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Pharmer ceuticals
Over 20 years ago, scientists envisioned producing medicines from genetically modified crops, but producing edible vaccines from food crops proved more difficult than expected. Currently, only 11 plant species are approved for growing pharmaceuticals through clinical trials. Scientists are working to increase protein production in plants and maintain consistent dosing. Advocates believe pharmaceutical crops could lower medicine costs and improve access, but challenges remain regarding safety, contamination, and environmental impacts.
Pharmer ceuticals
- 1. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 1 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher JonesBy: Cortney Hauer “Pharmer-ceuticals” IMG SRC: http://protectourhealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Natural-Health-Food-as-Medicine.png
- 2. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 2 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones Pharmer-ceuicals Pharma Crops Molecular Pharming Biopharming Pharmer-ceuticals IMG SRC: http://www.pillsorfood.com/images/apple.jpg
- 3. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 3 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones Over 20 years ago, scientists envisioned picking a tomato off a vine and taking a bite to receive a does of antibiotics. The prospect of reducing costs of medicines and simplifying the logistics of transportation was a hopeful goal for pharmaceutical crops. But after many years of research, it was discovered that this simplistic view of an edible vaccine was not attainable. Pharmer-ceutical’s : PAST MG SRC: http://www.examiner.com/images/blog/EXID1929/images/tomato_hand.jpg
- 4. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 4 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones BIOFARMING A broad term used to denote “genetically modified (GM) or engineered crops to produce vaccines, antibodies, and other therapeutic proteins…” (Li, Yuan, Yang, Antoun, Balick & Cragg, 2010). What Is It? PHARMA CROPS A more appropriate term when discussing plants that are grown solely for the purpose of producing pharmaceuticals. IMG SRC: http://www.usappleblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/apple-prescription-bottle.jpg
- 5. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 5 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones Small Therapeutic Molecules (STMs) • A couple hundred varieties of plants available • Proteins for anti-cancer drugs Large Therapeutic Molecules (LTMs) • A few hundred varieties of plants available • Antibodies pertaining to anti-cancer drugs, antifungal and antiviral applications Standardized Therapeutic Extracts (STEs) • Thousands of varieties of plants available • Actual extracts, no modification necessary • Dietary supplements are common Types of Pharmer-ceuticals
- 6. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 6 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones STMs & LTMs Produced similarly to genetically modified crops found in our grocery stores. The plant’s genes are modified so that they include DNA to encourage the growth of particular proteins. How Does It Work? IMG SRC: http://wholesoyco.com/images/stories/blog/gmo-tomato.jpg
- 7. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 7 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones STEs The crop does not necessarily have to be modified. This is because the plant normally produces the protein needed naturally. How Does It Work? IMG SRC: http://www.personal.psu.edu/mdc5070/blogs/cheers_to_your_health/ginger.jpg
- 8. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 8 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones • Plants cannot be consumed directly • Requires processing o Dried o Ground o Mixture • Packaged Once the plant is processed, the dosage and potency of the proteins can be evaluated. How Does It Work?
- 9. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 9 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones Crops are broken down into: FOOD’s and NON-FOOD’s Food’s are meant for human consumption, while non-food’s are not. Pharmer-ceuticals
- 10. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 10 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones At this time only about “eleven plant species are being used for products currently in clinical trials…” (Milne 2010). Growing and refining these plants is still a relatively new process and still is in the process of being evaluated. Pharmer-ceutical’s: PRESENT
- 11. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 11 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones Scientists are trying to increase a plants ability to produce more of the necessary proteins. They struggle with maintaining a consistent dose of the protein throughout the plant. More approved plants to grow healthier and heartier crops for pharmaceutical purposes. Pharmer-ceutical’s: FUTURE IMG SRC: .http://www.anh-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/GMO.jpg
- 12. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 12 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones As long as the crops are being modified there are always going to be concerns: • Potency of medicine • Cross contamination • Health impacts • Environmental impacts Concerns •IMG SRC: http://c1eatdrinkbettercom.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/files/2011/06/TomatoMonster.jpg
- 13. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 13 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones With every advancement there are always positives: • Cheaper cost of medicine • Longer shelf life of medicine • Easier transport of medicine • Grown proteins over chemically Advantages •IMG SRC: producedhttp://whatispolymyalgia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Food-As-Medicine.jpg
- 14. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 14 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones Research concerning pharmer- ceuticals has become more and more popular. With the impact that they could have on the population and the ease at which it could be implemented is great. Conclusion •IMG SRC: http://nourishingnewbeginnings.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/asparagus-in-prescription-bottle.jpg Overall the expectations of pharmer-ceuticals are high. Providing the opportunity for cheap and easily accessible medicines.
- 15. Click to editMaster title style Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/6/2013 15 Extrusion Samuel Brenneman Cortney Hauer Christopher Jones Fernandez, M. (2004). Pharming the field: a look at the benefits and risks of bioengineering plants to produce pharmaceuticals. Retrieved from http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Food_ and_Biotechnology/PIFB_Pharming_Fields.pdf Li, S., Yuan, W., Yang, P., Antoun, M., Balick, M., & Cragg, G. (2010). Pharmaceutical crops: an overview. 1, 1-17. Milne, R. (2010). Drawing bright lines: food and the futures of biopharming. Sociological Review, 58133 (151), 133-155. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 954X.2010.01915.x Thomas, D., Penney, C., Majumder, A., & Walmsle, A. (2011). Evolution of plant- made pharmaceuticals. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 12, 3220- 3236. •IMG SRC: http://nourishingnewbeginnings.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/asparagus-in-prescription-bottle.jpg References