it still won’t run, but, possibly, the drivers are on the CD and fully
usable. Using Device Manager to find the device and then selecting its
properties and using the “Update Driver” to start the Windows Hardware
Update Wizard will find and successfully install the drivers from the CD.
• If you have difficulty installing a driver, try the various approaches: First, just
try to run the CD that came with the hardware. Insert the CD and wait. If it
doesn’t auto run, double click on the CD drive letter and see what happens.
Maybe, it will run and install the driver.
Getting a New Driver from the Manufacturer’s Website
• Second, examine the manufacturer’s website for a new driver and run that
program instead. Be sure to save all your downloaded driver files or
updates to a CD. Also, I think it helps to create a text file on your backup CD
that describes the file and its purpose. For example, we downloaded the file vs-
winXP.exe. We might add some text such as:

“vs-winXP.exe. Downloaded from viewsonic.com. This
file installs the monitor information for the View
Sonic A70f+ monitor in Windows XP. Just double
click on the file vs- winXP.exe and it will install the
monitor information. After doing that under Device
Manager... Monitor, we’ll see the A70f+ is
recognized.”
Using Safe Mode to Deal with Driver Issues
• You can start the operating system in “Safe Mode”
which will disable unnecessary drivers. Then, using
Device Manager, you can remove the offending driver
and make whatever changes are necessary to your
system. Safe mode uses a very safe, generic video
driver. To start in “Safe Mode,” press F8 during the
boot up of Windows.

• CD Burning Software
• Another important set of programs is used for the CD-RW and DVD
drives. We’ll run the CD that comes with the Verbatim CD-RW. It
installs software to burn CDs as well as a manual to help us
understand the burning software.
• Your CD-RW will come with its own software to burn CDs. If you
purchase a CD-RW on eBay and don’t get any disks, search for your
CD-RW model online with google.com and see what burning
software typically comes with it. Then, find the manufacturer’s site
and download this burning software and the drivers. You might also
want to see if there are updated drivers online, even if your drive
came with drivers.
• After installing the InCD and Nero 5.5 software for the Verbatim CD-
RW, we find that InCD works nicely, but Nero 5.5 won’t burn CDs.
When run, Nero

Backing Up Windows XP
• If you’ve installed all Windows System Tools (under Programs. Accessories) onto your
• PC and you’re familiar with Windows 98, you might be surprised to see Windows BackUp, which is
a program to back up your computer, missing.
• Basically, BackUp can backup your entire C: or D: drive into a smaller compressed file. That file can
then be restored if necessary using the program BackUp.
• A small 2 GB logical drive will occupy less than 2 GB if you choose the compression option. Our new
C: drive with Windows XP installed took 1.07 GB when backed up.
• With DVD recordable drives holding 4.7 GB, you can back up your entire newly-installed Windows
XP system onto a DVD. Another option is to install a second, low-cost hard drive and back up to that
drive. That way if your main hard drive fails, you can restore from the secondary hard drive. And, a
40 GB hard drive might only cost $40. The probability of both hard drives failing at the same time is
very small.
Restore Points
• Microsoft added a great feature with XP, by allowing users to create “Restore Points” giving you the
option of reverting to a previous version of your operating system. Before you install new software,
you might want to create a Restore Point. That way if the new software causes problems, you can
revert to the operating system before the changes were made.

Installing A Dual Boot Operating
System (Linux And Windows XP)
• This assumes that you want to install
Windows XP and Red Hat Linux 9 on the same
hard drive so that you can conveniently run
either operating system. Installing two
operating systems on one hard drive so that
you can run either operating system is called
dual booting. You can also do three boot
systems, such as Windows XP, Windows 98,
and Linux.

Overview of Dual Boot Setup
• Here’s an overview of how we are going to reach our goal of a functional, dual boot Windows XP /
Linux system. There are four basic steps:
• Install Windows XP: See the preceding chapters on installing Windows XP. When you partition your
hard drive using the XP setup program, you’ll want to leave some unpartitioned space. This
unpartitioned space can be used to install a Linux partition. Be sure to plan ahead how much disk
space you want to allocate to Windows XP and how much for Linux.
• Backup any valuable data from your Windows system: This isn’t important if you’ve freshly
installed Windows. But, if you’ve worked with Windows for awhile before deciding to dual boot,
you should backup your important files.
• Before adding another operating system or partitioning a disk, always backup your important data.
• Make a bootable Linux disk: If your system won’t boot from a CD, you might need to make a
bootable Linux floppy disk to start the installation process. If you were able to boot from the
Windows XP CD, this means your system will boot from a CD. You can change your system’s BIOS
settings to allow the system to boot from the CD instead of making a bootable floppy.
• Perform the Linux installation from its CD: It will recognize that Windows XP is already installed
and offer you the option of keeping it and adding Linux also.

