This document defines and explains the concept of monopoly. It states that a monopoly is a market situation where there is only one seller of a unique product or service, there are no close substitutes for this product or service, and there are barriers to entry that prevent other companies from entering the market. It also discusses how monopolies can control price and determine output to maximize their profits in both the short run and long run.

2. Monopoly is a form of market structure in
which a single seller or firm has control
over the entire market supply.
Meaning:
Monopoly is a market situation in which
there is only one seller of a product with
barriers to entry of others. The product has
no close substitutes.

3.  Here,
no other firms produce
a similar product.
 Monopolistic can sell his
commodity at any price he
likes.
 He has control over price.
 The sole seller in the market
is called “monopolist”

4. Definition:
 Acc
to Kautsoyiannis – “Monopoly is
a market situation in which there is a
single seller. There are no close
substitutes of the commodity it
produces, there are barriers to entry.”
 Ferguson – “A pure monopoly exists
when there is only one producer in
the market. There are no direct
competitions.”

5. Single producer and large number of
buyers.
• No close substitutes.
• Barriers to entry.
• Full control over price.
• Price discrimination.
• No competition.
• No distinction between firm and
industry.
•

6. 



Legal Restrictions or barriers to entry of new
firms
Sole control over the supply of scarce and
key raw materials
Efficiency in production
Economies of scale

7. Natural monopoly
It arises because of natural factors
like
soil, rainfall etc
 Social monopoly
It is in the hands of the government.
In
certain fields, competition is not
desirable.


8. 

Legal monopoly
it is created by the law of the country.
Voluntary monopoly
It arises due to voluntary factors.

9. 
Output and price determination under
monopoly in short-run and long-run

10. The monopolist maximises his short run
profit, when he produces that level of
output at which.
•
•
The short run marginal cost is equal to
the short run marginal revenue (SMC =
SMR)
The marginal cost is rising

12. 
A monopoly firm equates its MC with MR and
determine equilibrium output.

Price is determined in view of demand or average
revenue curve.

Equilibrium point B is determined by the intersection
of the SMR curve and the SMC curve. SMC = SMR

OQ equilibrium output is produced by the firm. The
firm can sell this output only at price OP.

In this illustration profit is PABC.

Once the
output is decided, the price is
determined correspondingly in relation to the given
demand curve.

13. 
Though pure monopolist has full control over the
market supply, he can not determine price
independently in market.

when equilibrium output is decided at the point
of equality between MR and MC the price is
automatically determined in relation to the
demand of product.

Equilibrium output is determined at falling path
of AC curve. Which means the monopolist
restrict output before producing it at the
optimum level in order to maximise his profit.

14. Long run equilibrium, determined by the
equality of long run marginal cost (LMC)
and the marginal revenue (LMR), so that
profit is maximised.
 If the firm is earning some profit in short
run it has to determined the most
profitable long run plant size and
corresponding price and output.


16. Curve D is the demand curve/ average
revenue curve.
 LAC and LMC are the long run average
and marginal cost curves.
 LAC is envelope to various SAC curves.
 LMC and LMR intersect with the point E
where is having optimum level of output.


17. THANK YOU