Synonyms, antonyms, & homonyms
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Synonyms are words that have the same or similar meanings, such as wet and moist. Antonyms are words with opposite meanings, like hot and cold. Homonyms are words that are spelled and pronounced the same but have different meanings, such as dog the animal and dog to follow closely. The document provides examples of synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms and distinguishes between homonyms, homophones, and homographs.
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Antonyms
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word, derived from Greek roots meaning "opposite" and "name". There are three categories of antonyms: graded antonyms involve scales of meaning between words like good and bad; complementary antonyms only allow two possibilities with no middle ground; and relational antonyms require both words to exist for their relationship. Antonyms can also be formed by adding prefixes like "un" or "in" to reverse a word's meaning. Reference sources like antonym dictionaries are useful for finding perfect antonyms.
Antonyms
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word. There are three types of antonyms: graded antonyms which express relationships along a continuum (e.g. good-bad), complementary antonyms which represent the only two opposite possibilities with no middle ground (e.g. true-false), and relational antonyms which require both opposites to exist (e.g. husband-wife). The document provides examples of antonym word pairs and exercises to identify antonyms.
Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms
This document defines synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms and provides examples of each. A synonym is a word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another word. An antonym is a word opposite in meaning. A homonym is a word that sounds the same but has a different meaning. The document then gives a game to test understanding where teams can earn points by answering questions about synonyms, antonyms, or homonyms correctly.
Antonymy
1) The document discusses different types of antonyms including complementary terms, contrary terms, and converse terms.
2) Antonyms are classified based on their semantic opposition and can differ in degree of intensity.
3) The use of antonyms enables the expression of opposites for contrast and emphasis in language.
Homonyms
This document defines and provides examples of homonyms, which are words that sound the same but have different meanings. It distinguishes between homographs, which are homonyms that are spelled the same, and homophones, which are homonyms that are spelled differently but pronounced the same. Examples of common homographs and homophones that are often confused are provided.
Synonymy and its types
This document discusses different types of synonymy:
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2. Partial synonymy, where expressions match in identity of meaning but fail to meet conditions of absolute synonymy. The example given is car-vehicle.
3. Absolute (perfect, complete) synonymy, where words match in all shades of meaning and stylistic characteristics. Examples given are airman-pilot and car-automobile. Absolute synonyms are rare for lexemes but more common for composite expressions.
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This document contains a list of 10 questions about antonyms and synonyms. Each question provides a target word and asks the reader to select either the synonym or antonym of that word from a set of multiple choice answers. The questions cover identifying synonyms and antonyms of various words like "prudent", "chaos", "conceal", and "bustle".
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Antonyms
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word, derived from Greek roots meaning "opposite" and "name". There are three categories of antonyms: graded antonyms involve scales of meaning between words like good and bad; complementary antonyms only allow two possibilities with no middle ground; and relational antonyms require both words to exist for their relationship. Antonyms can also be formed by adding prefixes like "un" or "in" to reverse a word's meaning. Reference sources like antonym dictionaries are useful for finding perfect antonyms.
Antonyms
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word. There are three types of antonyms: graded antonyms which express relationships along a continuum (e.g. good-bad), complementary antonyms which represent the only two opposite possibilities with no middle ground (e.g. true-false), and relational antonyms which require both opposites to exist (e.g. husband-wife). The document provides examples of antonym word pairs and exercises to identify antonyms.
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This document defines synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms and provides examples of each. A synonym is a word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another word. An antonym is a word opposite in meaning. A homonym is a word that sounds the same but has a different meaning. The document then gives a game to test understanding where teams can earn points by answering questions about synonyms, antonyms, or homonyms correctly.
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1) The document discusses different types of antonyms including complementary terms, contrary terms, and converse terms.
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Homonyms
This document defines and provides examples of homonyms, which are words that sound the same but have different meanings. It distinguishes between homographs, which are homonyms that are spelled the same, and homophones, which are homonyms that are spelled differently but pronounced the same. Examples of common homographs and homophones that are often confused are provided.
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This document provides information about synonyms and antonyms. It defines synonyms as words that have the same or similar meanings, and provides examples of synonym pairs for words like "smart" and "large." It defines antonyms as words with opposite meanings and gives examples like "black and white" or bored's antonyms of "excited, thrilled, energized, and wound up." The document includes questions and activities for students to identify synonyms and antonyms.
