The purpose of the present paper is to carry out the seepage analysis for a model to derive the equation of the phreatic line experimentally and thereafter proposing the best solution to trace the line. Sandy silt is used as a base material for this case. Phreatic Line for the model is plotted by carrying out 3 iterations each for two cases, that is, earthen dam without filter and with filter. Their corresponding phreatic line curves are traced on the butter paper on one of the longer side of the
model. Plastic channel sections are used to contain the model sealing it air tight with the use of mseal and rubber stoppers.
This document provides guidelines for designing irrigation channels, including:
1. Typical canal cross-sections, side slopes, berms, freeboard, banks, and other design elements are described.
2. Methods for calculating balancing depth to minimize earthworks and borrow pits are outlined.
3. The design procedure is demonstrated through an example that involves plotting longitudinal sections, calculating discharges and losses, and using Garret's diagram to determine channel dimensions.
This document provides information on the design of unlined canals in alluvial soil based on Kennedy's theory and Lacey's theory. Kennedy's theory relates the critical velocity to the full supply depth and introduces a critical velocity ratio to account for different silt grades. Lacey's theory is based on the concept of a regime channel where silt grade and charge remain constant. It provides equations to calculate velocity, hydraulic mean depth, area, and bed slope without relying on trial and error. Both theories have drawbacks as they do not fully consider variables like changing silt grade and concentration.
Lacey's regime theory states that the dimensions and slope of a channel are uniquely determined by the discharge, silt load, and erodibility of the soil material. A channel is in regime if there is no scouring or silting. Lacey proposed equations to calculate parameters like velocity, slope, and dimensions based on variables like discharge, silt factor, and side slopes. The theory has limitations as the conditions of true regime cannot be achieved and parameters like silt grade/load are not clearly defined. Lacey also developed shock theory accounting for form resistance due to bed irregularities.
This chapter discusses hydraulic jumps, which occur when supercritical flow transforms to subcritical flow in open channels. It introduces the concept of specific energy and defines critical depth and velocity. The chapter also describes how to determine the depth of a direct or submerged hydraulic jump using formulas involving the Froude number. Finally, it classifies hydraulic jumps as direct or submerged depending on whether the tailwater depth is below or above the jump.
This document discusses different types of cross drainage works used when a canal crosses a natural stream or another canal. The main types are aqueducts, when the canal passes over the drainage; super passages, when the drainage passes over the canal; and siphons, when the canal passes under the drainage. Factors like relative water levels and sizes of the canal and drainage determine which type is most suitable. The document provides details on the design and construction of aqueducts, siphons, and considers examples of calculating dimensions for a specific crossing.
This document provides information on canal irrigation, including definitions, types of canals based on use and discharge, canal components like main canals and branch canals, canal shapes, lined and unlined canals, canal design theories by Kennedy and Lacey for unlined canals on alluvial soils, and comparisons between the two theories. It discusses parameters for canal design like critical velocity, silt factor, and presents equations for determining velocity, discharge, and slope in canal design.
This document provides guidelines for designing irrigation channels, including:
1. Typical canal cross-sections, side slopes, berms, freeboard, banks, and other design elements are described.
2. Methods for calculating balancing depth to minimize earthworks and borrow pits are outlined.
3. The design procedure is demonstrated through an example that involves plotting longitudinal sections, calculating discharges and losses, and using Garret's diagram to determine channel dimensions.
This document provides information on the design of unlined canals in alluvial soil based on Kennedy's theory and Lacey's theory. Kennedy's theory relates the critical velocity to the full supply depth and introduces a critical velocity ratio to account for different silt grades. Lacey's theory is based on the concept of a regime channel where silt grade and charge remain constant. It provides equations to calculate velocity, hydraulic mean depth, area, and bed slope without relying on trial and error. Both theories have drawbacks as they do not fully consider variables like changing silt grade and concentration.
Lacey's regime theory states that the dimensions and slope of a channel are uniquely determined by the discharge, silt load, and erodibility of the soil material. A channel is in regime if there is no scouring or silting. Lacey proposed equations to calculate parameters like velocity, slope, and dimensions based on variables like discharge, silt factor, and side slopes. The theory has limitations as the conditions of true regime cannot be achieved and parameters like silt grade/load are not clearly defined. Lacey also developed shock theory accounting for form resistance due to bed irregularities.
This chapter discusses hydraulic jumps, which occur when supercritical flow transforms to subcritical flow in open channels. It introduces the concept of specific energy and defines critical depth and velocity. The chapter also describes how to determine the depth of a direct or submerged hydraulic jump using formulas involving the Froude number. Finally, it classifies hydraulic jumps as direct or submerged depending on whether the tailwater depth is below or above the jump.
This document discusses different types of cross drainage works used when a canal crosses a natural stream or another canal. The main types are aqueducts, when the canal passes over the drainage; super passages, when the drainage passes over the canal; and siphons, when the canal passes under the drainage. Factors like relative water levels and sizes of the canal and drainage determine which type is most suitable. The document provides details on the design and construction of aqueducts, siphons, and considers examples of calculating dimensions for a specific crossing.
This document provides information on canal irrigation, including definitions, types of canals based on use and discharge, canal components like main canals and branch canals, canal shapes, lined and unlined canals, canal design theories by Kennedy and Lacey for unlined canals on alluvial soils, and comparisons between the two theories. It discusses parameters for canal design like critical velocity, silt factor, and presents equations for determining velocity, discharge, and slope in canal design.
Design mannual for small scale irrigation scheme bookSurendra Maharjan
This document provides an overview and guidelines for designing small-scale irrigation schemes in Nepal. It was published by the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development in association with HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation Nepal. The document defines key terms related to irrigation, describes various irrigation techniques like surface, subsurface and sprinkle irrigation. It also outlines the steps involved in project identification, feasibility study, surveys and hydrological analysis. Design guidelines are provided for headworks, canals, sediment control structures, canal structures and cross drainage works. Micro irrigation techniques like pond irrigation, sprinkle irrigation and drip irrigation are also covered. The document aims to provide practical design guidance for small irrigation projects tailored to the local context in Nepal.
Case study on effect of water table on bearing capacityAbhishek Mangukiya
The document discusses the effect of water table on soil bearing capacity. It states that a water table located within the width of a foundation's base will reduce the soil's bearing capacity. The bearing capacity equation is provided, along with factors to account for water table depth. If the water table is below the base width, it has no effect on bearing capacity. A case study finds that for a given project, the water table depth exceeds the foundation depth, so there is no water table effect on soil bearing capacity. In summary, the proximity of the water table can impact a soil's ability to support structural loads, and established methods account for water table levels in bearing capacity calculations.
Kennedy's theory provides a method for designing irrigation channels that will remain free from silting and scouring. It involves determining the critical velocity using Kennedy's equation and iteratively solving for the channel dimensions such that the mean velocity equals the critical velocity. There are three cases depending on what variables are given as inputs. The theory has shortcomings in that it involves trial and error and does not specify the channel shape beforehand.
This document lists 47 water resource engineering projects available for students in BE/B.Tech and ME/M.Tech programs through Sree Samarth Project Solution located in Aurangabad, India. The projects cover a wide range of topics including groundwater inventory, water treatment, water quality analysis, rainwater harvesting, wastewater recycling and more. Contact is provided for Lakade Sagar at the listed phone number and email for more details on the available projects.
This document provides information on spillway and energy dissipator design. It begins with an introduction to spillways, their classification, and factors considered in design. It then focuses on the design of ogee or overflow spillways. It discusses spillway crest profiles, discharge characteristics including effects of approach depth, upstream slope, and submergence. It provides example designs for overflow spillways and calculations for determining spillway length. The key aspects covered are types of spillways, design considerations, standard crest profiles, discharge equations, and worked examples for spillway sizing.
This document discusses the design of irrigation channels. It covers several key points:
1) The design of irrigation channels involves selecting the channel alignment, shape, size, bottom slope, and whether lining is needed. The design determines the cross-sectional area, depth, width, side slopes, and longitudinal slope.
2) Non-alluvial channels are excavated in soils with little silt, like clay or hard loam. They are designed based on maximum permissible velocity to prevent erosion. Manning's equation or Chezy's equation are used.
3) An example problem demonstrates designing a trapezoidal channel in non-erodible material to carry a discharge of 15 cubic meters per second with a
This document provides an overview of different seepage theories used in the design of hydraulic structures. It discusses three main theories: 1) Bligh's creep theory, which assumes seepage follows the base contour of the structure; 2) Lane's weighted creep theory, which applies a weighting factor to horizontal seepage; and 3) Khosla's theory, which models seepage using streamlines and flow nets derived from the Laplace equation. The document explains how each theory can be used to calculate hydraulic gradients, uplift pressures, and ensure safety against piping and structural failure. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying the theories to calculate uplift pressures and required floor thickness at different points.
This document discusses various types of canal regulation works including canal falls, escapes, regulators, and outlets. It describes the necessity and types of canal falls, which are constructed when the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed canal bed slope. The types of falls discussed include ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, straight glacis falls, trapezoidal notch falls, well or cylinder notch falls, Montague type falls, and Inglis or baffle falls. The document also discusses canal escapes, head regulators, cross regulators, silt control devices, and canal outlets/modules. In particular, it explains the functions and construction of head regulators and cross regulators.
The document provides information about stress distribution in soil due to self-weight and surface loads. It discusses Boussinesq's formula for calculating vertical stress in soil due to a concentrated surface load. The formula shows that vertical stress is directly proportional to the load, inversely proportional to depth squared, and depends on the ratio of radius to depth. A table of coefficient values used in the formula for different ratios of radius to depth is also provided.
This document provides an overview of the course content for Irrigation Engineering (170602). It discusses key topics that will be covered, including the definition and purpose of irrigation, different irrigation systems and methods, soil-water-plant relationships, water requirements of crops, irrigation efficiency, irrigation channels, head works, cross drainage works, and canal regulation works. Assignments include topics on the methods of irrigation, irrigation channels, diversion head works, and cross drainage works. Students will prepare presentations on different types of canal falls. Exams will include a university external exam, mid-semester exams, and a practical internal exam based on the presentations. Reference books are also provided.
This document summarizes the key aspects of box culvert design and analysis. Box culverts consist of horizontal and vertical slabs built monolithically, and are used for bridges with limited stream flows and high embankments up to spans of 4 meters. They are economical due to their rigidity and do not require separate foundations. Design loads include concentrated wheel loads, uniform loads from embankments and decks, sidewall weights, water pressure when full, earth pressures, and lateral loads. The culvert is analyzed for moments, shears, and thrusts using classical methods to determine force effects from these various loading conditions.
The document discusses the design of embankment dams. It defines embankment dams as dams constructed of natural materials like earth or rockfill. It describes the different types of embankment dams including homogeneous dams, zoned dams, and diaphragm dams. It also discusses important design considerations for embankment dams like controlling seepage, providing internal drainage, and ensuring the shear strength of the soil is sufficient to resist failure. Pore water pressure in saturated soils is identified as an important factor that reduces the effective stress and shear strength of soils in embankment dams.
Okay, let me solve this step-by-step:
Given:
Discharge of canal (Q) = 50 cumec
Let's assume:
Bed width (B) = x meters
Depth of water (D) = y meters
Cross-sectional area (A) = B*D + 1.5D^2
Wetted perimeter (P) = B + 3.6D
Hydraulic mean depth (R) = A/P
From the economical section condition:
R = D/2
Equating the two expressions of R and solving:
(B*D + 1.5D^2) / (B + 3
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
This document provides an overview of reservoir planning and surveys. It discusses the different types of reservoirs and surveys conducted in reservoir planning, including reconnaissance, preliminary, and detailed surveys. Key steps in reservoir planning include engineering, hydrological, and geological surveys to identify suitable dam sites and storage capacity. Control levels like top bund level, high flood level, and full tank level are also discussed. Factors affecting silting and methods to control silting are outlined. The document provides details on various stages of reservoir planning and development.
This document discusses canal irrigation and diversion head works. It begins by defining a canal as an artificial channel constructed to carry water from a river, tank, or reservoir to fields. Canals are classified based on their source of supply, financial output, function, and boundary surface. Unlined canals are designed using either Kennedy's Theory from 1895 or Lacey's Theory from 1939. Kennedy's Theory is based on experiments observing eddy formation and silt suspension. Lacey's Theory considers drawbacks of Kennedy's Theory and designs for regime conditions. Both theories use empirical formulae and have limitations in achieving true regime conditions and defining characteristics precisely.
The document discusses and compares the theories of Kennedy and Lacey regarding stable channel design for irrigation canals. Kennedy's theory is based on the concept of critical velocity to prevent silting, while Lacey's regime theory differentiates between true, initial, and final regimes and introduces the concept of a silt factor. The key differences between the two theories are also summarized.
