This study aims to investigate the effect of single cavity when it presence at a
specific location within the homogenous soil, on the behavior of seepage and uplift
pressure under a hydraulic structure. The results are analyzed to introduce
deterministic formulae for calculating the amount of seepage and the uplift pressure
head. The work was done in three stages by using experimental investigation; the first
stage includes 36 models of 75mm in diameter cavity, while the second and the third
stages includes eight models for each with 100mm and 34mm diameter of cavity,
respectively. The results shows that, when the cavity presence at the left side its impact
was positive on the seepage behavior. While the influence was changed to a negative
impact when the cavity presence at the right side, except at some specific locations. The
statistical software has been employed to generate the two deterministic formulae, and
the results of multiple regressions are checked by statistical indices for the purpose of
recognizing the reliability of the proposed formulae.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modelling study of jet metal interaction in ld processeSAT Journals
Abstract Water model experiments have been carried out in a 1/30th scaled down model of the 100 ton LD converter in order to investigate the effect of changing the lance height and the gas flow rate on the penetration depth of liquid with different exit diameters. It is found the penetration depth increases with decreasing nozzle diameter, decreasing the lance height and with increase the gas flow rate. Gas jets impinging onto a gas–liquid interface of a liquid pool are also studied using computational fluid dynamics modeling, which aims to obtain a better understanding of the behavior of the gas jets. The gas and liquid flows are modeled using the volume of fluid technique. The governing equations in the axisymmetric cylindrical coordinates are solved by the CFD simulation using FLUENT. The computed results are compared with experimental result and it isfound a good match with all the data. Keywords: LD process, Water Modeling, Penetration Depth, Volume of Fluid, CFD.
Evaluation of Air Flow Characteristics of Aerostatic Thrust Porous Bearings: A Numerical Approach by Marcelo Gustavo Coelho Resende, Leandro José da Silva, Cláudio de Castro Pellegrini and Túlio Hallak Panzera* in Evolutions in Mechanical Engineering: Crimson Publishers_ Structural engineering
Aerostatic porous bearings have been investigated in the last decades for precision engineering designs, since these bearings offer zero-friction and high operating speeds, as well as providing a very precise positioning system without external influence. Numerical methods such as CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) play an important role in the design and behavior analysis of porous aerostatic bearings, being possible to adjust the geometry and characteristics of the porous restrictor even before its manufacture In the present work, the behavior of the gas at the inlet and outlet of a porous thrust bearing made of cementitious composites is analysed by numerical simulation using CFD method. The results reveal a stable behavior of the cementitious porous bearing and a good correlation between numerical and experimental load capacities.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/eme/fulltext/EME.000520.php
For More open access journals in Crimson Publishers
please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For More Articles on Structural engineering
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/eme
The impact of the diameter to height ratio on the compressibility parameters ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Compressibility parameters of fine-grained soils are mainly influenced by soil mineralogy, moisture content and soil diameter to height ratio (D/H). The British and American standards suggested that to obtain accurate engineering properties; it is necessary to use D/H ratio of 4 and 2.5 respectively to eliminate friction between the soil and the structure. In the current study, various D/H ratios were adopted ranging from 0.5 to 11. The D/H ratios effect on some compressibility parameters such as coefficient of consolidation (cv), compression index (cc) and coefficient of volume compressibility (mv) were analysed. Additionally, the impact of the D/H ratio on the acquire cv values were also presented where three methods were used namely: Casagrande, Taylor and Inflection method. The scaling effects based on cv ratio [cv (√t) / cv (log t)] from Oedometer tests using different D/H ratios are also presented. The results showed that Taylor’s method is the most appropriate way to achieve an accurate cv and an increase in pressure leads to a reduction in cc and a gradual decrease in mv. The validation of the experimental results on a finite element software package PLAXIS was completed. Keywords: Compressibility, D/H ratio, Fine-grained soil, Friction
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modelling study of jet metal interaction in ld processeSAT Journals
Abstract Water model experiments have been carried out in a 1/30th scaled down model of the 100 ton LD converter in order to investigate the effect of changing the lance height and the gas flow rate on the penetration depth of liquid with different exit diameters. It is found the penetration depth increases with decreasing nozzle diameter, decreasing the lance height and with increase the gas flow rate. Gas jets impinging onto a gas–liquid interface of a liquid pool are also studied using computational fluid dynamics modeling, which aims to obtain a better understanding of the behavior of the gas jets. The gas and liquid flows are modeled using the volume of fluid technique. The governing equations in the axisymmetric cylindrical coordinates are solved by the CFD simulation using FLUENT. The computed results are compared with experimental result and it isfound a good match with all the data. Keywords: LD process, Water Modeling, Penetration Depth, Volume of Fluid, CFD.
Evaluation of Air Flow Characteristics of Aerostatic Thrust Porous Bearings: A Numerical Approach by Marcelo Gustavo Coelho Resende, Leandro José da Silva, Cláudio de Castro Pellegrini and Túlio Hallak Panzera* in Evolutions in Mechanical Engineering: Crimson Publishers_ Structural engineering
Aerostatic porous bearings have been investigated in the last decades for precision engineering designs, since these bearings offer zero-friction and high operating speeds, as well as providing a very precise positioning system without external influence. Numerical methods such as CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) play an important role in the design and behavior analysis of porous aerostatic bearings, being possible to adjust the geometry and characteristics of the porous restrictor even before its manufacture In the present work, the behavior of the gas at the inlet and outlet of a porous thrust bearing made of cementitious composites is analysed by numerical simulation using CFD method. The results reveal a stable behavior of the cementitious porous bearing and a good correlation between numerical and experimental load capacities.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/eme/fulltext/EME.000520.php
For More open access journals in Crimson Publishers
please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For More Articles on Structural engineering
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/eme
The impact of the diameter to height ratio on the compressibility parameters ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Compressibility parameters of fine-grained soils are mainly influenced by soil mineralogy, moisture content and soil diameter to height ratio (D/H). The British and American standards suggested that to obtain accurate engineering properties; it is necessary to use D/H ratio of 4 and 2.5 respectively to eliminate friction between the soil and the structure. In the current study, various D/H ratios were adopted ranging from 0.5 to 11. The D/H ratios effect on some compressibility parameters such as coefficient of consolidation (cv), compression index (cc) and coefficient of volume compressibility (mv) were analysed. Additionally, the impact of the D/H ratio on the acquire cv values were also presented where three methods were used namely: Casagrande, Taylor and Inflection method. The scaling effects based on cv ratio [cv (√t) / cv (log t)] from Oedometer tests using different D/H ratios are also presented. The results showed that Taylor’s method is the most appropriate way to achieve an accurate cv and an increase in pressure leads to a reduction in cc and a gradual decrease in mv. The validation of the experimental results on a finite element software package PLAXIS was completed. Keywords: Compressibility, D/H ratio, Fine-grained soil, Friction
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Effect of Height and Surface Roughness of a Broad Crested Weir on the Dischar...RafidAlboresha
Weir is usually incorporated as control or regulation devices in hydraulic systems,
with flow measurement as their secondary. It is normally intended for use in the field and thus
to regulate broad discharges. Broad-Crested weir is among the oldest common weir types. In this
paper, the effect of height and surface roughness for different Board Crested weirs models were
studied on discharge coefficient (Cd) in a horizontal open channel. In the crest of the weir,
certain materials may be combined with concrete (e.g., boulders) or may be used as cladding to
minimize the effect of water overflow (e.g. stone). The weir surface should not be considered
smooth in this case, and the discharge coefficient (Cd) must be re-estimated. For these purposes, laboratory flume was used to study the effect of height and surface roughness on the discharge coefficients with four of the different weir models dimensions of the concrete blocks. In this study, the flow conditions were considered to be free water flow and the viscosity effect was neglected. In all cases, the weir height effect was directly proportional to the discharge coefficient while the surface roughness effect was found to be inversely proportional to the coefficient Cd of the case study.
The deposition of the flow of suspended particles has always been a problematic case in the process of flow transmission through sewers. Deposition of suspended materials decreases transmitting capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to have a method capable of precisely evaluating the flow velocity in order to prevent deposition. In this paper, using Gene-Expression Programming, a model is presented which properly predicts sediment transport in the sewer. In order to present Gene-Expression Programming model, firstly parameters which are effective on velocity are surveyed and considering every of them, six different models are presented. Among the presented models the best is being selected. The results show that using verification criteria, the presented model presents the results as Root Mean Squared Error, RMSE=0.12 and Mean Average Percentage Error, MAPE=2.56 for train and RMSE=0.14 and MAPE=2.82 for verification. Also, the model presented in this study was compared with the other existing sediment transport equations which were obtained using nonlinear regression analysis.
Asme2009 82287 - Porous Media - Forced Convection FlowHIIO
In this study the flow field and heat transfer properties of a
steady, two-dimensional flow field in a porous domain between
two parallel plates is investigated numerically by using a
discretized numeric code. Analysis has been carried for
Reynolds number based on particle sizes ranging from 60 to
1000. Numerical results are compared with different numerical
methods used for predicting this kind of flow. Results are
obtained for different regime, various p Re numbers and the
effect of Particles size is also investigated. Solutions indicate
that by increasing the
p Re , the flow in the porous media
remains laminar where the flow has turbulence characteristics
for p Re <50. Moreover, by increasing p Re , the value of
average Nusselt number increases. Also, reducing the particle
size affects the Nusselt number and it increases while the
porosity remains the same.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Moisture penetration causes many direct and indirect distresses in flexible asphalt pavement. Due to damage in asphalt concrete and binder by moisture are the prime concern of failure for flexible pavement worldwide. The causes and prediction are investigated in this study. The asphalt binder was modified with carbon nanotubes (CNT) with very small percentages. The modified binder was simulated with moisture damage with AASHTO T-283 methods. In this study, polymer and carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been added to liquid asphalt binder to examine whether the resulting modified binder has improved moisture damage resistance. Using laboratory tested data, an artificial intelligence modeling technique has been utilized to determine the moisture damage behavior of the modified binder. Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) provides the best prediction for wet and dry samples AFM readings with R2 values respectively 0.6407 and 0.8371.
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure FractalKhalid Al-Khidir
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure Fractal Dimensions for Characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia
Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017Dr Mazin Alhamrany
Incorporating one-dimensional bar elements with two-dimensional quadrilateral axisymmetrical elements to tackle problems of consolidation of clay with vertical drains.
FIELD AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED CONSOLIDATION USING VERTICAL DR...P singh
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region by considering the case study of Bhandup Lagoon Works Embankment. Based on this ratio, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
Today, retrofitting of the old structures is important. For this purpose, determination of capacities for these buildings, which mostly are non-ductile, is a very useful tool. In this context, non-ductile RC joint in concrete structures, as one of the most important elements in these buildings are considered, and the shear capacity, especially for retrofitting goals can be very beneficial. In this paper, three famous soft computing methods including artificial neural networks (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and also group method of data handling (GMDH) were used to estimating the shear capacity for this type of RC joints. A set of experimental data which were a failure in joint are collected, and first, the effective parameters were identified. Based on these parameters, predictive models are presented in detail and compare with each other. The results showed that the considered soft computing techniques are very good capabilities to determine the shear capacity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Effect of Height and Surface Roughness of a Broad Crested Weir on the Dischar...RafidAlboresha
Weir is usually incorporated as control or regulation devices in hydraulic systems,
with flow measurement as their secondary. It is normally intended for use in the field and thus
to regulate broad discharges. Broad-Crested weir is among the oldest common weir types. In this
paper, the effect of height and surface roughness for different Board Crested weirs models were
studied on discharge coefficient (Cd) in a horizontal open channel. In the crest of the weir,
certain materials may be combined with concrete (e.g., boulders) or may be used as cladding to
minimize the effect of water overflow (e.g. stone). The weir surface should not be considered
smooth in this case, and the discharge coefficient (Cd) must be re-estimated. For these purposes, laboratory flume was used to study the effect of height and surface roughness on the discharge coefficients with four of the different weir models dimensions of the concrete blocks. In this study, the flow conditions were considered to be free water flow and the viscosity effect was neglected. In all cases, the weir height effect was directly proportional to the discharge coefficient while the surface roughness effect was found to be inversely proportional to the coefficient Cd of the case study.
The deposition of the flow of suspended particles has always been a problematic case in the process of flow transmission through sewers. Deposition of suspended materials decreases transmitting capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to have a method capable of precisely evaluating the flow velocity in order to prevent deposition. In this paper, using Gene-Expression Programming, a model is presented which properly predicts sediment transport in the sewer. In order to present Gene-Expression Programming model, firstly parameters which are effective on velocity are surveyed and considering every of them, six different models are presented. Among the presented models the best is being selected. The results show that using verification criteria, the presented model presents the results as Root Mean Squared Error, RMSE=0.12 and Mean Average Percentage Error, MAPE=2.56 for train and RMSE=0.14 and MAPE=2.82 for verification. Also, the model presented in this study was compared with the other existing sediment transport equations which were obtained using nonlinear regression analysis.
Asme2009 82287 - Porous Media - Forced Convection FlowHIIO
In this study the flow field and heat transfer properties of a
steady, two-dimensional flow field in a porous domain between
two parallel plates is investigated numerically by using a
discretized numeric code. Analysis has been carried for
Reynolds number based on particle sizes ranging from 60 to
1000. Numerical results are compared with different numerical
methods used for predicting this kind of flow. Results are
obtained for different regime, various p Re numbers and the
effect of Particles size is also investigated. Solutions indicate
that by increasing the
p Re , the flow in the porous media
remains laminar where the flow has turbulence characteristics
for p Re <50. Moreover, by increasing p Re , the value of
average Nusselt number increases. Also, reducing the particle
size affects the Nusselt number and it increases while the
porosity remains the same.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Moisture penetration causes many direct and indirect distresses in flexible asphalt pavement. Due to damage in asphalt concrete and binder by moisture are the prime concern of failure for flexible pavement worldwide. The causes and prediction are investigated in this study. The asphalt binder was modified with carbon nanotubes (CNT) with very small percentages. The modified binder was simulated with moisture damage with AASHTO T-283 methods. In this study, polymer and carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been added to liquid asphalt binder to examine whether the resulting modified binder has improved moisture damage resistance. Using laboratory tested data, an artificial intelligence modeling technique has been utilized to determine the moisture damage behavior of the modified binder. Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) provides the best prediction for wet and dry samples AFM readings with R2 values respectively 0.6407 and 0.8371.
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure FractalKhalid Al-Khidir
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure Fractal Dimensions for Characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia
Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017Dr Mazin Alhamrany
Incorporating one-dimensional bar elements with two-dimensional quadrilateral axisymmetrical elements to tackle problems of consolidation of clay with vertical drains.
FIELD AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED CONSOLIDATION USING VERTICAL DR...P singh
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region by considering the case study of Bhandup Lagoon Works Embankment. Based on this ratio, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
Today, retrofitting of the old structures is important. For this purpose, determination of capacities for these buildings, which mostly are non-ductile, is a very useful tool. In this context, non-ductile RC joint in concrete structures, as one of the most important elements in these buildings are considered, and the shear capacity, especially for retrofitting goals can be very beneficial. In this paper, three famous soft computing methods including artificial neural networks (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and also group method of data handling (GMDH) were used to estimating the shear capacity for this type of RC joints. A set of experimental data which were a failure in joint are collected, and first, the effective parameters were identified. Based on these parameters, predictive models are presented in detail and compare with each other. The results showed that the considered soft computing techniques are very good capabilities to determine the shear capacity.
Offshore structures are continuously exposed to extremely varying aerodynamic
and hydrodynamic loads. The storm waves and breaking waves may cause significant
impact on coastal and offshore structures such as vertical sea wall, wind turbines,
LNG carriers and submarine pipelines etc. The prediction of the breaking wave
impact pressure is the important aspect in the design of those structures. The breaking
wave forces produce the highest hydrodynamic loads on substructures in shallow
water, predominantly plunging breaking waves. Owing to the complex and transient
nature of the impact forces it requires more details concerning the physics of breaking
waves and nature of wave interaction with those structures.
In this paper, A Piston-type wave generator was incorporated in the
computational domain to generate waves. Flow 3D was used for simulating 3D
numerical wave tank. The desired breaking waves are simulated using the concept of
wave focusing using Flow 3D solver. These waves are made to impinge on the elastic
circular cylinders of different materials such as PVC, timber and concrete by varying
the support conditions such as cantilever, both ends fixed, inclined support with 30º
inclination. The hydrodynamic response and the structural response are analysed and
validated with the experimental literatures. The maximum impact pressure transpired
on the cylinder due to plunging wave impact from numerical simulation is found to be
eight times of the non-breaking waves
Head Loss Estimation for Water Jets from Flip Bucketstheijes
Water jet issued from flip bucket at the end of the spillway of a dam can be a threat for the stability and safety of the dam body due to subsequent scour at the impingement point. However, a strong jet from the flip bucket interacts with the surrounding air and develops into an aerated turbulent jet while the jet impact and scouring effect is reduced significantly. Aeration of the jet, at the same time, cause head losses along the trajectory. An experimental study is conducted to measure the trajectory lengths and investigate the effect of water depth in the river on the dynamic pressures acted on the river bed. The trajectory lengths with and without air entrainment are calculated using empirical equations and compared with the measurements. Head losses due to air entrainment are determined using the difference of the trajectory lengths with and without aeration, based on the projectile motion theory. Numerical simulation of the flow over the spillway, along the flip bucket and the jet trajectory is made and the results are compared with the experimental data. It is observed that trajectory lengths obtained from experiments, numerical simulation and empirical formulas are comparable with negligible differences. This allows us to combine alternate approaches to determine the trajectory lengths with and without air entrainment and estimate the head losses accordingly.
Effect of height of triangular siil on the performance of stilling basin modeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow over a Rotating Circular Cylinder u...IJERA Editor
Recent advancements in the field of computational fluid mechanics and the availability of high performance with regard to rotating software computing cylinders (RCs) have drawn attention to the field of flow accelerated corrosion. (FAC). Current studies aim to numerically predict turbulent flow characteristics around the rotating cylinder and the concomitant effects on the wall shear stresses and local mass fraction of inhibitors that are directly related to corrosion rate. This 3-D numerical investigation was carried out using the commercial CFX package from which the where SST turbulence model was selected to compute the unknown Reynolds stresses term in the incompressible and viscid form of the Navier-Stokes equation. The effect of three different cylinder rotation speeds and three brine temperatures on the wall shear stress and on brine mixing is reported. Results of the simulations revealed that both cylinder rotation speed and the temperature of the brine significantly affect wall shear stress and mixing of the inhibitor that in turn affects corrosion rate
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Jaafar S.Maatooq and Dhurgham M.Abdulhasan
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 641 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the serious challenges in the field of hydraulic structures is the seepage and the uplift
pressure problem created under these structures. Therefore, many researchers have addressed
the issue of seepage and uplift pressure under hydraulic structures using different
methodologies and study cases. While the state of arts about the subject of the presence of
cavity in the soil and its impact on the behavior of the seepage is still in its early stages. The
presence of cavities below hydraulic structures will certainly have a direct effect on seepage
process. Such effect is directed on the quantity of seepage and the amount of uplift pressure.
Maatooq et al. (2014) introduced the empirical formula for calculating the amount of seepage
under a sheet pile wall based on the result of the experimental work with presence of cavity.
The equation was developed based on the results of 33 models. Abdallah (2017), by the
experimental work investigated the influence of cavities on the stability of dam during water
flow. The results identified the best location of sheet pile in the case of the presence of cavity
at different locations vertically and horizontally.
2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
The seepage tank was used for laboratory experiments, Figure 1 Illustrates the components and
dimensions of this tank, where this dimensions have been selected to be in consistent with the
adoption of the previous studies (e.g., Shayan and Tokaldany, 2014; Nassralla and Rabea,
2015; Alghazali and Alnealy, 2015). Figure 2 is the image illustrate the model No.3 when the
cavity located at X/L=0, Y/L=0.2. Eleven piezometers are set down the base of the dam model
to read the uplift pressure, all these piezometers are fixed to the manometers board by
transparence flexible acrylic tubes. In this study the cavity problem was treated within two-
dimensional (X-Y axis), because the length of cavity was adopted to be as the width of a
seepage tank.
Figure (1) Components and dimensions of seepage tank
3. Impact of Cavitation within the Homogenous Soil under Hydraulic Structure on Formulation of
the Seepage Quantity and Uplift Pressure
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 642 editor@iaeme.com
Figure (2) Model No.3 when cavity located at X/L=0, Y/L=0.2
2.1. Soil and Cavity
To represent the porous medium, granular material (sand) passing from the sieve no.14 and
retained on the sieve no.200 was used, with the diameter of the particle that 50% of a sample's
mass is smaller than it (d50) equal to 0.4 mm. The constant head permeable test was performed
and the result of coefficient of permeability (k) was equal to 8.07×10-4
m/s. To represent the
cavity, pieces of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe at 34mm, 75 mm and 100mm in diameter was
used. The pipe is drilled randomly with a diameter of 1.5 mm over each surface area to allow
the flow to seep inside. The surface then was covered with a semi permeable lid to prevent
entering the sand particles inside with the seeping water. The cavity was placed to extend across
the width of the tank model.
3. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
The technique used in the present study is referred to as Buckingham -π- Theory (Featherstone
and Nalluri, 1995). This method attempts to reduce the number of parameters which affect the
problem by combining some variable to form non-dimensional parameters instead of observing
the effect of individual variables. Nine independent variables as shown in Eq. (1) having an
effect on a seepage flow as a dependent variable shown in the following functional
relationship:-
q ƒ (X, Y, D, H, L, ρ, μ, g, k) (1)
Where:
X is the horizontal distance between center line of the dam and center of the cavity it take a
positive sign when a cavity located at the right side and a negative sign when the cavity located
at the left side, Y is the vertical distance between the base level of the dam and the center of
cavity, D is the diameter of the cavity, L is the length of the dam base, H is the head of the
water, ρ is the mass density of the water, μ is the fluid dynamic viscosity, g is the specific
gravity, k is the hydraulic conductivity and q is the unit discharge of seepage flow.
By selecting a common variables (ρ, k, D) as repeating variables and using the
Buckingham's theorem, the number of dimensionless groups is (n-m=7), where; n is a number
of variables, and m is a number of dimensions. As a consequence of this;
Upstream part
Middle
Downstream
Cavi Sheet
4. Jaafar S.Maatooq and Dhurgham M.Abdulhasan
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 643 editor@iaeme.com
ƒ (π1, π2, π3, π4, π5, π6, π7) = 0 (2)
With the help of the π-theorem the following π-terms are produced;
π1= , π2= , π3= , π4= , π5= , π6= , π7=
Selecting the term that representing the seepage quantity as a dependent variable, the
functional relationship may be written as:-
π1= ƒ (π2, π3, π4, π5, π6, π7) (3)
The procedure of combination and elimination some parameters that have the same
influence are followed, besides excluding the term that represent the Reynold’s number (π2)
and Froude number (π3) from the context of the impact. The excluding reason is because these
parameters are not relied upon as indicators in flow through porous mediums where the
Reynolds number can be neglected because of the manner of seepage flow under the structure
is laminar (Re< 1) (Harr, 1962& Hassan and K.N.Kadhim, 2018). Since the Froude number is
an indicator of the surface flow, this term could be eliminated without any appreciable
influence on the seepage quantity. The final functional relationship may be written as;
= ƒ (H/D, X/L, Y/L) (4)
4. DESCRIPTION OF TESTING PROCEDURE
Work has been done on three stages the first stage includes 36 models with using the cavity of
75mm in diameter. Readings from the first stage were analyzed and the results indicated the
best and the worst locations with respect to the quantity of seepage and the uplift pressure.
Accordingly, eight locations were selected to develop the experiments of the second and third
stages. At these stages, cavities of 100 mm and 34 mm are used respectively to test the effect
cavity size on the quantity of seepage and the uplift pressure. All experiments were performed
under a constant head, H = 150 mm. The experiment of each model ends when the flow
becomes steady (the amount of seepage does not change with time). Table (1) lists the details
of the locations and diameters of the cavity for the 53 models undertaken.
Table (1) Details of the locations and diameters of the cavity
Model
No.
D
(mm)
Model
No.
D
(mm)
1 75
No
Cavity
No
Cavity
No
Cavity
28 75 2 -0.4 0.08
2 75 2 0 0.08 29 75 2 -0.4 0.2
3 75 2 0 0.2 30 75 2 -0.4 0.4
4 75 2 0 0.4 31 75 2 -0.6 0.08
5 75 2 0 0.7 32 75 2 -0.6 0.2
6 75 2 0.25 0.08 33 75 2 -0.6 0.4
7 75 2 0.25 0.2 34 75 2 -0.6 0.7
8 75 2 0.25 0.4 35 75 2 -0.95 0.08
9 75 2 0.4 0.08 36 75 2 -0.95 0.2
10 75 2 0.4 0.2 37 75 2 -0.95 0.4
11 75 2 0.4 0.4 38 100 1.5 -0.95 0.2
12 75 2 0.6 0.08 39 100 1.5 0.6 0.2
13 75 2 0.6 0.2 40 100 1.5 0.6 0.08
14 75 2 0.6 0.4 41 100 1.5 -0.95 0.08
5. Impact of Cavitation within the Homogenous Soil under Hydraulic Structure on Formulation of
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15 75 2 0.6 0.7 42 100 1.5 1.3 0.4
16 75 2 0.7 0.08 43 100 1.5 0.7 0.4
17 75 2 0.7 0.2 44 100 1.5 0.25 0.08
18 75 2 0.7 0.4 45 100 1.5 0 0.7
19 75 2 0.95 0.08 46 34 4.4118 -0.95 0.2
20 75 2 0.95 0.2 47 34 4.4118 0.6 0.2
21 75 2 0.95 0.4 48 34 4.4118 0.6 0.08
22 75 2 1.3 0.08 49 34 4.4118 -0.95 0.08
23 75 2 1.3 0.2 50 34 4.4118 1.3 0.4
24 75 2 1.3 0.4 51 34 4.4118 0.7 0.4
25 75 2 -0.25 0.08 52 34 4.4118 0.25 0.08
26 75 2 -0.25 0.2 53 34 4.4118 0 0.7
27 75 2 -0.25 0.4 - - - - -
5. RESULTS
Regarding to the analysis the results of seepage quantity are listed in Table (2) as the percentage
"increase" or "decrease" relative to the base quantity "without cavity test" which denoted as M1
test. The data in the Table (2) are obtained based on the following formula;
±%∆q= × 100 (5)
Where, %∆q is the percentage of reducing or increasing the amount of seepage quantity
when the cavity is presence compared with the quantity of seepage of "without cavity test".
The "+" sign in Table 3 refers to increase and vice versa. The qc is the seepage quantity which
recorded with the presence of a cavity, and the qM1 considered the base quantity of seepage for
M1 test. As demonstrated by Table (2), when the cavity presence with D=75mm at the left side
of the X- axis, the recorded quantity of seepage is generally less than the base quantity at most
locations. While reverse situation occur at the right side. From Table (2) it can be see that, the
highest increasing in percentage of seepage was recorded when a cavity of 75mm diameter
presence at X/L= 1.3, Y/L= 0.4, where the amount of seepage increased up to 118% in
comparison with M1. At the same location when the diameter of cavity changed from 75mm to
100mm and 34mm the percentage of increasing in the amount of seepage in comparison with
M1 decreased from 118% to 21.8 % and 14.54% respectively. While the best decreasing in the
percentage of seepage was registered when a cavity of 75mm diameter presence at X/L= 0.6
and for a three embedded depths Y/L= 0.08, 0.2, and 0.4, at which the amount of seepage
decreased up to 80% in comparison with M1. At the same location when diameter of cavity
changed from 75mm to 100mm and 34mm the trend of the advantage has been revised. These
results give an indication that the size of cavity has an important effect on the amount of
seepage, but it however, does not have a specific trend, where the impact is depends basically
on the location of the cavity.
6. Jaafar S.Maatooq and Dhurgham M.Abdulhasan
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Table (2) Percentage of increase and decrease in amount of seepage due to different cavity locations
Model No. ±∆q% Model No. ±∆q% Model No. ±∆q% Model No. ±∆q%
2 ˗ 36.3 15 ˗ 59 28 + 20 41 + 10.9
3 ˗ 40 16 ˗ 23.6 29 ˗ 23.6 42 + 21.8
4 ˗ 52 17 + 21.8 30 + 56.3 43 + 20
5 + 23.6 18 ˗ 38.2 31 + 23.6 44 -5.45
6 ˗ 9.1 19 ˗ 25.5 32 + 16.3 45 0
7 0 20 ˗ 7.2 33 + 12.7 46 + 38.18
8 ˗ 45.5 21 ˗ 30.9 34 + 9.1 47 + 9.09
9 ˗ 76.3 22 ˗ 10.9 35 + 49 48 -1.81
10 ˗ 71.8 23 ˗ 52.7 36 + 1.8 49 + 5.45
11 ˗ 74.5 24 + 118 37 + 1.8 50 + 14.54
12 ˗ 80 25 ˗ 9.1 38 -1.8 51 + 27.27
13 ˗ 80 26 ˗ 36.3 39 - 27.27 52 + 51
14 ˗ 80 27 + 16.3 40 +10.9 53 + 45.45
The same procedure was followed in the analysis of the uplift pressure and the results are
listed in Table (4) according to the following formula;
±%∆H= ×100 (6)
Where, %∆H is the percentage of reducing or increasing the quantity of the uplift pressure
head when the cavity is presence as compared with the result of the “without cavity test". The
“+" sign refers to increase and vice versa, the Hc and the HM1 are at the same context as defined
for the parameters of Eq.6. The negative effect was a dominant feature of the cavity when it
presence at diameter 75mm, on the amount of uplift pressure head, except at the five locations
as identified in the Table (3). The highest amount of the uplift pressure head at the first stage
is recorded when the cavity located at X/L=0.7, Y/L=0.4 where the uplift pressure increased
about 126% in comparison with M1. At the same location when diameter of the cavity changed
from 75mm to 100mm the amount of uplift pressure decreased up to 11.09%. While with the
smaller diameter of the cavity the amount of uplift pressure head increased to 90.36% for the
same location. The minimum amount of the uplift pressure head which registered at the first
stage was when the cavity presence at X/L=0, Y/L=0.7 where the uplift pressure decreased
about 55.8 % in comparison with M1. At the same location when diameter of cavity changed
from 75mm to 100mm and 34mm the amount of uplift pressure increased up to 70.9 % and
61.27 % respectively in comparison with M1.
Table (3) Percentage of increase and decrease in head reading due to different cavity locations
Model No. ±∆H% Model No. ±∆H% Model No. ±∆H% Model No. ±∆H%
2 ˗ 14.2 15 + 68.9 28 + 101.8 41 ˗ 6.72
3 + 38.7 16 + 82.3 29 + 67.3 42 + 53.09
4 + 74.7 17 + 14.3 30 + 16.5 43 ˗ 11.09
5 ˗ 55.8 18 + 126 31 + 4.2 44 + 170.9
6 +53 19 + 101.5 32 + 78.4 45 + 70.9
7 ˗ 47.3 20 + 92 33 + 99.3 46 + 77.63
8 + 43.6 21 + 68.2 34 ˗ 50 47 + 77.81
9 + 70.3 22 + 55.3 35 + 64 48 + 77.45
10 ˗ 14.5 23 + 28.9 36 + 44.5 49 + 73.63
7. Impact of Cavitation within the Homogenous Soil under Hydraulic Structure on Formulation of
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11 + 17.8 24 + 48 37 + 25.1 50 + 81.09
12 + 26 25 + 87.8 38 + 25.45 51 + 90.36
13 + 37 26 + 3 39 + 14.18 52 + 68.18
14 + 54.2 27 + 47.1 40 ˗ 29.09 53 + 61.27
6. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Multiple nonlinear regression models were developed by using SPSS statistical software V.24
to simulate the experimental results. The results of 37 models were used to create two
equations, the first equation is for predicting the amount of the seepage and the second is to
predict the uplift pressure head under the dam. The results of the other 15 models were used
for verification.
6.1 Results of Statistical Analysis
The functional relationship of Eq.4 has been processed by multiple regression analysis to create
deterministic equations for the quantity of seepage. Different deterministic models have been
tested by statistical analysis and the process is rested on the following model;
Y = C + C1 X1
3
+ C2 × X2 + C3 × X3 (7)
The results of multiple regression analysis for the experimental data show that;
C = 0.0377, C1 = 0.0018, C2 = - 0.0086 and C3 = 0.0364
Therefore, the seepage quantity can be given by the following equation:
Y = 0.0377 + 0.0018 X1
3
- 0.0086 X2 + 0.0364 X3 (8-a)
The above equation can be also written in terms of design parameters as the following
equation;
= 0.0377 + 0.0018( ) 3
- 0.0086 + 0.0364 (8-b)
Five statistical indices used to check the reliability of the proposed formulae these indices
are; the coefficient of determination R2
, mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error
(RMSE), Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient (NSEC) and the percent bias (PBIAS). The first
indicator ranges from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating less error variance, and typically
values greater than 0.5 are considered acceptable. About the second and third indices the zero
values indicate a perfect fit. While for the fourth indicator, values between zero and 1 are
generally viewed as an acceptable performance level, whereas the less than zero value indicates
an unacceptable performance. The optimal value of PBIAS is zero, whereas lower values
indicate better model simulation. When the value of PBIAS is positive this indicates a tendency
of the model for underestimation whilst negative values indicate overestimation (Moriasi et
al., 2007). Based on the above, the statistical indicators of model 8-b are; R2
=0.87,
RMSE=0.0295, MBE=0.00185, PBIAS=2.265 and NSEC=0.9091.
Figure 3 shows the predicted quantity of seepage by using Eq.8-b and comparing the results
with the measured data points. In Figure 4, the verification of the deterministic model is
illustrated with the 15 remaining of measured data. The statistical indicators of the verification
process are; R2
=0.912, RMSE=0.004, MBE=0.01713, PBIAS=18.579 and NSEC=0.9036.
Through nature of spreading the data points around the perfect line along with the results of
indices, the deterministic model of Eq.8-b can be adopted with acceptable reliability.
8. Jaafar S.Maatooq and Dhurgham M.Abdulhasan
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Figure (3) Correlation between observed and predicted for the deterministic model of Eq.8-b
Figure (4) Verification of Eq.8-b
The second equation is for the uplift pressure head. Depending on the results of the
experimental work a selection was made for the dependent and independent variables as in
following functional relationship;
= ƒ ( , ) (10)
Where; h is the average of the eleven piezometers reading which recorded with the presence
of a cavity. Different deterministic models have been tested by statistical analysis and the
process is rested on the following model;
Y = C + C1 × X1 + C2 × X2 (11)
The result of multiple regression analysis for the experimental data shows that;
C = - 0.41, C1 = 0.735 and C2 = 0.081
Therefore, the uplift pressure head can be given by the following equation:
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Predictedq/kD
Observed q/kD
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Observedq/kD
Predicted q/kD
9. Impact of Cavitation within the Homogenous Soil under Hydraulic Structure on Formulation of
the Seepage Quantity and Uplift Pressure
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Y = - 0.410 + 0.735 X1 + 0.081 X2 (12-a)
The equation 12-a can be also written in terms of design parameters as the following
equation;
= - 0.410 + 0.735 + 0.081 (12-b)
The statistical indicators of model 12-b are;
R2
= 0.942, RMSE = 0.2468, MBE = 0.0003, PBIS = - 0.0223 and NSEC = 0.9711.
Figure 5 shows the test of prediction with the observed data when the deterministic model
of Eq.12-b is used. Also the verification was conducted using 15-data points those excluded
from creation of the deterministic model. The verification results have achieved the following
statistical indicators;
R2
= 0.85, RMSE = 0.6047, MBE = -0.0332, PBIS = -2.6922 and NSEC = 0.9137.
The spreading of data points around the perfect line is presented in Figure 6. The values of
the statistical indicators and the feature of spreading data points indicate inducement besides
over prediction. Accordingly, using model of Eq.12-b for calculation the uplift pressure head
with presence of a cavity leads to acceptable with more precaution to the safe side.
Figure (5) Correlation between observed and predicted for the deterministic model of Eq.12-b
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Predictedh/D
Observed h/D
10. Jaafar S.Maatooq and Dhurgham M.Abdulhasan
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Figure (6) Verification of Eq.12-b
7. CONCLUSIONS
After analysis the experimental data it can be concluded that, on the positive side of the model
(left side), presence of cavity with 75 mm diameter had a positive effect in terms of minimizing
the amount of seepage, except for three locations ( X/L = 0 , Y/L = 0.7 ) , ( X/L = 0.7 , Y/L =
0.2 ) and ( X/L = 1.3 , Y/L 0.4 ) where seepage increased for these locations by 23.6, 21.8 and
118% respectively as compared to the base model (M1). While at the negative side of the model
(right side) the reverse situation occur when the same cavity size presence, except for three
locations ( X/L = -0.25 , Y/L = 0.08 ) , ( X/L = -0.25 , Y/L = 0.2 ) and ( X/L = -0.4 , Y/L = 0.2
), where a decrease in seepage was recorded in these three locations by 9.1 , 36.3 and 23.6 %
respectively compared to the base model (M1). Hence, it can be concluded that the presence of
cavity in the left side does not constitute a danger to any hydraulic structure in terms of seepage
while it constitute a danger when it located at right side except for the three locations at each
side. The size of the cavity has a significant effect on the amount of seepage, however if this
effect is negative or positive it is depends on the location of cavity. In addition, regarding to h
the effect of uplift pressure head the effect in general was negative for all cavities size and for
any locations except five locations at the first stage and two location at the second stage.
Equations 9-b and 12-b can be used to predict the amount of seepage and uplift pressure
respectively.
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11. Impact of Cavitation within the Homogenous Soil under Hydraulic Structure on Formulation of
the Seepage Quantity and Uplift Pressure
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 650 editor@iaeme.com
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