Installing Linux
• Assuming you have Windows XP already installed, let’s get started by
installing Linux.
UBUNTU Linux Installation Process:
• This guide will help you to get Ubuntu installed on you machine, before going
to installation; lets take a look at what is new on this release.
• Ubuntu 14.10 comes with 3.16 kernel.
• Oxide has been updated to use the latest Chromium Content API and
includes numerous bug fixes and features to better support.
• AppArmor added support for fine-grained mediation of unix(7) abstract and
anonymous sockets and also added various policy updates and bug fixes.
• See More.
• Download Ubuntu 14.10 from here, put the CD on the CD ROM drive, change
the boot sequence accordingly, so that CD ROM can boot first.

• If you want to install Ubuntu from the USB
flash Disk, change the boot sequence
according to the USB mass storage to boot
first.
• Select the Language and press Enter.
Ubuntu – Language Selection

• For installing the Ubuntu 14.10, Select Install
Ubuntu.
Ubuntu 14.10 – CD Options

• This is starting screen, it will be disappeared in
a minute
Ubntu 14.10 – Loading Screen

• Click forward on the Welcome screen
Ubntu 14.10 – Welcome Screen

• Click Forward on Preparing to install Ubuntu
screen.
Ubntu 14.10 – Preparing to install

• Next is the installation type, this installation
on the fresh HDD so i got only two option in
the installation type. Depend upon the other
OS on your HDD you will get more options.
Please chose any one method.
• Erase disk and install Ubuntu (i.e. it will
format the entire drive and install the OS). If
you don’t have any idea about the partitioning
scheme simply click continue.

Ubntu 14.10 -Erase and Install Ubuntu
Once you clicked on continue, you would be asked to confirm the auto partioning. Click
on continue to proceed.

Something else (i.e. you can manually create the partition and install Ubuntu on your selected partition), use this advanced
mode if you are comfortable in manually partitioning your drives. Click on continue.
Ubntu 14.10 -Erase and Install Ubuntu Auto Partition
Ubntu 14.10 -Manual Partition

• Once you clicked, you would get the
following page where installer lists available
hard disk. In my case i have one harddisk
size of 20GB, to create a partition; click on
New Partition Table to create empty
partition since this is a new harddisk. Pop
up will ask you to confirm, click on
continue.
Ubntu 14.10 -Manual Partition Accept Empty partition

• Partition scheme will be like below:
• /boot – 100MB swap – 2048MB
• / – Remaning (19GB)
• Select free space and click on + sign at the
bottom to create partitions. Following
shows for
• /boot partition.
Ubntu 14.10 -Manual Partition Boot
Following for swap partition, make sure you selected use as swap area.

Ubntu 14.10 -Manual Partition Swap

Following for / (root) partiton.
Ubntu 14.10 -Manual Partition Root
Review your partitions and click on install now.
Ubntu 14.10 – Install Now

Confirm the partition scheme.
• Confirm the partition scheme.
Ubntu 14.10 – Partition Creation
Select your location.
Ubntu 14.10 – Location

• Select your keyboard layout. In case you are not sure, use the ‘Detect Keyboard
Layout‘ option and you can also test your selection by typing in the test text box.
Ubntu 14.10 – KeyBoard
In the final screen you will be prompted to enter information about the first user
that is going to be created on the system. Enter your information in this screen.
Here is one thing you should remember – if you select ‘Log in automatically‘, it
will never ask you your password for authentication while you try to log in to your
Ubuntu System. Its best if you give a very secure password for your installation.
Ubuntu will inform you whether your password is secure or not.

• In the final screen you will be prompted to enter
information about the first user that is going to
be created on the system. Enter your
information in this screen.
• Here is one thing you should remember – if you
select ‘Log in automatically‘, it will never ask you
your password for authentication while you try
to log in to your Ubuntu System. Its best if you
give a very secure password for your installation.
Ubuntu will inform you whether your password
is secure or not.
Ubntu 14.10 – User Creation

• Once the above steps are done, click on continue.
Below screen shot shows installing Ubuntu 14.10.
Ubntu 14.10 – Installing
Once the installation is over, you should click on the restart now
Ubntu 14.10 – Installed

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