This document discusses different types of affixes in grammar: 1. Prefixes and suffixes are bound inflectional or derivational elements added to word stems to form new words or alter word meanings. Examples of common English prefixes and suffixes and their meanings are provided. 2. Infixes are affixes inserted within the base of a word, such as the expletive infix in "fan-bloody-tastic." Confixes are composed of a prefix and suffix added to a root. 3. Other types of affixes discussed include superfixes, circumfixes, and expletive infixes. Various examples from English and other languages are used to illustrate each affix type.

1. MORPHO - SYNTAX
AFFIXATION
PRESENT
BY
RAHMI FEBRIANI
LINA RAHMA WATI

2. AFFIXATION
In grammar, a bound inflectional or
derivational element; such as, a
prefix, infix, or suffix, added to a base
or stem to form a fresh stem or a
different word;

3. 1. Prefixes
A letter or group of letters attached
to the beginning of a word that partly
indicates its meaning.

4. Prefix Usage Example
a-/an- without amoral, anarchy
ad- to, toward, near adhere, advert
ante-
before in time or
order
antechamber, antecedent
anti- against, opposed to antiaircraft, antibiotic
bene- good beneficial, benefactor
bi- two bicycle, bipolar
by- aside or apart from bystander, byproduct
circum- around
circumpolar,
circumnavigate
co-/col-/com/
con-/cor-
together, with, jointly
co-author, collaborate,
combine, conspire,
correspond
contra- against, opposite contraception, contraband
de- down from, away, off descent, declassify
dia- across, through diagonal, diagram
dis- away from, apart disconnect, disown
epi-
upon, above, outside,
in addition to
epidermis, epilogue
ex- out of, thoroughly exhale, exasperate
beyond, excessive,

5. inter-
between, with each
other
interchange,
intercede
intra-/intro- within, inside of intramural, introvert
mal- bad, evil, wrong
malformed,
malignant
micro- small
microscope,
microorganism
mis- Wrong
mistake,
misinformation
mono- one, alone monotone, monopoly
multi- many, much
multilingual,
multiply
non- Not
nonentity,
nonconformist
ob-
against, in
opposition
objection, oblivious
over-
above, on top of,
superior
overactive, overdraft
peri- around, near perimeter, perihelion
Hypo-
under, beneath,
down, less than
hypodermic,
hypothesis

6. poly- many polygamy, polygon
post- after in time or order postdated, postmortem
pre- before in time or order predict, precaution
pro-
forward, toward the
front, occurring earlier
project, prognosis
re- back again redo, renew
retro- back again, backward
retrospective,
retroactive
semi- half, partly
semiconductor,
semiconscious
sub-/suc-/suf-/sup-/s
us-
under, beneath
submarine, succumb,
suffocate, support,
suspect
super above, greater, better Superfluous
syl-/sym-/syn-
with, together,
associated with
syllable, sympathy,
synapse
tri- three Tricycle
trans- across, through transform, transfuse
ultra-
beyond, excessive,
extreme
ultramarine, ultraviolet
un- not, opposed to; back unavoidable; undo
uni- one, alone unicorn, uniform

7. 2. Suffixes
There is only one common suffix
for adverbs, and that is -ly. It is often
added to adjectival suffixes as in
creative and creatively

8. Ending Usage Example
-al
the act of doing, or the
state of
betrayal, refusal
-ance/-ancy/-ence/-ency
relating to quality, state
or condition
performance, infancy,
prominence, urgency
-ation
action or process of;
result of
creation, reformation
-ice condition, quality or act cowardice, notice
-er/-or
person or thing that
performs the action
teacher, worker,
competitor, legislator
-graph a writing or record telegraph, polygraph
a. Noun Ending

9. -ian person or thing politician, amphibian
-ing
having the quality of (gerund
ending)
teaching, working
-ism
action or practice, theory or
doctrine
nationalism, Hinduism
-ist
one who, or that which does or has
to do with
nationalist, typist
-ity state, condition or quality
inferiority,
confidentiality
-ization
nouns formed from verbs;
condition, act, process
harmonization,
urbanization
-ment
the product or result of; the means
of
achievement,
government
-ness
relating to quality, state or
condition
happiness, sadness
-ogy the study of biology, geology
-oid like, resembling humanoid, android
-ory
a place for the action of the verb
stem
dormitory, repository
-ship
the state, condition or quality of;
art or skill of
friendship,
marksmanship
-sion/-tion
action or process of; condition or
state of being; result of
rejection, completion,
connection

10. b. Verb Endings
Ending Usage Example
-ate verbs from some Latin forms fascinate, participate
-ed
forms the simple past and past
participle of regular verbs
walked, has walked
-en verbs formed from adjectives soften, weaken
-er
verbs with a habitual or repeated
action
stutter, canter
-fy cause to be or become beautify, liquefy
-ing
present participle and part of
progressive tenses
walking, is walking
-ise/-ize
to cause to become, resemble;
make into; to act in the manner of
authorize, sympathize
-s/-es
ending of third person singular,
present tense
walks, runs

11. c. Adjective Endings
Ending Usage Example
-able/-ible/-
ble
capable of, fit for, tending to, likely to trainable, flexible
-al relating to, having the nature of musical, personal
-ant in the act or process of doing vigilant, militant
-ed adjectives formed from nouns interested, bored
-ent having the quality of dependent, resilient
-er comparative ending bigger, faster
-est superlative ending biggest, fastest
-ful full of, characterized by beautiful, bountiful
-ic
pertaining to, connected with,
resembling
volcanic, angelic
-ing participial form as an adjective interesting, boring
-istic having the qualities of, formed from realistic, socialistic
-ite derived from some Latin verbs infinite, polite
-ive having a tendency to or the nature of attentive, massive
-ory
a place or instrument for doing the main
element
laboratory, dormitory
-ose full of; like verbose, grandiose
-ous/-ious full of; having the qualities of poisonous, anxious

12. • c. Infixes
A word element (a type of affix) that can be
inserted within the base form of a word
(rather than at its beginning or end) to create
a new word or intensify meaning. The
process of inserting an infix is called
infixation.

13. Expletive Infixation
" . . . [Infixing is] a complex process with an
elaborate set of restrictions. For instance, infixing
doesn't happen just anywhere in the word. Not all
intensifiers can be infixed either. And not all
words can take an infix.“
(Kate Burridge, Blooming English: Observations
on the Roots, Cultivation and Hybrids of the
English Language. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004)

14. Example :
fan-***-tastic, edu-***-cation, Massa-***-
chusetts, Phila-***-delphia, Stilla-***-
guamish, emanci-***-pation, abso-***-lutely,
hy-***-drangea
The infix gets inserted before the syllable
that receives the most stress. And it cannot
be inserted anywhere else in the word.“
(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck,
Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction.
Wadsworth, 2010)

15. • The Integrated Adjective
"This linguistic phenomenon is also known as
the integrated adjective. In fact, a poem of that
name by John O'Grady (aka Nino Culotta) was
published in the eponymously titled A Book About
Australia, in which numerous examples of the
integrated adjective appear: me-bloody-self,
kanga-bloody-roos, forty-bloody-seven, good e-
bloody-nough."
(Ruth Wajnryb, Expletive Deleted: A Good Look at
Bad Language. Free Press, 2005)

16. d. Confixes
In the field of linguistics, the term
“confix” refers to a specific type of affix.
Confixes are composed of at least one
prefix and one suffix, which are placed on
either side of a root word. When a confix is
added to a root, a new meaning separate
from the meaning of the root word by itself
is created.

17. Older forms of the English language also used
to employ confixes in forming present participles,
but this use is no longer the norm. An archaic
English confix was “a-____-ing.” Examples include
sentences such as: “They went a-hunting” or the
song lyric “The times they are a-changin'," a phrase
that was made famous by singer-songwriter Bob
Dylan during the 1960s.

18. Indonesian often employs confixes to form
verbs from nouns. For example, one meaning of the
word hantu is "ghost." When the confix meng-____-i
is added, the new word menghantui can be a verb
that means “to frighten or haunt.” In a similar way,
confixes can be used to form adjectives from
verbs, as with lihat and kelihatan, which can mean
“see” and “visible,” respectively.

19. e. superfixes
(Linguistics) linguistics a suprasegmental
feature distinguishing the meaning or grammatical
function of one word or phrase from that of
another, as stress does for example between the
noun conduct and the verb conduct
[from super- + -fix, on the model of prefix, suffix]
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and
Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994,

20. f. circumfixes
circumfix is an affix which has
two parts, one placed at the start of a
word, and the other at the end.

21. Austronesian languages
Malay has eight circumfixes:
• per kan⟨ ⟩
• per i⟨ ⟩
• ber an⟨ ⟩
• ke an⟨ ⟩
• pen an⟨ ⟩
• per an⟨ ⟩
• se nya⟨ ⟩
• ke i⟨ ⟩
For example, a circumfix can be added
to the root adil "fair" to form keadilan
"fairness“.

22. •
DO FOR EVERYTHING,
SO THAT WE CAN MAKE POSSIBLE
FOR THAT IMPOSSIBLE