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Morphological types of languages
. Morphology and Morphological typology
2. Morphological types of languages
3. Analytic Languages
4. Synthetic languages
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS
The morphological process is a means of changing a stem to adjust its meaning to fit its syntactic and communicational context.
Markedness: Marked and Unmarked forms
In linguistics, markedness refers to the way words are changed or added to give a special meaning. The unmarked choice is just the normal meaning. For example, the present tense is unmarked for English verbs. If I just say "walk" that refers to the present tense. But if we add something to "walk" (marking it), such as adding ‘ed’ to the end, I can indicate the past: "walked".
The 4 english sentence types
There are four types of English sentence, classified by their purpose:
declarative sentence (statement)
interrogative sentence (question)
imperative sentence (command)
explanative sentence (exclamation)
What is linguistics?
Linguistics is often called "the science of language," the study of the human capacity to communicate and organize thought using different tools (the vocal tract for spoken languages, hands for sign languages, etc.) and involving different abstract and tactile components.
Redundancy
The document discusses redundancy in language from multiple perspectives. It defines redundancy in grammar as features that are not necessary to identify linguistic units. In generative grammar, redundancy refers to language features that can be predicted based on other features. Common usage of redundancy refers to repetition of ideas or information within a phrase, clause, or sentence. The document provides examples of redundancy providing understanding even when parts of language are removed, due to the redundant nature of language. Redundancy can come from predictable spelling, grammar, or word order patterns that help anticipate the flow of language.
Underlying representation
In some models of phonology as well as morphophonology in the field of linguistics, the underlying representation (UR) or underlying form (UF) of a word or morpheme is the abstract form that a word or morpheme is postulated to have before any phonological rules have applied to it.[1][2] By contrast, a surface representation is the phonetic representation of the word or sound. The concept of an underlying representation is central to generative grammar.
Alternation
In linguistics, alternation is a variation in the form and/or sound of a word or word part. (Alternation is equivalent to allomorphs in morphology.) Also known as alternance.
A form involved in an alternation is called an alternant. The customary symbol for alternation is ~.
American linguist Leonard Bloomfield defined an automatic alternation as one that's "determined by the phonemes of the accompanying forms" ("A Set of Postulates for the Science of Language," 1926). An alternation that affects only some morphemes of a particular phonological form is called non-automatic or non-recurrent alternation.
Syllables & Syllable structure
Syllables have three possible parts - an onset, nucleus, and coda. The onset is a consonant or consonant cluster at the start of a syllable. The nucleus forms the core and is usually a vowel or vowel combination. The coda is a consonant or consonant cluster at the end. In the word "cat", [c] is the onset, [a] is the nucleus, and [t] is the coda. The nucleus and any coda together form the rhyme of a syllable. Even in English, consonants like [á1ƒ] can be syllable nuclei.
Semantic analysis
Semantic analysis is the process of machines understanding relationships between words and concepts in text to derive meaning. It involves analyzing grammatical structure and identifying connections between individual words in context. Semantic analysis tools can automatically extract meaningful information from unstructured data like emails and customer feedback. Machine learning algorithms are trained using samples of text labeled with semantic information like word meanings, relationships between entities, and more to enable accurate text analysis. The results can then be used for tasks like text classification, sentiment analysis, intent analysis, keyword and entity extraction.
Grammatical form and grammatical function
A useful distinction in grammar is that of form and function. Grammatical form is concerned with the description of linguistic units in terms of what they are, and grammatical function is concerned with the description of what these linguistic units do. Note that we use capital letters at the beginning of function labels.
Understanding the way that form and function relate to one another has important implications for text production and comprehension, and enables students to more accurately discuss how grammatical structure relates to meaning.
General information on dictionary use
What is a dictionary?
A dictionary is a reference book about words and as such it describes the functioning of individual words (sometimes called lexical items). It does so by listing these words in alphabetical order in the form of headwords, the words listed as entries in the dictionary.
HOMONYM, POLYSEM &HYPONYMY
This document discusses different types of word relationships:
Homonyms are words that are spelled or pronounced the same but have different unrelated meanings, like "arm" and "flat".
Polysemy refers to words that have multiple related meanings, like "head" referring to both the body part and the leader of a company.
Hyponymy is a hierarchical relationship where one word includes the meaning of another more specific word, like "cook" being more general than the hyponyms "roast", "boil", etc.
Denotation and connotation
Denotation refers to the literal or dictionary meaning of a word, while connotation refers to the implied cultural or emotional meanings associated with a word beyond its strict definition. Connotations are subjective and can vary between individuals and cultures. For example, while a red rose has a denotation of being a flower, it carries additional connotations of love, romance, or politics depending on context. Words like "inexpensive" versus "cheap" can have very different positive or negative connotations despite similar denotative meanings. Understanding denotation and connotation is important for comprehending subtle meanings in language and media.
Collocations
In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. An example of a phraseological collocation, as propounded by Michael Halliday,[1] is the expression strong tea. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent powerful tea, this expression is considered excessive and awkward by English speakers. Conversely, a corresponding expression in technology, powerful computer, is preferred over strong computer. Phraseological collocations should not be confused with idioms, where an idiom's meaning is derived from its convention as a stand-in for something else while collocation is a mere popular composition.
There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.
Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds collocations in a document or corpus, using various computational linguistics elements resembling data mining.
Idiom dictionary
An idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be understood based on the definition of its constitutional elements
Etymology
Etymology is the study of the origin of words and how the meaning of words has changed over the course of history. Let’s get meta and take the word “etymology” as an example. “Etymology” derives from the Greek word etumos, meaning “true.” Etumologia was the study of words’ “true meanings.” This evolved into “etymology” by way of the Old French ethimologie. That’s all fairly straightforward, but there are many, many words in the English language that have unexpected and fascinating origins. Here are a few of our favorite examples.
Encyclopedia Atlas Dictionary Thesaurus Almanac.
Reference Materials. Four Types of Reference Materials Encyclopedia Atlas Dictionary Thesaurus Almanac.
Bilingualism types of bilingualism
The generalized definition of the word bilingualism, is the ability to use two/ more languages.
• However, scholars like Peter A Hornby (1997; 3) quoted Bloomfield’s definition which says “the term bilingualism should be applied to those individuals who possesses a native-like like ability in both languages
Types of Bilingualism
1- Early bilingualism - there are two types: simultaneous early bilingualism and consecutive (or successive) early bilingualism.
Simultaneous early bilingualism refers to a child who learns two languages at the same time, from birth.
Successive early bilingualism refers to a child who has already partially acquired a first language and then learned a second language early in childhood (for example, when the child moves into an environment where the dominant language is not his or her mother tongue).
2- Late bilingualism – refers to bilingualism when the second language is learned after the age of 6 or 7; especially when it is learned in adolescence or adulthood.
Late bilingualism is a consecutive bilingualism which occurs after the acquisition of the first language (after the childhood language development period). This is what also distinguishes it from early bilingualism. With the first language already acquired, the late bilingual uses their experience to learn the second language.
3- Additive bilingualism and subtractive bilingualism – The term additive -bilingualism refers to the situation where a person has acquired the two languages in a balanced manner. It is a strong bilingualism.
Subtractive bilingualism refers to the situation where a person learns the second language to the detriment of the first language, especially if the first language is a minority language. In this case, mastery of the first language decreases, while mastery of the other language (usually the dominant language) increases.
4- Negative bilingualism - refers to the ability to understand a second language without being able to speak it. Children who respond appropriately in English when addressed in French can become passive bilinguals, as they have less mastery of oral expression in French.
Phone, phoneme and allophone
Phoneme consists of two parts: phon and eme. Phon refers to the shape of a sound, and phoneme is formed when eme is added to phon. A phoneme is the smallest unit in a language that can change meaning. A phoneme is a set of allophones, which are variants of the same phoneme that do not change meaning. An essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively in a language.
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Synonyms, antonyms, & homonyms
- 1. SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS, & HOMONYMS By: Ibrahim Muneer
- 2. Words that have the same or nearly the same meaning. EXAMPLES: Wet= moist, damp Big=large, huge Smart= intelligent, clever
- 3. • Words that have the opposite meanings EXMAPLES: Hot: cold Yes: no In: out Up: down Wrong: right Black: white Slow: fast Tall: short
- 4. • One of two or more words spelled and pronounced the same but have different meanings EXAMPLES: mean (an average) and mean (nasty) punch (a drink) and punch (a hit) dog (an animal) and dog (to follow closely) bat (an animal) and bat (baseball equipment)
- 5. Homonyms sound the same and are spelled the same, and have different meanings. ( EX: lying, lying) Homophones sound the same, not spelled the same, and have different meanings. (EX: waste, waist) Homographs are spelled the same , do not sound the same, and have different meanings. (EX: wind, wind)