4. HEPTACHLOR
•
•
10/13/13
is not found naturally in the earth. It is a man-made
compound that looks like a white powder and
smells like mothballs. Pure forms of camphor-like
odor of heptachlor are white but less pure forms of
this substance appear tan.
an organochlorine compound that was used as
an insecticide. Usually sold as a white or tan
powder,
heptachlor
is
one
of
the cyclodiene insecticides.
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
4
5. HEPTACHLOR
IDENTIFICATION:
• IUPAC name :1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-3a,4,7,7atetrahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indene
• CAS number : 76-44-8
• Molar mass : 373.32 g/mol
• Density : 1.58 g/cm3
• Melting point : 95-96 oC
• Boiling point : 135-145 oC at 1-1.5 mmHg
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
5
6. HEPTACHLOR
Heptachlor is a manufactured chemical that was used in the
past for killing insects in homes, in buildings, and on food
crops. It has not been used for these purposes since 1988.
There are no natural sources of heptachlor or heptachlor
epoxide. Trade names for heptachlor include Heptagran ,
Heptamul, Heptagranox, Heptamak, Basaklor,
Drinox, Soleptax, Gold Crest H-60, Termide,
and Velsicol 104. Heptachlor is both a breakdown
product and a component of the pesticide chlordane
(approximately 10% by weight).
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
6
7. HEPTACHLOR
•
•
10/13/13
E
nvironmental impact
It is persistent organic pollutant (POP). One study
described its half life to be 2 years and claimed that its
residues could be found in soil 14 years after its initial
application. It tends to accumulate in the body fat of humans
and animals.
H
uman impact
Clinical signs of acute toxicity of heptachlor include
hypoactivity, tremor, convulsion, ataxia, and changes in EEG
patterns. Histopathologically, severe liver damage was
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
7
reported.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
8. HEPTACHLOR
T
oxicity of heptachlor and related derivatives
The range of oral rat LD50 values are 40 mg/kg to 162 mg/kg.
Daily oral doses of heptachlor at 50 and 100 mg/kg were found
to be lethal to rats after 10 days. For heptachlor epoxide, the
oral LD50 values ranging from 46.5 to 60 mg/kg. With rat oral of
LD5047mg/kg, heptachlor epoxide is more toxic.
W
ater T
reatment M
ethod for H
eptachlor removal
Granular Activated Carbon- has been proven to be effective for
removing heptachlor to below 0.0004 mg/L or 400 ppt.
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
8
11. HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Hexachlorobenzene is a chlorinated
hydrocarbon selective fungicide used as a seed
protectant treatment, especially on wheat to control
common and dwarf bunt. It may be used with or
without other seed treatments, fungicides, and/or
insecticides. It has fumigant action on fungal spores
and is available as a dry seed treatment or slurry for
seed treatment.
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
11
12. HEXACHLOROBENZENE
P YSICAL PROP RT S:
H
E IE
• Appearance: HCB is a colorless crystalline solid at room temperature
• CAS Number: 118-74-1
• M
olecular W
eight: 284.81
• W
ater Solubility: 0.005 mg/L
•
Solubility in Other Solvents: i.s. in ethanol; s. in hot benzene,chloroform,&
ether
• M
elting P
oint: 226 C
• Vapor P
ressure: 1.45 mPa @ 20 C
• Adsorption Coefficient: 50,000 (estimated)
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
12
13. HEXACHLOROBENZENE
• Synonyms: B
enzene, hexachloro- E
saclorobenzene
(Italian) H
CB H
exa CB H
exachlorobenzol (German)
J
ulin's carbon chloride P
entachlorophenyl chloride
P
erchlorobenzene P
henyl perchloryl (RT CS, 1994)
E
•Trade names: Anticarie, B
ent-cure, B
ent-No-more, Ceku
C.B Granero, No B
.,
unt, P
erchlorobenzene and Res-Q.
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
13
14. HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Sources and P
otential E
xposure
• Inhalation exposure to HCB may occur through proximity to industrial
sites where it is formed as a byproduct or to waste facilities where it is
disposed.
• Occupational exposure, via inhalation and dermally, can occur at
industries where HCB is produced as a byproduct.
• Exposure to HCB can also occur through consuming foods tainted
with HCB.
• HCB has been listed as a pollutant of concern to EPA's Great Waters
Program due to its persistence in the environment, potential to
bioaccumulate, and toxicity to humans and the environment.
