The document summarizes the history of mobile communication from 1G to 4G technologies. It discusses the evolution from early analog 1G systems developed in the 1970s-80s to 2G digital GSM networks in the 1980s-90s capable of voice and limited data. 3G systems launched in the late 1990s provided improved voice quality and higher speed data up to 2Mbps. Emerging 4G technologies are expected to offer data rates from 20-100Mbps. The document also provides an overview of the fundamental principles of cellular networks and discusses GSM as the most widely used 2G digital standard globally.

2. 25 th Faculty Development Programme
08 October 2012
Department of Computer Applications
Vidya Academy of Science & Technology
Thrissur – 680501, INDIA

3. Agenda
History of Mobile Communication
Fundamental Principles of Mobile Communication
Cellular Mobile Communication
GSM- Global System for Mobile Communication

4. History
of
Mobile Communication

5. BRIEF HISTORY OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
1973 - Dr. Martin Kooper
 Father of Mobile Phones
 Technology uses Simple Receiver & Transmitter
1978- Bahrain Telephone Company -1G( Ist Generation)
Commercial Cellular Telephone System
only 250 Subscribers

6. 1980- NTT-Nippon Telegraph & Telephone
Company ( Ist Generation(1G))
 New Cellular Technology in Japan
1981- Nordic Mobile Phone ( Ist Generation(1G))
 Used in Northern European Countries
 Offers Speech only
First Generation (1G) mobile systems were designed to
offer a single service, i.e., speech.

7. Second Generation (2G)
1982- GSM -Group Speciale Mobile (IInd
Generation(2G))
Global System for Mobile Communication
 Fully Digital Technology
 Offers Speech & Data Service
 Most successful DIGITAL MOBILE
COMUNICATION SYSTEM
1983- AMPS-Advanced Mobile Phone System(IInd Generation(2G))
 Developed in US
1991-DECT-Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone(IInd
Generation(2G))
 Developed by ETSI(European Technical Standard Institute)

8. Second Generation (2G) mobile systems were also
designed primarily to offer speech with a limited capability to
offer data at low rates.(max 9.6kbits/s)
GSM (Global System for Mobile comm)can only offer a data
rate of 9.6 kbps
2.5G-GPRS General packet Radio Service
GPRS allows simultaneous voice and data communication
Increase data transmission speeds from the current 9.6 Kbps to over 100
Kbps
2.75G- EDGE -Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
Supports High-speed data applications such as video services
384 kbps data transfer rate

9. THIRD GENERATION(3G)
1998-Satellite Mobile Communication System
Using in Europe
2 Satellite systems are used
1. Iridium-66 satellites
2.Globalstar-less than 35
System is now called UMTS
Universal Mobile Telephone System
2001-3G Mobile Systems
IMTS -International Mobile Telecomm. System

10. Third Generation (3G) mobile systems are expected to
offer high-quality multi-media services and operate in different
environments
3G systems are referred to as Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) in Europe and
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
(IMT2000) worldwide.
Frequency band 1.8 -2.5 GHz
2Mbps data transfer rate.
4G SYSTEMS
Frequency band (2 – 8 GHz)
Expecting- 20 Mbps-100Mbps Data
Transfer Rate

11. 11

12. Wireless Comm. Systems- Overview
Conventional Broadcast Satellite Wireless
Telecom systems systems Networks
systems
GSM-1900
Cdma2000 DAB LEO Wireless PAN
W-CDMA DVB MEO Wireless LAN
3G GEO Wireless ATM

13. Fundamental Principles
of
Mobile Communication

14. Defining Mobility ..
From the Latin word “Mobilis” = “to
move” able to move freely or easily
Properties
Reachability (anywhere)
Accessibility (any device)
Service portability

15. 2 Different Kinds of Mobility
User Mobility
User accessing the telecomm. services at different
places.
ie the User can be mobile and services will follow
him…..
Device Portability
Communication Device Moves(with or without a
user)
eg. Mobile phone system

16. 2 types of Voice & Data Communication
1. Wired Communication
2. Wireless Communication

17. Wired Communication
R4
R1
Base Station
R2 R3

18. Wireless Transmission
Without wire communicating
Downlink Freq.
R1 R2
signals
Base
Station
R4
R3

19. In Mobile communication
Downlink Freq.
R1 R2
signals
R4
R3
Uplink Freq.

20. Uplink Freq - From Receiver to Base station
Downlink Freq- From Base station To Receiver
GSM Mobile Communication Frequency range in
India
890-915 MHz- Uplink Freq
935-960 MHz - Downlink Freq.

21. Signal propagation ranges
 Transmission range
– communication possible
– low error rate
 Detection range
– detection of the signal sender
possible
– no communication transmission
possible distance
 Interference range detection
– signal may not be interference
detected
– signal adds to the
background noise

22. BTS -Base Transceiver Station
These transmitting stations or Base stations are called Antennas
In Mobile comm. They are called BTS -Base Transceiver Station

23. CELLULAR
MOBILE COMMUNICATION

24. Each Base Station covers a certain area called a CELL
For Each BTS only one cell
Cell-A basic geographic unit of a cellular system

25. Maximum Cell Radii is
100 of metres in cities
35 kms in Open space
 Radio stations use powerful transmitters with huge cells

26. Mobile Base stations generate very small cells why?
890-915 MHz- Uplink Freq
935-960 MHz - Downlink Freq.
f3
f5 f2
1. Frequency Reuse
f4 f6 f5
f1 f4
f3 f7 f1
f2
2. Less Transmission power
3. Local Interference only

27. Components in Cellular System Architecture
1. Cell-A basic geographic unit of a cellular system
2. Cluster(Cell Site) -Group of Cells
f5
f4 f6
f1
f3 f7
f2

28. Cells with the same no. have the same set of
frequencies
f3
7 cells in one cluster
f5 f2
f4 f6 f5
f1 f4 Coverage area of Cells are called
f3 f7 f1 FOOTPRINT
f2
No Channels are reused within a cluster

29. 3. Cell Splitting
Cities contain large number of low power BTS
Produce large no. of cells
Handle heavy traffic & Less Interference

30. 3. Cell Splitting
Rural areas contain only one high power BTS
Produce only one cell
Covers more area,
Interference will be very high

31. Some Figures
No. of Cells in one cluster or cellsite = 3
Subscribers supported per cell = 596
Total No. of Subscribers /Cluster or cellsite =1788

33. POPULAR TECHNOLOGY
USED IN
MOBILE
COMMUNICATION

34. GSM
Global system for
Mobile communication

35. GSM - Group speciale Mobile
 Global system for Mobile Communication
 2nd Generation system
 Formed in 1982
 Initially Implemented in Europe
 Using 10 billion People in 212 countries
 Technology that widely used in India-700
million customers
 9.6 Kbits/sec DTR(Data Transf. Rate)

36. Major Companies dealing GSM Technology in
India

37. Primary Objective of GSM
GSM phone is compatible with
Fixed Landline Networks

38. GSM Mile Stones
Year Mile Stone
1982 GSM Formed
1986 Field Test
1987 Access Methods Chosen
1988 MOU Signed
1989 Validation of GSM System
1990 Preoperation System
1989 Validation of GSM System
1991 Commercial System Startup
1993 Coverage of Main Roads/Cities
1995 Coverage of Rural areas

39. GSM in 3 Frequencies
GSM -900 MHz
Used In
890-915 MHz- Uplink Freq India
935-960 MHz - Downlink Freq.
GSM 1800 MHz
1710-1785 MHz -Uplink Freq. DCS-1800
1930-1990 MHz- Downlink Freq Digital
Comm.
Service
GSM 1900 MHz
1850-1910MHz- Uplink Freq PCS-1900
1930-1990MHz- Downlink Freq Personal Comm.
Service

40. Cellular growth in India(2009-2014)

41. GSM
NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE

42. Major Ingredients in a
GSM network

43. Ingredients 1: Mobile Phones, PDAs etc
The visible but smallest
part of the network!

44. Ingredients 2: Antennas
Another visible part

45. Ingredients 3: Infrastructure 1
Cabling
Microwave links

46. Ingredients 3: Infrastructure 2
Not „visible“, but
comprise the major
part of the network
(also from an
investment point of
view…)
Management
Data bases
Switching units
Monitoring

47. GSM network is mainly divided in to 3 Major Systems
1. Switching System (SS)
2. Base Station System(BSS)
3. Operation & Support System(OSS)