Silt excluders are structures used to reduce silt entering canals. They work by skimming off the upper layers of flowing water, which contain less silt, while diverting the lower, silt-rich layers through tunnels. Key aspects of silt excluder design include the tunnels covering some but not all of the undersluice bays and being flushed with the head regulator crest. The efficiency of silt excluders depends on factors like the amount of water diverted through the tunnels and the grade of sediment.
Cross section of the canal, balancing depth and canal fslAditya Mistry
1) The document discusses the cross section of irrigation canals, including configurations for cutting, filling, and partial cutting/filling. It describes the main components of a canal cross section such as side slopes, berms, and banks.
2) Balancing depth is defined as the depth of cutting where the quantity of excavated earth equals the amount required to form the canal banks, resulting in the most economical cross section.
3) Canal FSL (Full Supply Level) refers to the normal maximum operating water level of a canal when not affected by floods, corresponding to 100% capacity.
This document presents a comparison of seepage analyses through earth dams using numerical and analytical methods. The numerical analysis uses the finite element method software SEEP/W to model seepage through earth dams with varying parameters such as mesh shape and size, upstream and downstream slope angles, internal clay core properties, and base material permeability. Analytical solutions from Schaffernak, Casagrande, Stello, and Fakhari are also used to calculate seepage for comparison. Results show that seepage calculated numerically is similar to results from the Casagrande and Stello analytical solutions, whereas it differs more from Schaffernak and Fakhari solutions. The effects of changing dam parameters on calculated
Experimental conceptualisation of the Flow Net system construction inside the...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
ABSTRACT
By means of a drainage and seepage tank, an experimental flow net system inside the body of a homogeneous earth embankment dam model, formed from Leighton Buzzard Silica sand, was developed and studied in this experimental research paper.
Water flow through dams is one of the basic problems for geotechnical engineers. Seepage analysis in an important factor to be considered in the proper design of many civil engineering structures. Seepage can occur in both through the structure itself as the case of earth dams and under foundations of an engineering structure. Successful seepage analysis is achieved on the proper and accurate construction of a flow net.
Amongst the various existing methods of seepage analysis, the “Finite Element Method” and the method of “Experimental Flow Nets” are the most widely used ones.
Construction of a flow net is mainly used for solving water flow problems through porous media where the geometry makes sometimes analytical solutions impractical. This method is usually used in soil mechanics, geotechnical or civil engineering as an initial check for problems of water flow under hydraulic structures like embankments or dams. As such, a grid obtained by drawing a series of equipotential lines and stream or flow lines is called a flow net. In this procedure the Laplace equation principles must be satisfied.
Hence, the construction of a flow net is an important tool in analysing two-dimensional irrotational flow problems and provides an approximate solution to the flow problem by following simple rules, as initially set out by Forchheimer, 1900, and later refined by Casagrande,1937. It can also be very useful tool even for problems with complex geometries, as proven in this experimental research paper.
The objectives of this experimental research paper are:
• To determine the position and shape of the flow line representing the uppermost free water surface inside the body of a dam by using a drainage and seepage tank,
• To conceptualise the flow lines system and to demonstrate that each flow line starts perpendicular to the upstream slope of the dam and that that slope is a boundary equipotential line,
• To construct an experimental flow net and subsequently to verify and analyse it by the FEA method,
• To calculate the rate of seepage through the dam body, and
• To summarise the calculations and experimental findings in a concise and readable format.
In order to achieve these objectives, an experimental flow net system inside the body of a homogeneous earth embankment dam model was formulated by using a drainage and seepage tank.
From the constructed flow net in the present experimental research paper, an attempt has been made to analyze, determine and present the following parameters:
The pressure drop from one side of the embankment to the other,
The seepage flow rate in each flow “channel”,
The total seepage flow rate, and
The pore pressure ratio, ru, for the embankment.
Design mannual for small scale irrigation scheme bookSurendra Maharjan
This document provides an overview and guidelines for designing small-scale irrigation schemes in Nepal. It was published by the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development in association with HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation Nepal. The document defines key terms related to irrigation, describes various irrigation techniques like surface, subsurface and sprinkle irrigation. It also outlines the steps involved in project identification, feasibility study, surveys and hydrological analysis. Design guidelines are provided for headworks, canals, sediment control structures, canal structures and cross drainage works. Micro irrigation techniques like pond irrigation, sprinkle irrigation and drip irrigation are also covered. The document aims to provide practical design guidance for small irrigation projects tailored to the local context in Nepal.
Case study on effect of water table on bearing capacityAbhishek Mangukiya
The document discusses the effect of water table on soil bearing capacity. It states that a water table located within the width of a foundation's base will reduce the soil's bearing capacity. The bearing capacity equation is provided, along with factors to account for water table depth. If the water table is below the base width, it has no effect on bearing capacity. A case study finds that for a given project, the water table depth exceeds the foundation depth, so there is no water table effect on soil bearing capacity. In summary, the proximity of the water table can impact a soil's ability to support structural loads, and established methods account for water table levels in bearing capacity calculations.
Kennedy's theory provides a method for designing irrigation channels that will remain free from silting and scouring. It involves determining the critical velocity using Kennedy's equation and iteratively solving for the channel dimensions such that the mean velocity equals the critical velocity. There are three cases depending on what variables are given as inputs. The theory has shortcomings in that it involves trial and error and does not specify the channel shape beforehand.
This document lists 47 water resource engineering projects available for students in BE/B.Tech and ME/M.Tech programs through Sree Samarth Project Solution located in Aurangabad, India. The projects cover a wide range of topics including groundwater inventory, water treatment, water quality analysis, rainwater harvesting, wastewater recycling and more. Contact is provided for Lakade Sagar at the listed phone number and email for more details on the available projects.
This document provides information on spillway and energy dissipator design. It begins with an introduction to spillways, their classification, and factors considered in design. It then focuses on the design of ogee or overflow spillways. It discusses spillway crest profiles, discharge characteristics including effects of approach depth, upstream slope, and submergence. It provides example designs for overflow spillways and calculations for determining spillway length. The key aspects covered are types of spillways, design considerations, standard crest profiles, discharge equations, and worked examples for spillway sizing.
This document discusses the design of irrigation channels. It covers several key points:
1) The design of irrigation channels involves selecting the channel alignment, shape, size, bottom slope, and whether lining is needed. The design determines the cross-sectional area, depth, width, side slopes, and longitudinal slope.
2) Non-alluvial channels are excavated in soils with little silt, like clay or hard loam. They are designed based on maximum permissible velocity to prevent erosion. Manning's equation or Chezy's equation are used.
3) An example problem demonstrates designing a trapezoidal channel in non-erodible material to carry a discharge of 15 cubic meters per second with a
This document provides an overview of different seepage theories used in the design of hydraulic structures. It discusses three main theories: 1) Bligh's creep theory, which assumes seepage follows the base contour of the structure; 2) Lane's weighted creep theory, which applies a weighting factor to horizontal seepage; and 3) Khosla's theory, which models seepage using streamlines and flow nets derived from the Laplace equation. The document explains how each theory can be used to calculate hydraulic gradients, uplift pressures, and ensure safety against piping and structural failure. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying the theories to calculate uplift pressures and required floor thickness at different points.
This document discusses various types of canal regulation works including canal falls, escapes, regulators, and outlets. It describes the necessity and types of canal falls, which are constructed when the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed canal bed slope. The types of falls discussed include ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, straight glacis falls, trapezoidal notch falls, well or cylinder notch falls, Montague type falls, and Inglis or baffle falls. The document also discusses canal escapes, head regulators, cross regulators, silt control devices, and canal outlets/modules. In particular, it explains the functions and construction of head regulators and cross regulators.
The document provides information about stress distribution in soil due to self-weight and surface loads. It discusses Boussinesq's formula for calculating vertical stress in soil due to a concentrated surface load. The formula shows that vertical stress is directly proportional to the load, inversely proportional to depth squared, and depends on the ratio of radius to depth. A table of coefficient values used in the formula for different ratios of radius to depth is also provided.
This document provides an overview of the course content for Irrigation Engineering (170602). It discusses key topics that will be covered, including the definition and purpose of irrigation, different irrigation systems and methods, soil-water-plant relationships, water requirements of crops, irrigation efficiency, irrigation channels, head works, cross drainage works, and canal regulation works. Assignments include topics on the methods of irrigation, irrigation channels, diversion head works, and cross drainage works. Students will prepare presentations on different types of canal falls. Exams will include a university external exam, mid-semester exams, and a practical internal exam based on the presentations. Reference books are also provided.
This document summarizes the key aspects of box culvert design and analysis. Box culverts consist of horizontal and vertical slabs built monolithically, and are used for bridges with limited stream flows and high embankments up to spans of 4 meters. They are economical due to their rigidity and do not require separate foundations. Design loads include concentrated wheel loads, uniform loads from embankments and decks, sidewall weights, water pressure when full, earth pressures, and lateral loads. The culvert is analyzed for moments, shears, and thrusts using classical methods to determine force effects from these various loading conditions.
The document discusses the design of embankment dams. It defines embankment dams as dams constructed of natural materials like earth or rockfill. It describes the different types of embankment dams including homogeneous dams, zoned dams, and diaphragm dams. It also discusses important design considerations for embankment dams like controlling seepage, providing internal drainage, and ensuring the shear strength of the soil is sufficient to resist failure. Pore water pressure in saturated soils is identified as an important factor that reduces the effective stress and shear strength of soils in embankment dams.
Okay, let me solve this step-by-step:
Given:
Discharge of canal (Q) = 50 cumec
Let's assume:
Bed width (B) = x meters
Depth of water (D) = y meters
Cross-sectional area (A) = B*D + 1.5D^2
Wetted perimeter (P) = B + 3.6D
Hydraulic mean depth (R) = A/P
From the economical section condition:
R = D/2
Equating the two expressions of R and solving:
(B*D + 1.5D^2) / (B + 3
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
This document provides an overview of reservoir planning and surveys. It discusses the different types of reservoirs and surveys conducted in reservoir planning, including reconnaissance, preliminary, and detailed surveys. Key steps in reservoir planning include engineering, hydrological, and geological surveys to identify suitable dam sites and storage capacity. Control levels like top bund level, high flood level, and full tank level are also discussed. Factors affecting silting and methods to control silting are outlined. The document provides details on various stages of reservoir planning and development.
This document discusses canal irrigation and diversion head works. It begins by defining a canal as an artificial channel constructed to carry water from a river, tank, or reservoir to fields. Canals are classified based on their source of supply, financial output, function, and boundary surface. Unlined canals are designed using either Kennedy's Theory from 1895 or Lacey's Theory from 1939. Kennedy's Theory is based on experiments observing eddy formation and silt suspension. Lacey's Theory considers drawbacks of Kennedy's Theory and designs for regime conditions. Both theories use empirical formulae and have limitations in achieving true regime conditions and defining characteristics precisely.
The document discusses and compares the theories of Kennedy and Lacey regarding stable channel design for irrigation canals. Kennedy's theory is based on the concept of critical velocity to prevent silting, while Lacey's regime theory differentiates between true, initial, and final regimes and introduces the concept of a silt factor. The key differences between the two theories are also summarized.
Silt excluders are structures used to reduce silt entering canals. They work by skimming off the upper layers of flowing water, which contain less silt, while diverting the lower, silt-rich layers through tunnels. Key aspects of silt excluder design include the tunnels covering some but not all of the undersluice bays and being flushed with the head regulator crest. The efficiency of silt excluders depends on factors like the amount of water diverted through the tunnels and the grade of sediment.
Cross section of the canal, balancing depth and canal fslAditya Mistry
1) The document discusses the cross section of irrigation canals, including configurations for cutting, filling, and partial cutting/filling. It describes the main components of a canal cross section such as side slopes, berms, and banks.
2) Balancing depth is defined as the depth of cutting where the quantity of excavated earth equals the amount required to form the canal banks, resulting in the most economical cross section.
3) Canal FSL (Full Supply Level) refers to the normal maximum operating water level of a canal when not affected by floods, corresponding to 100% capacity.
This document presents a comparison of seepage analyses through earth dams using numerical and analytical methods. The numerical analysis uses the finite element method software SEEP/W to model seepage through earth dams with varying parameters such as mesh shape and size, upstream and downstream slope angles, internal clay core properties, and base material permeability. Analytical solutions from Schaffernak, Casagrande, Stello, and Fakhari are also used to calculate seepage for comparison. Results show that seepage calculated numerically is similar to results from the Casagrande and Stello analytical solutions, whereas it differs more from Schaffernak and Fakhari solutions. The effects of changing dam parameters on calculated
Experimental conceptualisation of the Flow Net system construction inside the...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
ABSTRACT
By means of a drainage and seepage tank, an experimental flow net system inside the body of a homogeneous earth embankment dam model, formed from Leighton Buzzard Silica sand, was developed and studied in this experimental research paper.
Water flow through dams is one of the basic problems for geotechnical engineers. Seepage analysis in an important factor to be considered in the proper design of many civil engineering structures. Seepage can occur in both through the structure itself as the case of earth dams and under foundations of an engineering structure. Successful seepage analysis is achieved on the proper and accurate construction of a flow net.
Amongst the various existing methods of seepage analysis, the “Finite Element Method” and the method of “Experimental Flow Nets” are the most widely used ones.
Construction of a flow net is mainly used for solving water flow problems through porous media where the geometry makes sometimes analytical solutions impractical. This method is usually used in soil mechanics, geotechnical or civil engineering as an initial check for problems of water flow under hydraulic structures like embankments or dams. As such, a grid obtained by drawing a series of equipotential lines and stream or flow lines is called a flow net. In this procedure the Laplace equation principles must be satisfied.
Hence, the construction of a flow net is an important tool in analysing two-dimensional irrotational flow problems and provides an approximate solution to the flow problem by following simple rules, as initially set out by Forchheimer, 1900, and later refined by Casagrande,1937. It can also be very useful tool even for problems with complex geometries, as proven in this experimental research paper.
The objectives of this experimental research paper are:
• To determine the position and shape of the flow line representing the uppermost free water surface inside the body of a dam by using a drainage and seepage tank,
• To conceptualise the flow lines system and to demonstrate that each flow line starts perpendicular to the upstream slope of the dam and that that slope is a boundary equipotential line,
• To construct an experimental flow net and subsequently to verify and analyse it by the FEA method,
• To calculate the rate of seepage through the dam body, and
• To summarise the calculations and experimental findings in a concise and readable format.
In order to achieve these objectives, an experimental flow net system inside the body of a homogeneous earth embankment dam model was formulated by using a drainage and seepage tank.
From the constructed flow net in the present experimental research paper, an attempt has been made to analyze, determine and present the following parameters:
The pressure drop from one side of the embankment to the other,
The seepage flow rate in each flow “channel”,
The total seepage flow rate, and
The pore pressure ratio, ru, for the embankment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IRJET- Soil Water Retention Curve of an Unsaturated Sand Under Square Footing...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on determining the bearing capacity of unsaturated sand under a square footing considering matric suction. Initial tests were conducted on soil samples to determine properties. Plate load tests were performed on the sand in its natural, fully saturated, and unsaturated states to measure the ultimate bearing capacity under each condition. Matric suction values of soil samples extracted from different depths after testing were measured using a filter paper method. The results were compared to theoretical bearing capacity values calculated using a modified Terzaghi equation. The relationship between bearing capacity and matric suction was also analyzed.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a study on the characteristics of pervious concrete. The study tested 7 different mixes of pervious concrete that varied the type and size of coarse aggregate and use of fine aggregate. 42 concrete specimens were cast and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and void ratio. The mix with river sand fine aggregate and 12mm coarse aggregate (M4) performed best with 83% higher compressive strength, 72% higher flexural strength, and 51% lower void ratio than the control mix without fine aggregate (M1). In general, the addition of fine aggregate improved the strength of pervious concrete while reducing the void ratio.
In many projects, water logging of parking and walkway is the major issue, especially during monsoon, as pavement and floors are normally impermeable. As the usage of pervious concrete is continuously increasing dramatically, a better understanding of linkages between microstructure,
transport properties and durability will assist in mix preparation and design. In this study deals with the effect of fine aggregate in strength and durability properties of pervious concrete. A total numbers of 42 specimens were cast cured and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and void ratio.
Seismic performance of a layered liquefiable site validation of numerical sim...Mahir Badanagki, Ph.D.
In this paper, the results of a centrifuge experiment modeling of a layered soil profile, including a liquefiable layer of Ottawa sand, are used to evaluate the predictive capabilities of two state ofthe-art constitutive models.
This document presents a dimensional analysis of the sludge filtration process using a sand drying bed. The analysis derives an equation to model sludge filtration that incorporates the compressibility coefficient. Experimental data from a pilot-scale sand drying bed is used to validate the theoretical equation. The experimental and theoretical slopes and intercepts show close agreement, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.94-0.98, validating the derived equation. The equation accounts for factors such as sludge compressibility believed to affect the filtration process.
Application Methods artificial neural network(Ann) Back propagation structure...irjes
This document describes a study that used an artificial neural network with backpropagation (ANN-BP) to predict Manning's roughness coefficient.
- The ANN-BP model was trained on 352 data points from laboratory experiments measuring flow parameters. It used a 7-10-1 network architecture with 10 neurons in the input layer, 10 neurons in the hidden layer, and 1 neuron in the output layer.
- The model achieved a correlation coefficient of 0.980 when comparing predicted and simulated roughness coefficients. The mean squared error was 0.00000177 and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency value was 0.597, indicating good model performance.
This document summarizes an experimental study on controlling base pressure in a suddenly expanded flow using micro jets. The study varied the area ratio of the enlarged duct, the length to diameter ratio of the duct from 10 to 1, and nozzle pressure ratios from 1.5 to 3.0. Micro jets located around the base region were used for active control. Results found that micro jets were effective at increasing base pressure and did not disturb the wall pressure distribution. For length to diameter ratios from 4 to 2, oscillations in pressure were observed at nozzle pressure ratios of 2.5 to 3.0, but these were reduced by increasing the length to diameter ratio or decreasing the nozzle pressure ratio. The micro jets provided effective control of base pressure under
This study aims to investigate the effect of single cavity when it presence at a
specific location within the homogenous soil, on the behavior of seepage and uplift
pressure under a hydraulic structure. The results are analyzed to introduce
deterministic formulae for calculating the amount of seepage and the uplift pressure
head. The work was done in three stages by using experimental investigation; the first
stage includes 36 models of 75mm in diameter cavity, while the second and the third
stages includes eight models for each with 100mm and 34mm diameter of cavity,
respectively. The results shows that, when the cavity presence at the left side its impact
was positive on the seepage behavior. While the influence was changed to a negative
impact when the cavity presence at the right side, except at some specific locations. The
statistical software has been employed to generate the two deterministic formulae, and
the results of multiple regressions are checked by statistical indices for the purpose of
recognizing the reliability of the proposed formulae.
Experimental and Analytical Study on Uplift Capacity -Formatted Paper.pdfSamirsinh Parmar
Horizontal Plate Anchor,
Cohesion less soil,
Uplift anchor,
The uplift capacity of the anchor,
Breakout factor,
ground anchors,
Experimental analysis,
Analytical Verification,
Embedment Ratio
Implementation of a Finite Element Model to Generate Synthetic data for Open ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the implementation of a finite element model to generate synthetic groundwater data for dewatering an open pit mine. The model considers different pumping scenarios with varying numbers of pumping wells. It includes details on the conceptual model of the pit geometry and aquifer properties. The model is discretized into finite elements and simulated using FEFLOW software. Four scenarios are modeled with 3, 6, 9, or 12 pumping wells operating over 5 months. Results show decreasing water levels in the pit lake with increasing numbers of wells, but flooding would still occur with only 6 wells after 5 months of pumping.
