The document discusses different interpretations and approaches to defining globalization. It provides numerous definitions of globalization from various scholars that range from seeing it as increasing interconnectedness driven by technology and trade, to the homogenization of cultures. It also summarizes Appadurai's concept of "scapes" that describe different dimensions of cultural globalization, such as ethnoscapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes and ideoscapes. Examples of globalization in economics, culture, technology and other areas are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing metaphors of globalization as both solid and liquid processes that interact.

1. Distinguishing Different
Interpretations of and
Approaches to
Globalization

2. Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:
 Formulate a personal definition of globalization;
 Differentiate competing conceptions of globalization
 Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying
definitions of globalization
 Agree on a working definition of globalization for the
course
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

3. GLOBALIZATION
 Much has changed since time immemorial.
 The reality and omnipresence of makes us
see ourselves as part of what we refer to as
the “global age” (Albrow, 1996). age”
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

4. CONCEPTIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION

5. CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
 Globalization in terms of global
interdependence started centuries ago (Toffler,
1981).
 James & Steger (2014) it is an extraordinary
and complicated concept that was rarely used
until the 1990s but with the processes that had
been happening for centuries.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

6. WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

7. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 “process of world shrinkage, of distances
getting shorter, things moving closer. It
pertains to the increasing ease with which
somebody on one side of the world
interact, to mutual benefit with somebody
on the other side of the world” (Thomas
Larsson, 2001).
 “Globalization as colonization” (Martin
Khor, mid 1990’s).
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

8. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 “glocalization the simultaneity - the co-
presence - of both universalizing and
particularizing tendencies” (Roland
Robertson, 1980).
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

9. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 “globalization is a transplanetary process
or a set of processes involving increasing
liquidity & the growing multidirectional
flows of people, objects, places, and
information as well as the structures they
encounter and create that are barriers to, or
expedite, those flows…” (Ritzer, 2015).
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

10. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 Webster dictionary 1961:
1. broad and inclusive
“…globalization means the onset of the
borderless world…” (Ohmae 1992).
2. Narrow and exclusive
“the characteristics of globalization trend include
the internationalizing of production, the new
international division of labor, new mingratry
movements of the South to North, the new competitive
environment that accelerate these processes, & the
internationalizing of the state… making states into
agencies of the globalizing world” (Rawoo NDARC,2000)
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

11. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
1) Perspective of the person
2) To paraphrase the sociologist Cesare
Poppi: Globalization is the debate and the
debate is globalization.
3) Globalization is reality
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

12. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 Globalization is a process of interaction and
integration among the people, companies and
governments of different nations, a process
driven by international trade and investment
and aided by information technology. This
process has effects on the environment, on
culture, on political systems, on economic
development and prosperity, and on human
physical well-being on societies around the
world (Globalization 101,”n.d.).
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

13. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 For Aljun Apparudai, globalization occurs on
multiple and intersecting dimensions of
integration that he calls “scapes”.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

14. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 ForAljunApparudai, globalization occurs on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”.
1. Ethnoscape - refers to global movement of
people
Organizations such as Red Cross respond
quicker to disasters around the world.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

15. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 ForAljunApparudai, globalization occurs on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”.
2. Mediascape - refers to flow of media across
border
 Greek culture spread across Africa, Europe and
Asia through Alexander the Great. This is the
reason there are cities named Alexander in Africa,
Egypt and in Turkey.
 Christian missionaries from Europe added to the
globalization of Christianity.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

16. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 ForAljunApparudai, globalization occurs on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”.
3. Technoscape - refers to circulation of
mechanical goods and software
Smartphones connect people all over the
world like never before. Around 60% of all
people in the world use smartphones.
Environmental cooperation has spread to help
chlorofluorocarbon emissions to flow the
depletion of the ozone.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

17. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 ForAljunApparudai, globalization occurs on multiple and intersecting dimensions
of integration that he calls “scapes”.
4. Financescape – denotes the global circulation of
money or in the economy
 Outsourcing can add the economic development of a
struggling country, bringing much needed jobs.
 Some automobiles use parts from other countries, as
in car being assembled in the Philippines with the
parts coming from Japan, Korea, or Germany.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

18. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 ForAljunApparudai, globalization occurs on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”.
5. Ideoscape – refers to realm where political ideas
moved around
The Free World Trade Organization supervises
world trade.
The European Union is an economic and
political union of 28 countries that are located
primarily in Europe.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

19. EXAMPLES OF GLOBALIZATION
IN VARIOUS ASPECTS
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

20. GLOBALIZATION IN ECONOMICS
 Multinational corporations operate on a global
scale, with satellite offices and branches in
numerous locations.
 Outsourcing can add to the economic
development of a struggling country, bringing
much needed jobs.
 Some automobiles use parts from other
countries
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

