Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
A REVIEW OF VARIOUS SOIL MOISTUREMEASUREMENT TECHNIQUESBhushan Patil
This paper presents review of the different eight methods for measurement of soil moisture and describes the principle used, methodology, advantages, disadvantages and comparison. Described methods are Gravimetric method, Neutron moderation (NM), Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR), Frequency Domain Reflectometer (FDR), Amplitude Domain Reflectometer (ADR), Phase Transmission (PT), Time Domain Transmission (TDT) and Tensiometer method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
A REVIEW OF VARIOUS SOIL MOISTUREMEASUREMENT TECHNIQUESBhushan Patil
This paper presents review of the different eight methods for measurement of soil moisture and describes the principle used, methodology, advantages, disadvantages and comparison. Described methods are Gravimetric method, Neutron moderation (NM), Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR), Frequency Domain Reflectometer (FDR), Amplitude Domain Reflectometer (ADR), Phase Transmission (PT), Time Domain Transmission (TDT) and Tensiometer method.
So we were tasked to write scientific papers about the five ecosystems which we have sampled namely: Forest, Grassland, Stream, Coastal Marine, and Mangrove Ecosystems. But then since it was such a handful assignment, our teacher agreed that we can pick only two of these ecosystems that we'll make a scientific paper about and I chose Grassland and Coastal Marine Ecosystems.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Soil Sampling is a very common practice in the Spring and Fall. However in other parts of the country, June and August are very popular months. This document reviews the process of collecting a proper soil for analysis.
This presentation covers direct and indirect methods of moisture measurement with clear descriptions of installation, principle, interpretation of readings, advantages and disadvantages of each method.
So we were tasked to write scientific papers about the five ecosystems which we have sampled namely: Forest, Grassland, Stream, Coastal Marine, and Mangrove Ecosystems. But then since it was such a handful assignment, our teacher agreed that we can pick only two of these ecosystems that we'll make a scientific paper about and I chose Grassland and Coastal Marine Ecosystems.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Soil Sampling is a very common practice in the Spring and Fall. However in other parts of the country, June and August are very popular months. This document reviews the process of collecting a proper soil for analysis.
This presentation covers direct and indirect methods of moisture measurement with clear descriptions of installation, principle, interpretation of readings, advantages and disadvantages of each method.
this ppt deals with the production, processing and harvesting of spirulina as SCP. it also describes about the benefits of using spirulina as the protein supplement for enriching one's health when there is nutritional deprivation.
ABSTRACT: Okra commonly called lady finger or bhindi is one of the most popular and extensively grown
vegetable crop all over India. Water and fertilizers plays a major role in okra production. Drip fertigation is
the technique which applies fertilizers with water by drip irrigation system. In the present paper, as reported by
different research workers throughout world drip fertigation in okra saves 20% to 61% of water, increases yield
by 13% to 76%, fertilizer saving from 15% to 30% and results in higher water use efficiency from 35.5% to 50.8
% as compared with traditional method. It is also economically viable with benefit to cost ratio varying from
1.41 to 2.99.
KEYWORDS: Drip fertigation, drip irrigation, water use efficiency, okra, yield
________________________________________________________________________________________
Evaluation of Irrigation Application Efficiency: Case Study of Chanchaga Irri...AZOJETE UNIMAID
Water is an integral issue needed to attain the desired targets but good quality water for irrigation purpose is gradually become scarce. The seasonal nature of rainfall can give rise to water stress at critical periods of growth. This research attempts to evaluate the irrigation application efficiency of Chanchaga irrigation scheme, Minna, Niger state. A hand auger was used to bore to a desired depth to remove samples of the moist soil. Samples of the moist soil removed was placed in a can, covered and taken to the laboratory. The specific gravity (apparent) of the soil particle and the depth of water applied were determined using volumetric method, water application efficiency is determined using Gravimetric Method of Soil Moisture Content (Pw) Determination. The moisture content of the field after irrigation water is applied falls between the ranges of 51.1% and 51.5%, with an average of 51.28%, in this case the average amount of water applied is about 4.68%, this shows a little increase in the moisture content of the soil in the field. It was concluded that the efficiency of water application obtained is adequate and a good result considering the available management practice in terms of system operation, monitoring and evaluation.
Effect Of Water On Slope Stability And Investigation Of ΝΝw Drainage Techniqu...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
pillow irrigation is the advance stage of the drip irrigation and furrow irrigation where the weed control can be done without any expenditure and mechanical work
THE MODELING OF SLOPE EROSION RATE BY USING PADDY STRAW FIBERS AS COVER FOR L...IAEME Publication
This research aims to analyze the slope erosion rate by using paddy straw fibers as cover for land surface. This study is testing in the laboratory by using USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) model as a comparison to determine the amount of the reduction of the erosion rate that occurs, both on the land without the covering or covering. Research conducted with 3 variations in the intensity of rain that is 50 mm/hour, 100 mm/hour and 120 mm/hour and use artificial rainfall with a Rainfall Simulator. The results of this research show that the rate of erosion on soil that was given in the form of straw fibers cover layer of the paddy with the covering percentage is 30% dry weight or 38, 7 gr/m2 has decreased when compared with the rate of erosion occurring on the ground without covering.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 9, Issue 7 (January 2014), PP. 15-19
Soil Erosion Studies on Micro Plots
Kurien E. K1., Praveena.K.K2., Rehna.M3, Shijila.E4
1
Associate Professor, Kelappaji College
Tavanur,
2,3,4
U.G.Student, Kelappaji College of
Tavanur,
of Agricultural engineering and Technology,
Kerala, India
Agricultural engineering and Technology,
Kerala, India
Abstract:- Soil erosion is one of the most serious environment degradation problem. However reliable
measurement of erosion remains limited and estimates of soil productivity are even rarer. Nevertheless,
identification and assessment of erosion problems could have an important role in influencing better land use
and conservation practices. Rainfall simulators are considered as effective aids in soil conservation research.
Simulators make it possible to produce predetermined storms at any desired time and location. Laterite soils are
by far the most important soil group occurring in Kerala and cover the largest area. The objective of this study
was to estimate soil loss and runoff of laterite soil at different land slopes under simulated rainfall conditions.
The soil loss and runoff increased with increase in the rainfall intensity for different slopes studied.
Keywords:- Soil erosion, rainfall simulators, soil loss, runoff
I.
INTRODUCTION
Soil erosion is a two phase process consisting of the detachment of individual particles from soil mass
and their transport by erosive agents such as running water and wind [3]. When sufficient energy is no longer
available to transport the particles, a third phase (deposition) occurs.
The amount of erosion from raindrops has been linked to the rainfall characteristics such as the rainfall
intensity, drop diameter, impact velocity and rainfall kinetic energy. The size, distribution and shape of rain
drops influence the energy, amount and erosivity of rainstorm. Median drop size increases with the increase in
the rainfall intensity [1].
Rainfall simulators have been used to accelerate research in soil erosion and runoff from agricultural
lands, high ways etc. Simulated rainfall as water applied in a form similar to natural rainfall [2].
The limitations of these types of rainfall simulators are that continuous jets of rain hit the soil at particular
points below the drop former, which may not happen in nature and close spacing of drop formers adopted for
getting a better uniformity resulted in high rainfall intensities than desired [6].
Researchers studying runoff and soil loss from rainfall have recognized the desirability of using rainfall
simulators to supplement and expedite their investigations. The use of a rainfall simulator enables nearly
immediate evaluation of carefully controlled plot conditions as well as observations of the erosion process
involved. Basic characters of a natural rain storm which are required to be simulated in a laboratory are rainfall
intensity, uniformity of distribution of raindrops, drop size and rainfall velocity approaching the terminal
velocity of the natural rainfall.
II.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Micro soil loss plots were established to study the rill erosion process. The soil is reddish brown and
belongs to the textural class of sandy clay loam. The experimental set up consisted of three unit’s viz., the runoff
plot, the rainfall simulator and the runoff-sediment collection unit. Two runoff plots, one on flat land and other
on land with a slope of 3 per cent and each with a size of 3.5x2.5 m were prepared. The rainfall simulator
designed and fabricated could apply the desired rainfall over the runoff plot. The runoff containing the
sediments was collected at the outlet for analysis. The designed rate of water was applied over the runoff plot
using the rainfall simulator.
Design and fabrication of rainfall simulator
A rainfall of desired intensity was produced by using microsprinklers of maximum discharge capacity
of 160 litre per hour with a wetted circle diameter of 3 m. A framework was fabricated to support the sprinkler
heads with the dimension of 3.5 m x 2.5 m using aluminum pipe of diameter 1.91cm [5]. The pipes were joined
at the corners using an elbow. The frame work was supported by legs of height 1m at the four corners. A 4 cm
long GI pipe was welded to the elbow and the legs were connected to it. Two transverse pipes were joined to the
frame using a T- joint made of GI pipe.
15
2. Soil Erosion Studies on Micro Plots
The microsprinklers used for the study has a maximum discharge capacity of 160 litre per hour with a
wetted circle diameter of 3 m. The sprinkler unit was connected to the lateral and mounted onto the framework.
The spacing between the sprinklers was adjusted in order to get maximum intensity and uniformity within the
study area. The simulated rainfall could produce rainfall of intensities varying from 3.33 to 4.52 cm/h.
Testing of rainfall simulator:
Intensity
The pressure of supply water was kept as 0.5 kg/cm². The entrapped air was removed and the simulator
was operated freely for 10 minutes. Twenty four catch cans of 13 cm diameter were placed at a grid spacing of
50 cm x 50 cm, simultaneously while raining. The unit was operated for 10 minutes. The volume of water
collected in each can was recorded. The volume of water collected was converted into its equivalent depth. The
test was repeated for supply pressure of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 kg/cm² respectively. The intensity was calculated for each
supply pressure of water.
Uniformity
The pressure of supply water was kept at 0.5 kg/cm². The entrapped air was removed. Catch cans of 13
cm diameter were placed in the rain at 24 grid stations at an interval of 50 cm x 50 cm. The unit was operated
for 10 minutes. The volume of water collected in each can was recorded and was converted into its equivalent
depth
of rainfall. . The uniformity coefficient (Cu) percent was calculated using the Christiansen’s formula;
𝑪𝒖 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎[𝟏 −
Ʃ𝒙
]
𝒎𝒏
Where,
Cu - uniformity coefficient, %
m - Average value of all observations, mm
n - Number of observations
x - Numerical deviation of individual observations from the average application rate.
The uniformity coefficient was calculated for the inner area of size 3.5 m x 2.5 m. The experiment was
repeated for various intensities of rainfall.
Erosion study:
Erosion Plot Layout
Each erosion plot selected for the study was 2.5 meter wide and 3.5 meter in length. The plots were
delineated at its four sides by raising the soil level to form bunds. The bunds were raised to a level such that the
water falling over the plot does not over flow to the surrounding area. At the top of the erosion plot, the bunds
were made into right angles for the corners. At the bottom edge of each plot the bunds were angled across the
slope towards a triangular tray made of 22 gauge GI sheet. The runoff generated in the plot was directed to a
collector using the triangular tray. The tray had a cover made of the same material to prevent the simulated rain
falling outside the test plot from mixing with the runoff. The outlet of the tray was directed to a pit of size 1 m x
1 m x 1 m. The runoff was collected in suitable containers placed in the pit.
Study of soil loss and runoff
The experimental plot was exposed to a simulated rainfall of intensity 3.33 cm/h by adjusting the
pressure of water supply. A wet run was given until a steady state of runoff generated in the plot. The runoff
with eroded soil was collected in a vessel placed below the narrow channel of the triangular tray in the pit, for a
period of 5 minutes. The amount of runoff was recorded. The same procedure was repeated for rainfall of
intensities 3.7, 4.07 and 4.52 cm/h and collected the corresponding runoff with eroded soil.
Computation of sediment load
The runoff sample was allowed to settle for a period of one week. Then the clear water was removed
and the sediment was separated by evaporation technique. The weight of the sediment was recorded. The test
was conducted for rainfall of intensities3.33, 3.70, 4.07 and 4.52cm/h. The same procedure was repeated for the
second plot.
Development of rills
The development of rills in terms of number and length was monitored at each interval of time during
the rainfall. The procedure was conducted for the selected intensities of rainfall at different land slopes.
16
3. Soil Erosion Studies on Micro Plots
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The simulator was tested to determine the intensity and uniformity of application of the rainfall
produced. After the performance evaluation of the simulator, it was used for erosion studies on Laterite soil.
The developed simulator was used in the study of erosion from a plot of size 3.5 m x 2.5 m. Study of
the texture and consistency was done. The soils were subjected to erosion and runoff studies using the rainfall
simulator fabricated. The soil loss and runoff were measured at the selected intensities of rainfall on slopes.
Effect of intensity of rainfall on soil loss
Experiments were conducted to study the effect of intensity of rainfall on soil erosion. Intensities of
rainfall selected were 3.33, 3.70, 4.07 and 4.52 cm/h. Tests were conducted at the selected intensities on the two
test plots. The results obtained are presented in Table 5. It was found in flat land that, there is a maximum soil
loss of 27.48 kg/ha/h at an intensity of 4.52 cm/h. The soil loss reduced to23.10 kg/ha/h when the intensity
reduced to 3.33 cm/h.
In the second plot of 3 % slope there is a maximum soil loss of 36.74 kg/ha/h at an intensity of 4.52
cm/h. The soil loss reduced to 30.67 kg/ha/h when the intensity reduced to 3.33 cm/h. Graphs plotted between
soil loss and intensity of rainfall for each plot is shown in Fig.1.
Effect of land slope on soil loss
To study the effect of land slope on soil erosion, experiments were conducted on a flat land and on a
land with 3 per cent slope. Experiments were conducted at intensities of 3.33, 3.70,
4.07 and 4.52 cm/h on the two test plots. It was found that there is maximum soil loss in the second plot
compared to flat land. The results obtained are presented in Table 5.
Empirical equation for soil loss
With the agreement provided by the previous study by developing empirical equations to study soil loss
and runoff [4], we prepared multiple regression equations relating soil loss, intensity of rainfall and land slope
were developed for each test plots.
Table 1: Effect of intensity and land slope on soil loss
plot
Intensity
Soil loss
(cm/h)
(kg/ha/h)
Flat land
3.33
3.70
4.07
4.52
23.10
23.78
25.37
27.48
Slop 3%
3.30
3.70
4.07
4.52
30.67
31.48
34.56
36.74
17
4. Soil Erosion Studies on Micro Plots
The equations are:
Flat land: E = 1.738 I2 – 9.900 I + 36.74 (R2 = 0.996)
Slope – 3%: E = 1.310 I2 – 4.889 I + 32.21
(R2 = 0.970)
Effect of intensity of rainfall on runoff
Tests were conducted to study the effect of intensity of rainfall on runoff on the two test plots. Simulated
rainfall intensities of 3.33, 3.7, 4.07 and 4.52 cm/h were applied on each plot. Graph plotted between runoff and
intensity for each test plot is shown in Fig.2.
In the case of flat land, the runoff obtained for an intensity of 3.33 cm/h was 87.77m 3/ha/h. On
increasing the intensity to 4.52 cm/h the runoff increased to 104.28 m3/ha/h. In the case of land with 3 % slope,
there is maximum runoff of 131.66 m3/ha/h at an intensity of 4.52 cm/h. The runoff reduced to 115.20 m3/ha/h
when the in intensity reduced to 3.33 cm/h.
Effect of land slope on runoff
To study the effect of land slope on soil erosion, experiments were conducted on a flat land and on a
land with 3 per cent slope. Experiments were conducted at intensities of 3.33, 3.70, 4.07 and 4.52 cm/h on the
two test plots. It was found that there is maximum runoff in the sloppy land when compared to flat land. The
results obtained are shown in Table 6.
Empirical equation for runoff
Multiple regression equations relating soil loss, intensity of rainfall and land slope were developed for
each test plots.
Table 2: Effect of intensity and land slope on runoff
plot
Intensity (cm/h)
Runoff (mᶾ/ha/h)
3.33
87.77
Flat land
3.70
93.26
4.07
98.74
4.52
104.28
3.33
115.20
Slope-3%
3.70
120.69
4.07
126.17
4.52
131.66
Fig 2: Effect of intensity and land slope on runoff
The equations are ,
Flat land: Q = -1.713 I2 + 27.39 I + 15.48
(R2 = 0.997)
2
Slope –3%: Q = -1.789 I + 27.95 I + 41.91
(R2 = 0.999)
IV.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The major threat for sustainable crop production is soil erosion. Erosion leads to a reduction in soil
quality and soil nutrients and thus decreased agriculture productivity. Another concern with erosion is an
18
5. Soil Erosion Studies on Micro Plots
increase of turbidity of runoff which has an adverse effect on the quality of surface water and sedimentation in
reservoirs and canals. Rainfall is considered as the most important agent responsible for erosion. Rain drops
cause the soil to be splashed and flowing water carries the detached particles.
Artificial rainfall was simulated using microsprinklers. A rectangular framework made of aluminium
pipe was fabricated, to support the entire sprinkler unit. The water supply to the simulator was taken from a
storage tank having 2000 L capacity. A centrifugal pump operated by an electric motor was used to lift water
from the storage tank. A pressure gauge of 0-6 kg/cm2 range was fixed in the discharge line and the pressure of
water supply was controlled by means of two gate valves in the discharge line of pump.
Experiments were conducted to study soil loss and runoff from the two plots at rainfall intensities of
3.33, 3.70, 4.07 and 4.52 cm/h. The soil loss increased with increase in the intensity of rainfall for the two runoff
plots. A general trend of increase in the soil loss with increase in the slope was observed for all the simulated
intensities of rainfall.
Empirical equations were developed for estimating soil loss and runoff for various intensities of rainfall
and land slopes. The equations are:
Flat land:
E = 1.738 I2 – 9.900 I + 36.74 (R2 = 0.996)
Q = -1.713 I2 + 27.39 I + 15.48
(R2 = 0.997)
Slope – 3%:
E = 1.310 I2 – 4.889 I + 32.21 (R2 = 0.970)
Q = -1.789 I2 + 27.95 I + 41.91
(R2 = 0.999)
REFERENCE
[1].
[2].
[3].
[4].
[5].
[6].
Laws, J.O. and Parson, D. (1944). The relation of raindrop size to intensity. Tr.Am. Geophysics Union.
24:452.
Mech, S.J.(1965).Limitations of simulated rainfall as a research tool.Tr.ASAE.8(1):66-75.
Morgan, R.D.C. (1986).Soil erosion and conservation. Scientific and Technical,England.
Kurien E.K. and George, T.P. Design, fabrication and testing of a rainfall simulator. : Proc. Tenth
Kerala Science Congress. pp. 63-65, 1998.
Roshni Sebastian. (1998). Laboratory studies on soil moisture flow and runoff generation in laterite
soil. M. Tech thesis., KCAET, Kerala Agric. Univ. Tavanur, Malappuram.
Shrivastava, P.K and Ghanshyamdas.(1998).A Review or rainfall simulators for soil erosion studies.
Indian J.Soil Cons.26(2):76-80.
19