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
14
16. HEXACHLOROBENZENE
T
oxicity
•HCB has been classified by the International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 2B carcinogen (possibly
carcinogenic to humans).
•Animal carcinogenicity data show increased incidences
of liver, kidney (renal tubular tumours) and thyroid cancers.
•Neurological changes have been reported in rodents exposed to
hexachlorobenzene.
•may cause embryolethality and teratogenic effects.
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
16
17. HEXACHLOROBENZENE
• Chronic oral exposure in humans has been shown to give rise to
a liver disease (porphyria cutanea tarda), skin lesions with
discoloration, ulceration, photosensitivity, thyroid effects, bone
effects and loss of hair.
• Human and animal studies have demonstrated that HCB crosses
the placenta to accumulate in foetal tissues and is transferred in
breast milk.
• It has a half life in the soil of between 3 and 6 years. Risk of
bioaccumulation in an aquatic species is high.
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
17
18. HEXACHLOROBENZENE
F aid measures and management principles:
irst
• Monitor airway, breathing and circulation and restore vital functions if
necessary.
• Remove all contaminated clothes.
• Wash chemicals out of the eyes with clear water. Wash chemicals off
the skin with soap and water.
• If HCB has been ingested, do not give any milk, fat, oil or lipid by
mouth.
• If very large amount of HCB has been ingested, perform gastric
lavage. Administer activated charcoal. If necessary, control
convulsions. Symptomatic treatment.
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
18
19. HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Is there a medical test to show whether I've been
exposed to hexachlorobenzene?
•Blood, fat, and tissue samples can be tested to show if you
have ever been exposed to hexachlorobenzene. However,
these tests cannot tell you when you were exposed or to how
much, or whether health effects will occur. These tests arent
available at most doctors offices, but can be done at special
laboratories that have the right equipment.
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
19
22. HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE
•
•
•
10/13/13
is a non-flammable, incombustible, clear, oily liquid at
ordinary temperature and pressure. The compound is poorly
soluble in water, but miscible with ether and ethanol.
is a colorless liquid with a turpentine-like odor. It is also
called perchlorobutadiene. HCBD is not found naturally in the
environment.
The compound was, and is, chiefly produced as a by-product
in the manufacture of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
22
23. HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE
IDE IF
NT ICAT
ION
Chemical formula: C4Cl 6
•
•
Common synonyms: 1,3-hexachlorobutadiene, 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexachloro1,3-butadiene, perchlorobutadiene
Common trade names: C-46, Dolen-pur, GP40-66: 120, UN2279
Common abbreviation: HCBD
CAS registry number: 87-68-3
Relative molecular mass: 260.8
•
•
•
•
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
23
24. HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE
USE
S
•
Most hexachlorobutadiene used commercially in the United States
is imported from Germany. It is mainly used to make rubber
compounds. It is also used as a solvent, and to make lubricants, in
gyroscopes, as a heat transfer liquid, and as a hydraulic fluid.
•
HCBD has yet another, somewhat dated, application as an
algicide in industrial cooling systems. Although HCBD is a potent
herbicide, in recent years, this particular application has been
discouraged due to the high toxicity of the compound at low
concentrations.
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
24
25. HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE
T
oxicity
•
Hexachlorobutadiene has been observed to produce systemic
toxicity following exposure via oral, inhalation, and dermal
routes. Effects may included fatty liver degeneration, epithelial
necrotizing nephritis, central nervous system depression and cyanosis.
•
EPA classified HCBD as a group C Possible Human Carcinogen.
While the American Conference of Governmental and Industrial
Hygienists has classified Hexachlorobutadiene as an A3
Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to
Humans.
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
25
26. HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE
•
•
Studies in mice have shown irritation of the nose when large
amounts were breathed over a short time. The only other effect
noted in animals from breathing HCBD was a reduction in the
body weights of fetuses when their mothers breathed high
levels of the chemical.
Rats and mice that drank low levels of HCBD over both short
and long periods had kidney and liver damage. No effects on
reproduction or on the developing fetuses were seen when rats
and mice drank hexachlorobutadiene.
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
26
28. HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE
Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed
to hexachlorobutadiene?
•Tests are available that measure levels of hexachlorobutadiene
and its breakdown products in urine or fat. However, these tests
must be performed within several days after exposure because
hexachlorobutadiene leaves the body fairly quickly.
10/13/13
Presented by Cassandra Giselle O.
Gaas (ChE PE 3)
28
