Biology class DNA and Protein Synthesis Notes

2. Monomer – Nucleotide
Chemical Structure – Double Helix
Purpose in Cell – Hold/carry genetic information
Examples – DNA or RNA

3. DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid
Molecule used by cells to store genetic
information

4. Nucleotide has 3 parts:
1. Sugar (deoxyribose)
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogen Base (4 possible bases)
1. Thymine (T)
2. Adenine (A)
3. Guanine (G)
4. Cytosine (C)

5. A always pairs with T
G always pairs with C
The bases along a DNA strand can be in any
sequence, but the sequence matters
Interesting Fact:
6 billion base pairs in every cell

7. Coded DNA instructions that control
production of proteins within the cell
Gives instructions for hair color, eye color,
hereditary diseases, and many other traits

8. Single strand of nucleotides
Disposable, working copy of DNA

9. DNA
• deoxyribose
• double-strand
• thymine
RNA
• ribose
• single-strand
• uracil
Nucleotide
monomer
(sugar,
phosphate,
nitrogen
base)
Genetic
information

10. DNA  RNA
mRNA
messenger RNA
Takes information from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm to
ribosome
RNA polymerase
Enzyme that binds to DNA
Separates the DNA strands
Uses the DNA strand as a
template to assemble mRNA

11.  The order of the nitrogen bases in DNA and RNA is translated into
a particular order of amino acids to create a protein.
 Protein is made by joining amino acids
 “Genetic Code” has 4 letters
 Each “word” has 3 letters
 Called codon
 Translates into a specific amino acid
 64 possible codons
UCGCACGGU
UCG – CAC – GGU
Serine – Histidine - Glycine

13. RNA  protein
Uses the information in mRNA to produce proteins
Begins when mRNA attaches to ribosome
tRNA (transfer RNA) bring the correct amino acid to the
ribosome according to the information on the mRNA
each tRNA carries only 1 kind of amino acid
the three letters that complement the mRNA codon
is called the anti-codon
Translation continues until the STOP codon