48. PSTN
AUC VLR
Switching
system
HLR
PLMN
GMSC EIR
Operation &
MSC Support
Other GIWU
System
Base Station OSS
BSC
System
BTS Mobile
Station

49. 1. Switching System(SS)
Heart of GSM
Performs Call Processing and Subscriber related functions
Functional Units in SS
1. MSC- Mobile Service Switching Centre
 High Performance Digital Switch
 Fixed Backbone
 Complete Connection Setup & Release
 IWF - Connects to other Networks

50. 2. HLR - Home Location Register
 Most Important Database
 Stores Permanent Data about the subscriber
 Location Information
 MSIN no. ,IMSI no. MSRN no.
Eg:-IMSI(MCC+MNC+MSIN)
3. VLR- Visitor Location Register
 Database
 Stores temporary data about subscriber
4. AUC- Authentication Centre
 Provides Security
 User Authentication & Data Encryption

51. 5. EIR- Equipment Identity Register
 Database contains the information about the identity of mobile
equipment- Unique identity number for mobile devices
 IMEI- International Mobile Equipment Identity NO.
*#06# -Shows a 17 digit No.
In Nokia Phones
#92702689# Shows
Slno
Mfg date
Purchase date……..

52. 2. BSS- Base station System
All Radio related functions
Consists of 2 Components
1. BSC- Base Station Controller
 High Capacity Switch
 Call Configuration
 Handover
 Freq. Distribution
2. BTS- Base Transciever Station
 Handles Connection to the MS
 Generate Cells

53. 3. OSS- Operation & Support System
 Functions for network operations & Management
 Consists of one important functional unit
OMC-Operation & Maintenance Center
 Monitor & Controls the System
 A/C & Billing
 Subscriber & Security Management

54. Additional Functional Elements
1. MXE -Message Center
Provides SMS, Voicemail,Fax, E-mail etc
2. MSN -Mobile Service Node
Provides Intelligent Network Services
3. GMSC- Gateway Mobile Service Switching Centre
A gateway that interconnects two networks:
the cellular network and the PSTN.

55. GSM Services
1. SMS - Short Message Service -160 alphanumeric characters
2.EMS- Extended Message Service -760 alphanumeric characters
3.MMS-Multimedia Message Service
4. Cell Broadcast
5. Call forwarding
6.Barring of Incoming Calls
7. Barring of Outgoing Calls
8.AOC- Advice of Charge
9. Call hold
10. Call waiting

56. 11. CLIP- Call Line Identification Presentation
12. CUG - Closed user Group

57. Evolution Path for GSM
IMT-2000
Capable Systems
3G
GSM GPRS EDGE
Existing New
spectrum spectrum
2G evolved 2G 3G
14.4 kbps 64–115 kbps 115–384 kbps 0.384–2 mbps

58. Key Feature of GSM
SIM- Subscriber Identity Module
Detachable Smart Card
User Subscribed Information
Phone Book
PIN- Personal Ident. No.
Size-16KB,64 KB,512 KB

59. 2 Types of Calling In GSM
1. Calling to Mobile (Mobile Terminated Call)
2. Mobile to Fixed Telephone Network (Mobile Originated Call)

60. Mobile Terminated Call
 1: calling a GSM subscriber
 2: forwarding call to GMSC GSM
 3: signal call setup to HLR 4
HLR VLR
 4, 5: request MSRN from
5
8 9
3 6
VLR 14 15
calling 7
 6: forward responsible station 1
PSTN
2
GMSC MSC
MSC to GMSC 10 10 13 10
16
 7: forward call to BSS BSS BSS
 current MSC 11 11 11
 8, 9: get current status of 11 12
17
MS MS
 10, 11: paging of MS
 12, 13: MS answers
 14, 15: security checks
 16, 17: set up connection

61. Mobile Originated Call
 1, 2: connection 
request
 3, 4: security check VLR
 5-8: check resources 3 4
(free circuit) PSTN
6
GMSC
5
MSC
 9-10: set up call 7 8
2 9
1
MS BSS
10

62. Advantages of GSM
Less signal deterioration inside buildings.
Ability to use repeaters
The availability of Subscriber Identity Module allows users to switch
networks and handsets.
GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not
a problem.
The much bigger number of subscribers globally creates a better
network effect for GSM handset makers, carriers and end users.

64. Thanks