This document provides information on interpreting histograms from cell counters. It discusses the principles of electronic impedance and optical light scatter cell counting methods. Histograms graphically represent cell population data based on cell size on the x-axis and cell number on the y-axis. Normal ranges are provided for red blood cell, platelet, and white blood cell histograms. Various flags that could appear are described, including possible causes such as platelet clumping, red blood cell agglutination, or extreme leukocytosis. Parameters for each cell type are also defined.
Urine analysis is an integral part of a clinical laboratory. automation techniques in urine biochemistry, their priniciplas and microscopy along with their advantages and disadvantages are outlined.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
Urine analysis is an integral part of a clinical laboratory. automation techniques in urine biochemistry, their priniciplas and microscopy along with their advantages and disadvantages are outlined.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
Physicians working in the field of hematology are called hematologists. Initially, hematologists complete a four-year medical degree and this is followed by three or four years in an internship or residency program. Thereafter, they spend two or three more years learning how to diagnose and treat blood disorders.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. PRINCIPLE OF CELL COUNTER
Electronic impedence
• Wallace coulter (1956)
• Passage of cell displaces the volume of diluent and this increases
resistance
• Impulse are generated due to difference in potential at two
electrodes which is read at oscilloscope
• Number of impulse indicate number of cells and height indicates
volume of cells
3. Optical light scatter
• A diluent suspension flows through a aperture so that the cells
pass in a single file in front of light source
• Light is scattered by the cells passing through the light beam
• The amount of light scatter is detected by phomultiplier and
photodiodes
• Electrical impulse are generated for counts
4. • Peroxidase based cell counter
• Fluorscence based cell counters
• Immunological based cell counters
5. HISTOGRAMS
• These are the graphical representation of neumerical data of
different cell population on cell counter
• Y axis represents the number of cells and X axis represents the
cell size
6. • Platelets have
volume b/w 8-12 fl
and counted b/w 2
to 25 fl.
• RBC have volume
80-100 fl and are
counted b/w 25 to
250 fl.
7. Normal RBC histogram
• Normal RBC distribution curve is Gaussian bell shaped curve
• Peak of curve should fall within the normal MCV range of 80-100 fl
• MCV is perpendicular line from peak of the curve to base
• There are two flexible discriminators LD (25-75 fl) and UD (200-
250fl)
8. The distribution should always starts and ends on base line and
should be located between the two discriminators
9. RED CELL FLAGS
RL flag
• When lower discriminator exceeds the preset height by 10 %
• RBC count, HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC show RL flag.
10.
11. Possible causes of RL flag
• Giant platelets
• Microerythrocytes
• Fragmented RBCs
• Platelet clumps
• In case of fragmented RBC and extreme microerythrocytosis the
there is no clear separation in volume between platelets and
erythrocytes. Due to high numbers of RBC the platelet result
might be false high and should be checked with alternative
methods.
12. RU flag
• Flag is seen when UD exceeds the preset height by
greater than 5 %.
13.
14. Possible causes of RU flag
• Cold agglutination
• RBC aggluatination
• Rouleax formation
• RBC agglutination might cause a low incorrect RBC count
and effect also the parameter Hct, MCV, MCH and MCHC. In
case of cold agglutinates warm the sample up to 37°C.
(MCHC should trop back to normal value if the problem is
solved)
16. Possible causes
• Iron defiecieny anemia in recovery
• Post transfusion
• Extreme leucocytosis
17. Thrombocyte histogram
• The histogram curve should lay within the lower and upper platelet discriminator
(PL & PU) and start and end on the base line.
• PLT counted between 2 fl and 30 fl.
1 flexible Discriminator PL 2 to 6 fl.
1 flexible Discriminator PU 12-30 fl.
1 fixed Discriminator at 12 fl
18. Parameters of platelet histogram
• MPV ( 8 - 12 fl)
• P-LCR - ratio of large platelets Reference range 15 - 35 %
• PDW – Platelet distribution width curve (9-14 fl)
19. PL flag
• When lower discriminator exceeds preset height by
10%
• Platelet count, P-LCR and MPV will show PL flag
20. Possible causes
• High blank value
• Cell fragments
• High numbers of bacteria
• Contaminated reagent
• Platelet aggregation
21. • In case of high background numbers (blank), check reagent for contamination
(bacteria). Check expiry date.
• In order the background check is within range, the patient sample should be
checked – platelet results might be incorrect high due to cell fragments or
bacteria's.
• In some cases platelet aggregates might cause the problem. In this case the
histogram curve would also show an abnormal distribution at the upper
discriminator. Platelet aggregation might cause low incorrect platelet results.
22. PU flag
• This occurs when UD exceeds the preset height by more than
40%
23. Possible causes
• PLT clumps
EDTA-incombatibility
Clotted sample
• Giant Platelets
• Microerythrocytes
• Fragmentocytes or dysplastic RBC
In case of platelet aggregation, the PLT count is incorrect low.
Check EDTA incombatibility –e.g. re-collect the sample and use citrate as anticoagulance to
avoid clocking caused by EDTA.
In case of extreme microerythrocytes or fragmented RBC the PLT count might be incorrect
high. PLT results should be confirmed with alternative methods
26. • Lower discriminator in this fluctuates between 30 -60 fl
• Upper discrminator is fixed at 300 fl
• The number of cells between LD and UD is WBC count
27. • WBC histogram consists of two troughs, valley discriminators,
T1 (78-114 fl) and T2 (<150 fl)
• Peak between LD and T1 represents small cells i.e. lymphocytes
• Peak between T1 and T2 includes eosinophils, monocytes,
blasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes and metamyelocytes
• Peak after T2 represents neutrophils
31. AG flag
• Abnormal curve in front of lower discriminator
Large platelet clumps (> 30fl) are
detected in the area before the lower
WBC discriminator. Due to their
enhanced size they may not affect the
PLT histogram curve. If “AG” mark will
be generated, the sample should be
checked for platelet clumps (e.g.
microscopic slide review).
32. WU flag
• Deviation on upper discriminator curve
Possible cause:
• extreme leukocytosis
• rare: WBC aggregation
The histogram curve does not match the
basis line at upper discriminator due to
high numbers of large particles (WBC
aggregation) or if the linearity of the white
blood cell count exceeds the limit. (WBC>
100 x 10³/µl)
Pre-dilution (e.g. 1:5) of the sample might
help to obtain correct results.
33. • T1 and T2 flags when discrimination between various cell
population cannot be done due to presence of abnormal
leucocytes