Mengetahui secara lebih sederhana tentang morphology. Semoga bermanfaat untuk teman-teman dengan jurusan bahasa inggris :)

1. Directed by :
#Shovalina Helka
#Weni Siti Anantasari
#Elita Angela

2. The Analysis of Word Structure…

3.  In Lingustics, morphology is the identification,
analysis, and description of the structure of a given
language and other linguistic units, refer to the part
of the grammar that is concerned with words and
word formation. As we will see, the study of
morphology offers important insights into how
language works, revealing the need for different
categories of words, the presence of word-internal
structure and the existence of operations that create
and modify words in various ways.

4.  Words and Word Structure
 Derivation
 Compounding
 Inflection
 Other Morphological Phenomena
 Morphophonemics

6.  Free and Bound Morpheme
Free morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by
itself, whereas bound morpheme is a morpheme that
must be attached to another element
 Allomorphs
Allomorphs is the variant form of a morpheme. The
morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has
two allomorphs -an before a word that begins with a
vowels sound and -a before a word that begins with a
consonant sound.
Example: an apple a table
an ice a book … etc

7. Words can be divided into two, the simple words and complex words.
Words consisting of one or more morpheme:
One Two Three More than trhree
And
Girl Girl-s
Hunt Hunt-er Hunt-er-s
Act Act-ive Act-iv-ate Re-act-iv-ate

8.  Roots and Affixes
Complex words typically consist of a root morpheme and one
or more affixes.
 Bases
Example:
A base is the form to which an affix is added.
V
V
A Af Af
Black en ed
N A N
V Af Af A N Af
teach er un kind book s

9. Is an affixional process that forms a word with a
meaning and / or category distinct from that of
its base.

10.  Some English Derivational Affixes
A partial list of English derivational affixes, along with
information about the catagory of their usual base and
of the resulting new word.
 Complex Derivation
N
V
A
V Af Af Af
Act ive ate ion

11. Affix Change Example
Suffixes
-able V A Fix-able
-ment V N Protect-ion
-ful N A Treat-ment
-ize1 N V Hope-ful
-ish A N Vapor-ize
-ate A V Tall-ish
-ly A Adv Activ-ate
-ness A N Slow-ly
Preffixes
ex- N N Ex-wife
re- V V Re-state
in- A A In-complete

12. The combination of two already existent words. With
very few exceptions, the resulting compound words is
a noun, a verb, or an adjective.

13. Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds
N V A
N N N V N A
Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide
Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds
Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)

14. The modification of a word’s form to indicate
grammatical information of various shorts.

15.  For nouns, verbs and adjectives the set of inflected
forms often help us identify the word class
ƒ E.g. noun ‘cat’: singular cat, plural cats
 Plural form (only for count nouns, i.e. nouns
denoting things that can be counted like cats, e not
mass terms such as water)
ƒ cats, criteria, knives, teeth, sheep

16. Regular verbs
walk
walks
sing
sing
Irregular verbs
walking
walked
singing
sang

17.  Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenest
Happy happier happiest
 However, some adjectives do not take these
endings:
curious more curious, most curious
foolish more foolish, most foolish

18.  Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived
from adjectives by adding –ly (curiously, foolishly)
 But they don’t have any other regular forms and are
not inflected themselves
 Prepositions don’t take any special form and don’t
inflect
 You can use, High Tone is assosiated with the past
tense, and low tone with the future.

19. 1. Cliticization
2. Conversion
3. Clipping
4. Blends
5. Backformation
6. Acronyms
7. Other sources of new words

20.  Some morphomes behave like words in terms
of their meaning and function, but are unable
to stand alone as independent forms for
phonological reasons. (‘m for am, ‘s for is, and
‘re for are)
 Example: I’m leaving now
Mary’s going to succeed
They’re her now

21.  Conversion is process that assigns an already
existing word to a new syntatic category. Even
though it does not add an affix, conversion is often
considered to be a type of derivation because of the
change in category and meaning that it brings.
V derived from N N derived from V V derived from A
Ink ( a contract) ( a long) run Dirty (a shirt)
Butter (the bread) (a hot) drink Empty (the box
Ship (the package) (a pleasant) drive Better (the old score)

22.  Clipping is a process that
shortens a polysyllabic word
by deleting one or more
syllables. Clipping is
especially popular in the
speech of students yielded
forms like prof for proffesor,
phys-ed for phsycal
education, poli-sci for
political science, and burger
for hamburger.
 Blends are words that are
created from nonmorphemic
parts of two already exsisting
items, usually the first part of
one and the final part of the
other. Familiar examples
include brunch from breakfast
and lunch, smog from smoke
and fog, spam from spiced and
ham, telothon from marathon,
aerobicis from aerobics and
excercise.... etc.

23.  Backformation is a process that creates a new word
by removing a real or suposed affix from another
word in the language. Other backformation in
English include enthuse from enthusiasm, donate
from donation, orient or orientate from orientation,
and self-destruct from self-destruction.
Original word Misanalysis Verb formed by
backformation
Editor Edit + or Edit
Peddler Peddle + er Peddle
Swindler Swindle + er Swindle

24.  Acronyms are formed by talking the initial
letters of (some or all) the words in a phrase
or title and pronouncing them as a word.
 Onomotopoeia across languages:
English Japanese Tagalog
Cock-a-doddle-doo Kokekokko Kuk-kukaok
Meow Nyaa Nglyaw
Chirp Pii-pii Tiririt

25.  Sometimes a word may be created from
scratch. Called word manufacture or
coinage, this phonemenon is especially
common in the case of product names,
include Kodak, Orlon, and Teflon.
Word Name of the person
Watt James Watt (late 19th-century scientist)
Curie Marie and pierre curie (early 20th-century scientist)
Fahrenheit Gabriel fahrenheit (18th-century scientist)

26. The chapter has focused on the structure and
formation of word in human language. Many words
consist of smaller formative elements, called
morphonemes. The two basic types of word
formation in English are deruvation and
compounding.

27. General terms
 Allomorphs lexicon
 Bound morpheme morpheme
 Complex words morphology
 Free form simple word
 Free morpheme word

28. General terms concerning
morphologycal analysis
 Affixes root
 Base suffix
 Infixes tiers
 Lexical category trees
 Prefix word-based
(morphology)

29. Terms concerning derivation and compounding
 Class 1 affixes endocentric
compounds
 Class 2 affixes exocentric
compunds
 Compound word head
 Compounding incorporation

30. Terms concerning inflection
 Ablaut partial reduplication
 Agreement partial suppletion
 Case productivity
 Concetenative (morphology) reduplication
 Full reduplication stem
 Inflection suppletion
 Internal change umlaut

31. Other kinds of morphologycal phenomena
 Acronyms enclitics
 Backformation host
 Blends onomatopoiec word
 Clipping proclitics
 Clitics word manufacture
 Coinage zero derivation

32. Terms concerning the interaction ofmorphology
and phonology
 Morphophonemics morphophonology

33.  Words can be divided into word classes.
 We can broadly distinguish lexical from function
words.
 The major word classes in lexical words are nouns,
verbs, prepositions, adjectives and adverbs.

34. Thank You Very
Much