This document discusses morphology, which is the study of word structure and formation. It defines key terms like morpheme, morph, and allomorph. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, and words can be made up of one or more morphemes. A morph is the phonetic representation of a morpheme. An allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme that does not change its meaning. There are different types of morphemes, including free morphemes that can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes like prefixes and suffixes that must be attached to other morphemes. Morphology examines how morphemes combine and the patterns of word formation.

1. Presented By Group #2
Mubeen Akhtar (19011502-004)
Isma Kanwal (19011502-024)
Anzla Noor (19011502-011)

2. Morphology
Morph=form or shape
ology=study of
 The study of internal structure of words
 How words are constructed out of smaller
units (morpheme)
 -which have a meanings or grammatical
function e.g.
 -friendly----constructed from friend &adjective
forming -ly

3. MORPHOLOGY
STRUCTURE OF
WORDS
WORD
FORMATION
MORPHENE

4. Morpheme
• A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.
• Example : un+system+atic+al+ly
• One morpheme desire ,lady ,water
• Two morpheme desirable
• Three morpheme desire +able+ity
• Four morpheme un+desire+able+ity
• More than four
• anti+dis +establish+ment+ari+an+ism

5. • Morphologists study:
-the meanings of various morphemes
-their patterns of distribution (the structure)
• Morphemes do not combine in arbitrary ways
-They have specific patterns to the distribution of
morphemes
e.g. rewrite = write re (cannot write like this)
Walks = s walk (cannot write like this)

6. Morph
• A morph is simply the phonetic representation
of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said.
• Morphs are portions of a word, such as
affixes.
• Morphs that are also whole words are called
free morphs.
• The different sounds that pronounce a morph
are its allomorphs.

7. Allomorph
• Example
• the word infamous is made up of three
morphs—in-, fam(e), -eous—each of which
represents one morpheme.
• Allomorph
• an allomorph is a variant phonetic form of a
morpheme, or, a unit of meaning that varies in
sound and spelling without changing the
meaning.

8. • An allomorph is a morph that has a unique
set of grammatical or lexical features. All
allomorphs with the same set of features
forms a morpheme. ...
• For example, "-en" is a second allomorph
that marks plural in nouns (irregular, in only
three known nouns: ox/ox+en, child/childr+
en, brother/brether+en).

9. Types of Morpheme
• Free Morpheme
• Bound Morpheme
Free Morpheme
are morpheme that can stand by themselves as a
single word.e.g eat,date,weak etc
Bound Morpheme
are morpheme that cannot stand alone e.g
-un,-er,-less,-ed

10. Morpheme classes
1.Bases(roots)
2.Affixes
Base(root)
A root morpheme is the morpheme that gives
the word its main meaning.
• Free base morpheme
they can stand alone to function as words.

11. Examples
womanly,recollect ,bicycle and uneasyetc
• Bound base morpheme :
they cannot stand alone to function as words
Examples
receive,reduce

12. Affixes
• An affix is a bound morpheme that oocurs before
or after a base .
• Prefix
An affix that comes before a base .
examples:
prehistoric
unhealthy
disregard

13. Suffix:
An affix that comes after a base .
Examples:
happily
gardener
kindness

14. Types of
morpheme
Free
morpheme
lexical functional
Bound
morpheme
derivational inflectional

15. Free
morpheme
Lexical(open
class)
Has lexical
meaning
N,verb,Adj,Adv
Functional
(closed class)
Function words Pre,conj,Art,pro

16. Bound Morpheme
Derivational Inflectional
Form new words and it may Different forms
Change syntactic class . Same words, it
do not change
the syntactic structure
-able,un-,re-,etc.
-s,-ing,-ed/-en,-est,er