The document discusses the distinction between grammatical form and function, explaining how form relates to linguistic units while function refers to their roles in sentences. It provides examples illustrating how subjects and objects can have different forms yet serve the same grammatical function. The document also includes resources for further reading on the topic.

1. Grammatical Form and
Grammatical Function
By: Ibrahim Muneer

2. Form and function
 A useful distinction in grammar is that of form and function. Grammatical
form is concerned with the description of linguistic units in terms of what
they are, and grammatical function is concerned with the description of
what these linguistic units do. Note that we use capital letters at the
beginning of function labels.
 Understanding the way that form and function relate to one another has
important implications for text production and comprehension, and
enables students to more accurately discuss how grammatical structure
relates to meaning.

3. Table 1: form and function
 Here are the linguistic units relevant to the form and function level (note that we use capital letters at
the beginning of function labels):
Form Function
Word classes
•noun, adjective, verb, adverb,
determiner, pronoun, conjunction,
preposition
Phrases
•noun phrase, adjective phrase,
adverb phrase, preposition
Clauses
•main clause, subordinate clause,
relative clause
Subject
Predicator
Object
Adverbial
Complement
Modifier

4. Form and function
 Let's see how form-function operates in language. Consider the following two sentences:
1. The boy kissed the girl.
2. The girl kissed the boy.
 In (1), the boy is doing the kissing, meaning it is the Subject; whereas in (2), the boy is being
kissed, meaning it is the Object.
 But the boy is a noun phrase in both examples.

5. Form and function
 We can use a table to show the form/function interface more clearly:
FORM main clause
noun phrase noun phrase
determiner noun verb determiner noun
the boy kissed the girl
FUNCTION Subject Predicator Object

6. Form and function
 In summary, the function labels of Subject, Object and Adverbial can be 'filled' by various different
forms, as indicated in the table:
Function …can be a: Example
Subject noun Sylvia loves doughnuts.
pronoun She is tired.
noun phrase
The washing machine is
broken.
Object noun Eva loves linguistics.
pronoun I want it.

7. Form and function
Function …can be a: Example
Adverbial adverb Suddenly, the elephants
continued on their way
adverb phrase Very suddenly, the elephants
continued on their way.
preposition phrase In the morning, the elephants
continued on their way.
noun phrase The next day, the elephants
continued on their way.
subordinate clause
When they had eaten, the
elephants continued on their
way
You may think of other forms that can function as Subject and Object.

8. Form and function
 If you want to read more about form and function, have a look at these pages on Bas Aarts'
blog:
 Form and Function
https://grammarianism.wordpress.com/2015/09/11/form-and-function/
 Form and Function 2
https://grammarianism.wordpress.com/2017/03/20/form-and-function-2/
 Adverb and Adverbial
https://grammarianism.wordpress.com/2016/10/15/adverb-and-adverbial/

9. THANK YOU
http://www.englicious.org/lesson/form-and-
function#:~:text=Grammatical%20form%20is%20concerned%20with,the%20beginning%20of%20function%20
labels.