The document discusses a study that aimed to determine the permeability of filter cakes formed by septic tank sludge. Two types of laboratory filters were used - ones filled with fine sand and ones made of geotextiles. The permeability of the filter cakes decreased linearly as organic solids accumulated. Based on the amount of organic solids applied, the permeability and predicted failure time of the filter cake can be estimated, with smaller pore diameter filters and higher organic concentrations leading to the shortest failure times of under two years.
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Modeling Sediment Accumulation at Kenyir Reservoir Using GSTARS3ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The document summarizes experiments conducted to study the effect of dissipation blocks on the energy downstream of compound weirs. 240 experimental runs were performed using different types of triangular, horizontally, and vertically cut dissipation blocks placed in the stilling basin. Measurements of relative energy dissipation, hydraulic jump length, and roller length were taken for each experimental configuration. The results showed that compound weirs with lower V-notches and all dissipation block types had high energy dissipation efficiency, especially at high discharges. Hydraulic characteristic values were better for triangular cut angles of 45° and 60° compared to other block configurations. In conclusion, dissipation blocks improved hydraulic performance by increasing energy dissipation and reducing hydraulic jump length.
This document describes an extension of the SRICOS method for predicting scour depth at bridge piers. The extended method, called E-SRICOS, accounts for variable flow velocities over time (velocity-time histories) and multilayer soil stratigraphy. It accumulates the effects of different velocities and sequences through soil layers to predict scour depth. The document outlines the E-SRICOS algorithms and procedures. It also presents a simplified version, S-SRICOS, and compares predictions of both methods to measurements at eight bridge sites in Texas.
Similar to MODIFICATION OF THE CASAGRANDE'S EQUATION OF PHREATIC LINE (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
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2. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 2 editor@iaeme.com
analytical method suggested by A. Casagrande[2]
(1940). For this we have constructed three models
for each case with same water content to determine the best phreatic line close to the one obtained by
the analytical method and the phreatic line was traced using butter paper on the long side of the
apparatus. Three models for each case, that is, the case with and without filter were made and the
phreatic line obtained is plotted on Ms excel and compared with analytically obtained equation.
Model was made in the Geotechnical laboratory of Civil Department, Delhi Technological
University. Further, using the results of this experiment, we have suggested the best modified
equation for the phreatic in an earthen dam made of sandy silt material. This equation derived is
much more accurate than the one given by A. Casagrande.
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The real time problem for this study is defined as in Figure 1. The example selected is a
simplified representation of a typical homogeneous earth-fill dam geometry with an impervious
foundation.
The geometry of the problem: height: 15.75 m, width of crest: 10.5 m, base length: 48.75 m,
upstream slope: 1: 1.42, downstream slope: 1: 1 and Upstream water level: 13.5m. The dry and bulk
unit weight of earth-fill dam soil are 15.70 KN/m3
and 19.20 KN/m3
respectively. Also the
permeability of base soil is 5.33 x 10-7
m/sec.
The distorted modelling is used in this case for the experiment purpose and the details of the
same are discussed latter in the paper.
Fig 1. Dimensions of Real time Earthfill Dam Problem
3. CHARACTERISATION OF BASE SOIL
The experiments for determining the physical properties of base soil were conducted prior
to the modeling of the earthen dam and the properties of the base soil used have been specified in
Table 1.
3. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 3 editor@iaeme.com
Table 1 Soil characterization IS 2720(Part 3)
4. MODEL & EXPERIMENTALAPPARATUS
A small scale model is built after doing carrying out dimensional analysis of real system.
This model represents an earth-fill homogenous dam on an impervious foundation. Distorted
modeling is done in this case by taking the horizontal scaling ratio as 1/75 for the base dimensions
and a vertical scale ratio of 1/45 for the height of dam. Sandy silt soil is used as the embankment
material & tamping is done layer by layer of 2.5 cm thickness to obtain a uniform dry density in
whole experiments. The phreatic line in the earth fill embankments have been determined by the use
of the potassium permanganate solution.
Fig 2. Dimensions of the Prototype without filter
The geometry of the embankment for without any filter is show is shown in Fig 2 and the
one with a horizontal filter is shown is Fig 3. The dimensions of the prototype are as follows: height :
0.35 m, width of crest : 0.14 m, base length: 0.65 m , upstream slope : 1 : 0.86, downstream slope : 1
: 0.6 and Upstream water level: 0.30 m.
Fig 3. Dimensions of the Prototype with filter
Characteristic Property Method Used Values
Optimum moisture Standard Proctor test` 14 %
Specific Gravity Pycnometer 2.65
Grain Size Distribution Sieve Analysis
& Wet Sieving
Gravel-2% Sand-26%,
Clay -56% & Silt -16%
Bulk & Dry Unit Density Core Cutter 19.20kN/m3
& 15.70kN/m3
Liquid Limit Casagrande Exp 32%
Plastic Limit Rolling 3mm thread 21%
Plasticity Index LL - PL 11%
4. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 4 editor@iaeme.com
5. EXPERIMENTAL SOLUTION
The model is built in a plastic sheet (5 mm thick) channel of 0.76 m length, 0.3084 m width,
0.3084 m height, which was used to facilitate the observations of the behavior of seepage water and
the process of earth fill embankment failure.
Fig 4. General View of Earth-fill dam
5.1 Determination of Volume of Prototype
V: Volume of Embankment
M1: Mass of Soil Expected of Cube
M2: Mass of Soil Expected for Embankment
V= [(0.5 x 0.35 x 0.3) + (0.14 x 0.35) + (0.5 x 0.21 x 0.35)] x 0.3048
= 0.0421386 m3
M1 = 0.65 x 0.35 x 0.3048 x 1920 = 133 kg
M2 = 0.0421386 x1920 = 80.9 kg
5.2 Determining No. of Blows on each layer
For Standard Proctor Compaction Test
W = Weight of compactor = 2.6 kg
h = Height of fall = 0.310 m
V = Volume of cylinder = 0.001m3
n = Number of blow = 25
m = Number of layers = 3
Taking for the earth-fill dam,
n’
= Number of blows in each layer
m’
= Number of layers =10
“Compacting effort of standard proctor in lab = compacting effort of standard proctor on
embankment”= energy/ volume is constant=W x h x n x m/V
Compacting effort of standard proctor in lab = 2.6 x0.31x25 x 3 /0.001 = 60450 J/m3
…Eq (1)
Compacting effort of standard proctor on embankment using eq (1)
= (2.6 x 0.31 x n’ x 10) /0.0421386 =191.2 x n’
5. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp
Therefore, n’= 60450/191.27 = 316
Assuming Efficiency (η) of tamping as 50 %
Now, the total number of blows = 316 x 2 =
6. TRACING OF PHREATIC CURVES
6.1. Case 1: Without filter
In order to determine the position of the phreatic li
(Optimum Moisture Content) without filter
the earthfill dam is found out. The following
paper for the trial 1. Figure 8 indicates the ideal phreatic line obtained analytically and the
lines obtained for all trials, which are
the butter paper.
Fig 5: Phreatic line tracing for Dam without filter
6.2. Case 2: With Horizontal filter
Similarly, in order to determine the position
14% (Optimum Moisture Content) using horizontal f
Further, the most accurate position of the phreatic line in the earthfill dam is found out. The
following Fig 6 shows the phreatic line obtained on the butter paper for the trial 1 and Fig
the ideal phreatic line obtained analytically
replicated on the excel sheet using the coordinates obtained on the
Fig 6:
f The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava,
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 5
60450/191.27 = 316
tamping as 50 %
the total number of blows = 316 x 2 = 632 blows
TRACING OF PHREATIC CURVES
In order to determine the position of the phreatic line, three trials are done for
without filter. Further, the most accurate position of the phreatic line in
The following Fig 5 shows the phreatic line obtained on the b
indicates the ideal phreatic line obtained analytically and the
, which are replicated on the excel sheet using the coordinat
Phreatic line tracing for Dam without filter
orizontal filter
n order to determine the position of the phreatic line, three trials are done for
Moisture Content) using horizontal filter of length 0.21m and thickness 0.022m.
position of the phreatic line in the earthfill dam is found out. The
ows the phreatic line obtained on the butter paper for the trial 1 and Fig
the ideal phreatic line obtained analytically along with the lines obtained for all t
using the coordinates obtained on the butter paper.
: Phreatic line tracing for Dam with filter
f Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
GISI) www.jifactor.com
editor@iaeme.com
trials are done for 14%
position of the phreatic line in
shows the phreatic line obtained on the butter
indicates the ideal phreatic line obtained analytically and the phreatic
using the coordinates obtained on
of the phreatic line, three trials are done for
ilter of length 0.21m and thickness 0.022m.
position of the phreatic line in the earthfill dam is found out. The
ows the phreatic line obtained on the butter paper for the trial 1 and Fig 9 indicates
the lines obtained for all trials, which are
butter paper.
6. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 6 editor@iaeme.com
7. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
7.1. Assumptions
1. Homogenous, isotropic cross section
2. Relatively Impervious base
3. No special toe drainage
4. Darcy’s law is valid i.e. q = ky dy/dx
5. Steady state seepage.
6. Capillary action is not considered
7.2. Definition of terms
(As shown in Fig 7 & Fig 8)
Bo - Point of Intersection of the basic parabola with the water surface.
h - Height of upstream water level
o - Slope distance from toe of dam to point of discharge
α - Angle of discharge face from the toe =45o
x,y - Coordinates of any point on the basic parabola, measured from toe of dam.
ao- Distance along base line between toe of dam and vertex of basic parabola
yo - Ordinate of basic parabola at toe of dam
k - Coefficient of permeability of soil =5.33 x10-7 m/sec
C- Point at which the phreatic line intersect the discharge slope
Co- Point at which the phreatic line intersect the discharge slope
Δo- Distance between C and Co
Fig 7. Determination of phreatic line in an earthfill dam without filter [7]
7.3. CALCULATION
7.3.1 Determining the Phreatic line in a dam without filter:
According to the analytical solution suggested by A.Casagrande [2]
, we calculate the
empirical equation for the phreatic line:
7. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 7 editor@iaeme.com
m = 0.30 * 0.86 = 0.258 m
BOB =0.3 x0.258 =0.0774 m
h = 0.30 m
And d = 0.65 - 0.7*0.258 = 0.4694 m
From equation:
p = 0.5 (√ (d2 + h2) – d) ......Eq(2)
p = 0.5(√ (0.46942 + 0.302) – 0.4694)
p= 0.04383
Using the Casagrande equation:
x = (y2 – 4p2)/4p .......Eq(3)
y2 = 0.175x + 0.00768 ......Eq(4)
The correction to the parabola is obtained by the following graph:
Taking equation of a line:
y= x tan α ......Eq (5)
The coordinates of point 'C' can be determined by solving Eq (3) & Eq (5)
Substituting the value of z from Eq (3),
x= (x tan α)2
– 4p2
/ 4p2
x2
tan2
α – 4px – 4p2
= 0
Hence,
x2
(1/0.6)^2 – 4(0.04383)x – 4(0.0483)2
= 0
2.77x2
– 0.1692x – 0.00933 = 0 ......Eq(6)
The solution of the above Eq(4) gives x = 9.6 x10-2
m.
So, we get
ΔCO= √ (.0962
+ (.096(1/0.6))2
= 18.66 x10-2
m.= o + Δo
For 59.032 downstream slope angle, the correction is obtained from the Casagrande Chart[2]
Δo/ (o + Δo) = 0.32
Δo = 0.32 x 18.66 x10-2
m.== 5.97 x10-2
m
o = (o + Δo) – (Δo)
o = ( 18.66 – 5.97)x10-2
m = 12.69 x10-2
m
So, o = ΔC = 12.69 x10-2
m
7.3.2 Determining the Phreatic line in a dam with filter:
According to the analytical solution suggested by A. Casagrande [2]
, we calculate the
empirical equation for the phreatic line:
Length of filter (l) = 21 cm & Thickness of filter = 2.2cm
m = 0.30 * 0.86 = 0.258 m
8. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 8 editor@iaeme.com
Fig8. Phreatic lines for trials and ideal case at OMC for earthen dam without filter case
Fig 9. Determination of phreatic line in an earthfill dam with filter[7]
BOB = 0.3 x m = 0.0774m
h = 0.3 - 0.022* m = 0.278m
And d = 0.65 - 0.7 *m-l = 0.2594 m
From equation:
p = 0.5 ( √ (d2 + h2) - d ) ......Eq(7)
p = 0.5( √ (0.25942 + 0.2782) – 0.2594 )
p= 0.0604
Using the Casagrande equation:
x = (y2 – 4p2)/4p …...Eq(8)
y2 = 0.242x + 0.0146 ......Eq(9)
9. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 9 editor@iaeme.com
Fig10. Phreatic lines for trials and ideal case at OMC for earthen dam with filter case
Fig11. Comparison of phreatic lines for best trial and ideal case at OMC for both cases
10. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 10 editor@iaeme.com
8. EVALUATION OF EQUATION OF PHREATIC LINE FOR EXPERIMENTAL DATA
MS-EXCEL Statistical Package has been used to design regression models. Subsequently,
their statistical feature i.e. R square for the model (coefficient of determination) were checked as
shown in Tables 2 and 3 to satisfy the statistical robustness.