21. GLOBALIZATION IN ECONOMICS
 The Free World Trade Organization supervises
world trade.
 The European Union is an economic and
political union of 28 countries that are located
primarily in Europe.
 A dress with design inspired by the culture of
Africa, made in South Korea, and sold in New
York
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

22. GLOBALIZATION IN ECONOMICS
 A bag made in China, sold in America, and
brought to the Philippines as souvenir to
expectant relatives.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

23. GLOBALIZATION IN THE BLENDING OF
CULTURES
 Greek culture spread across Africa, Europe
and Asia through Alexander the Great.
 The Silk Road was a trade route between
China and the Mediterranean Sea area and it
allowed the exchange of not only goods, but
culture and knowledge.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

24. GLOBALIZATION IN THE BLENDING OF
CULTURES
 Christian missionaries from Europe added to
the globalization of Christianity.
 Colonization all over the world was a major
cause of globalization.
 Improved travel facilitated the growth of
globalization.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

25. GLOBALIZATION IN THE BLENDING OF
CULTURES
 Food is one factor of globalization.
 Satellite television allows shows from one
country to be broadcast in many others,
adding to cultural globalization.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

26. GLOBALIZATION IN TECHNOLOGY
 The Internet is a major contributor to
globalization.
 Global news networks, like CNN, contribute to
the spread of knowledge.
 Cell phones connect people all over the world
like never before.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

27. GLOBALIZATION IN TECHNOLOGY
 Military cooperation between countries adds to
globalization.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

28. OTHER EXAMPLES OF
GLOBALIZATION
 The Olympics began in ancient Greece and
continue today.
 The FIFA World Cup has more viewers than
any other sporting event from around the
world.
 Travel and tourism allows globalization of
many things.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

29. OTHER EXAMPLES OF
GLOBALIZATION
 The United Nations is an intergovernmental
organization that promotes cooperation in
many areas.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

30. METAPHORS OF
GLOBALIZATION

31. SOLID and LIQUID
 Solidity. It refers to barriers that prevent or
make difficult in the movement of things.
 Solids can be natural or man-made.
 Liquidity. It refers to the increasing ease of
movement of people, things, information,
and places in the contemporary world.
 Liquidity and solidity are in constant
interaction.

32. SOLID and LIQUID
 Liquidity. It refers to the increasing ease of
movement of people, things, information,
and places in the contemporary world.
 Liquidity and solidity are in constant
interaction.
The most characteristic of liquid – it tends
to melt whatever stands in its path
(especially solid).
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

33. FLOWS
 Flows. It refers to the movement of people,
things, places, and information brought by
the growing “porosity” of global limitations
(Ritzer, 2015.)
 “In global finance system, national borders
are porous.” -- Landler, 2008
 flows in present time: poor illegal
migrants, virtual flow of legal & illegal info.,

34. FLOWS
 Flows. It refers to the movement of people, things,
places, and information brought by the growing
“porosity” of global limitations (Ritzer, 2015.)
 “In global finance system, national borders are
porous.” -- Landler, 2008
 flows in present time: poor illegal
migrants, virtual flow of legal & illegal info.,
immigrants recreating ethnic enclaves in
host countries.

35. CONCLUSION

36. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 Globalization is inevitable (Pavit and Patel,
1999).
 Globalization of Nothing by Ritzer 2003
“attitudes towards globalization depend,
among other things, on whether one gains
or losses from it.”
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

37. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 Depending on what is globalized , a different
dynamic may emerge. So while it is important
to ask “What is globalization?” it is likewise
important to ask “What is/are being
globalized?”
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization

38. References
 Abraham, R., Jas, F., Russell, W. (2005) The Web Empowerment Book: An Introduction and
Connection Guide to the Internet and the World-Wide Web. Springer-Verlag New York
 Evolution of the web retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/sububasistha/web-10-to-
web30-evolution-of-the-web-and-its-various-challenges
 Types of websites retrieved from https://www.hostgator.com/blog/popular-types-
websitescreate/
 Subhash Basishtha Web 1.0 to Web 3.0 – Evolution of the Web and its Various Challenges.
Retrieved from https://slideshare.net/sububasistha/web-and-its-various-challenges
 Internet terms and definition Retrieved from https://techterms.com/definition/internet
 Internet terms and definition Retrieved from https://www.comentum.com/internet-
terms.html
 Internet terms and definition Retrieved from https://www.lifewire.com/top-internet-terms-
forbeginners-2483381
 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/isp.asp
 https://www.chartercollege.edu/news-hub/how-servers-work-not-complicated-you-think
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization