This document discusses B.F. Skinner's organizational behavior modification model (OB model) which is based on operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a method of learning through rewards and punishments that associates behaviors with their consequences. Skinner proposed that behaviors are more likely to be repeated if they are positively reinforced through rewards and less likely to be repeated if they receive negative reinforcement or punishment. The document defines different types of reinforcement schedules and punishments that can modify behaviors according to their consequences.

1. ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
MODIFICATION MODEL
(O.B. Model)
B.F. SKINNER

3. OPERANT CONDITIONING
• Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through
rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant
conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular
behavior and a consequence (Skinner, 1938).
Behavior modification is achieved through operant conditioning which
is a type of reinforcement to modify behavior by it’s consequences

5. • Skinner is a behavioural psychologist who proposed that people are
motivated to repeat a behaviour that received a positive outcome
(Positive Reinforcement) and will stop a behaviour that has a negative
outcome (Negative Reinforcement).

6. WHAT IS REINFORCEMENT?
The process of encouraging or establishing a belief or pattern of
behaviour.

7. LAW OF EFFECT
• The more favourable are the consequences of certain behaviour ,the
more will be the tendency to repeat the behaviour and vice versa

8. Positive Re-inforcement
• A favourable consequence that encourages repetition of a behaviour
• Eg- giving chocolate after doing a task.

9. Negative Re-inforcement
• A behaviour is accompanied by a removal of an unfavourable
consequence.
• Eg- put halmat before checkpost.
• Doing homework to save from getting imposition.

11. Schedules of Reinforcement
a) Continuous reinforcement
reinforcement accompanied by each correct behavior.
- During an early stage of learning, continuous reinforcement is
often used.

12. (b) Partial reinforcement
0nce a behavoiur has been acquired, it’s often a good idea
to switch to a partial reinforcement schedule.

13. Punishment
• An unfavourable consequence that accompanies behaviour and
discourages repetition of the behaviour.

14. Positive punishment:
something is “added” to the mix that makes the behavior less likely to
continue or reoccur.
i.e., an unpleasant consequence is introduced to the subject to
discourage their behavior.
• Eg- slapping a child for not doing homework.

15. Negative punishment
something is “taken away” from the mix that makes the behavior less
likely to continue or reoccur.
i.e., something pleasant is removed from the subject to discourage
their behavior.
• Eg- taking away the mobile phone which disturb studing.