8.1. Test Regression Models Statistically
R square for the model represents the coefficient of determination that measures the
proportional reduction of total variation in ”y” of phreatic line using “x” as independent variable
where x, y- Coordinates of any point on the basic parabola ,measured from toe of dam or toe of
horizontal filter. In other words, it represents the total variability in y explained by x.
Checking the models in the two tables- Table 2 and 3 indicates that R square is above 0.9
for all of them. This implies that data varies little around the fitted models
From Table 2, Trial 3+No Filter case which has regression equation- y = 7.3567ln(x) - 0.7871 ,has R
square as 0.94 that is higher than that for the analytical solution suggested by A. Casagrande[2].
Similarly, for the Trial 2 +Filter case which has regression equation- y = 28.465ln(x) -
78.724 ,has R square as 0.9858 that is higher as compared to the Casagrande[2]
analytical solution as
seen from Table 3.
Table 2.Models for y coordinate for No filter case
No. Case Model R²
1 TC+ No Filter y2
= 17.5x + 0.768 0.9391
2 T1+No Filter y = 7.466ln(x) - 0.4175 0.9303
3 T2+No Filter y = 6.7849ln(x) - 0.8776 0.9334
4 T3+No Filter y = 7.3567ln(x) - 0.7871 0.9400
Table 3. Models for y coordinate for filter case
Table 4. Comparison for Casagrande, Experimental & Proposed Solution for No filter case
No. Case Model R²
1 TC+Filter y2
= 24.2x + 1.46 0.9814
2 T1+Filter y = 27.724ln(x) - 77.321 0.9817
3 T2+Filter y = 28.465ln(x) - 78.724 0.9858
4 T3+Filter y = 24.524ln(x) - 67.174 0.9841
x
[x 10-2
m]
y casagrande
[x 10-2
m]
yexperimental
[x 10-2
m]
yproposed
[x 10-2
m]
5 9.40 10.50 11.05
10 13.26 14.30 16.15
15 16.23 17.45 19.14
20 18.73 19.80 21.25
25 20.93 22.10 22.89
30 22.93 24.20 24.23
35 24.76 26.00 25.37
40 26.47 27.77 26.35
45 28.08 29.50 27.22
11. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 11 editor@iaeme.com
Table 5. Comparison for Casagrande, Experimental & Proposed Solution for filter case
x
[x 10-2
m]
y casagrande
[x 10-2
m]
yexperimental
[x 10-2
m]
yproposed
[x 10-2
m]
25 12.11 13.50 12.90
30 17.01 18.90 18.09
35 20.65 22.90 22.48
40 23.68 26.20 26.28
45 26.33 29.20 29.63
9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The phreatic lines for the trials are plotted on the excel sheet and compared with the
analytical solution given by A Casagrande as shown in Fig 8 and Fig 10 for no filter and filter case.
For both cases we find that the phreatic line obtained by the experimental method is more accurate
than that suggested by Casagrande.
In this section, by making use of regression models for the trials having a greater R square
than the Casagrande solution. We obtain y coordinates for analytical, experimental and proposed
solution as shown in Table 4 and Table 5. Further, a modified equation for the cases of with &
without filter have been proposed in Section 9.1. which can be used in the case of sandy silt soil.
9.1 Modified equation for without filter case
The proposed equation in this case is presented in the logarithmic form as follows:
y = a ln(x) + b ......Eq (10)
Here, a & b are constants and are dependent on the soil type & soil density.
These values are taken as
a= 7.3567; b= - 0.7871 in the case of sandy silt soil.
Table 4 displays the accuracy of the points of our proposed phreatic line equation compared
to that of the experimentally acquired points.
8.2 Modified equation for the filter case
The proposed equation in the filter case is presented in the logarithmic form as follows:
The proposed equation in this case is presented in the logarithmic form as follows:
y = c ln(x) + d ......Eq (11)
Here, c & d are constants and are dependent on the soil type & soil density.
These values are taken as
c= 28.465; d= -78.724 in the case of sand silt soil.
Table 5 displays the accuracy of the points of our proposed phreatic line equation compared
to that of the experimentally acquired points.
9. CONCLUSION
The proposed modified equations for the phreatic line i.e. Eq (10) and Eq (11) are more
accurate than the ones suggested by the A. Casagrande[2].
The tables 4 and 5 in the above section
display the accuracy of the proposed equations compared to that of the experimentally obtained
points. The modified phreatic line equations can be used for an earthen dam made of sandy silt
material. The line obtained will be more accurate and close to the actual phreatic line. For both cases,
the equations obtained are more accurate and we propose that a similar relation might be valid for
other materials also. Further research can be carried out for different materials and more accurate
equations can be developed for each case. After developing equations, a correlation between these
12. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 12 editor@iaeme.com
lines can be made to propose a common equation that can be used for every material. This proposal
can be a future scope of work.
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Status Report on the Use of Geotextiles in Embankment Dam Construction and
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239-243.
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Online: 0976 – 6316.
13. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 13 editor@iaeme.com
BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. A.K. SHRIVASTAVA, Associate professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi obtained his Ph. D in 2012
from IIT Delhi, India. His main areas of research is geotechnical engineering,
strength & deformation behavior of rocks & rock masses, pavement engg.
instrumentation in laboratory and field testing.
ANURAG JAIN, Final year undergraduate, Delhi Technological University. His
main areas of research is checking the stability of stuctures and all the parameters
related to it to make structure better and long lasting.
DEEPALI KANSAL, Final year undergraduate, Delhi Technological University.
Her main areas of research is use of mathematical economics, statistics and
econometrics in different fields such as civil engg.
SHASHANK GUPTA, Final year undergraduate, Delhi Technological University.
His main areas of research is study of behavior of structures under different loading
conditions, earthquake engineering and structural dynamics.