Ménétrier disease (final)
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Basic understanding of menetrier disease, with anatomical and histological changes, signs, symptoms and treatment and diagnosis.
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Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which the tissue lining the esophagus—the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach—is replaced by tissue that is similar to the lining of the intestine. This process is called intestinal metaplasia.
No signs or symptoms are associated with Barrett's esophagus, but it is commonly found in people with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A small number of people with Barrett's esophagus develop a rare but often deadly type of cancer of the esophagus.
Barrett's esophagus affects about 1 percent1 of adults in the United States. The average age at diagnosis is 50, but determining when the problem started is usually difficult. Men develop Barrett's esophagus twice as often as women, and Caucasian men are affected more frequently than men of other races. Barrett's esophagus is uncommon in children.
The EsophagusThe esophagus carries food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. The stomach slowly pumps the food and liquids into the intestine, which then absorbs needed nutrients. This process is automatic and people are usually not aware of it. People sometimes feel their esophagus when they swallow something too large, try to eat too quickly, or drink very hot or cold liquids.
Digestive tract.
The muscular layers of the esophagus are normally pinched together at both the upper and lower ends by muscles called sphincters. When a person swallows, the sphincters relax to allow food or drink to pass from the mouth into the stomach. The muscles then close rapidly to prevent the food or drink from leaking out of the stomach back into the esophagus and mouth.
NIDDK
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Classification of esophageal motility disorders
This document discusses the classification of esophageal motility disorders based on manometric features. It describes the normal esophageal motility test and features. It then covers various motility disorders including achalasia, atypical LES relaxation disorders, diffuse esophageal spasm, hypercontraction disorders like nutcracker esophagus and isolated hypertensive LES, and ineffective esophageal motility. For each disorder, it provides the manometric criteria for diagnosis and differentiates them based on features of LES relaxation, wave progression, distal wave amplitude. It concludes by discussing the therapeutic implications of this classification system.
Diseases of oesophagus
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Esophageal disorders
This document discusses disorders of the esophagus, including obstructive and vascular diseases. It describes the normal anatomy of the esophagus and its histology. Specific disorders covered include atresia, stenosis, achalasia, hiatal hernia, esophageal varices, and various types of esophagitis. Achalasia is characterized by incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Esophageal varices occur due to portal hypertension, most commonly from cirrhosis of the liver. Various types of esophagitis discussed include those caused by reflux, chemicals, infections, and eosinophilic esophagitis.
Hiatal Hernias
This document provides information about hiatal hernias, including their types and causes. It discusses the clinical presentation of hiatal hernias and methods for diagnosis. Treatment options are medical management or surgical repair, with the surgical approach depending on the hernia type but generally aiming to reduce hernia contents and repair the diaphragmatic defect. Laparoscopic surgery is gaining popularity but may have a higher recurrence rate than open surgery. Outcomes are generally good, with relief of symptoms in most patients after surgical repair.
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This document describes a case of a 75-year-old man admitted to the ICU with respiratory failure, pneumonia, and stress ulcer syndrome. It provides details on his medical history, symptoms, lab results, diagnoses, and proposed treatment. It then discusses stress ulcer syndrome in more detail, covering topics like definition, etiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment principles including cytoprotection, acid suppression, and enteral feeding, and prophylaxis for at-risk patients. The key point is that stress ulcers result from mucosal ischemia in critically ill patients and treating the underlying condition along with gastric acid suppression and cytoprotection can help prevent bleeding complications.
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GERD is the commonest GI problem afflicting the mankind. The cause is lax LES which is just opposite to Achalasia cadia. That is why GERD is also known as Chalasia cardia.
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- 2. • Rare stomach condition, more common in men, usually occurs between age 30-60. • Cause unclear, linked to abnormally high levels of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α). • Involves enlarged stomach rugae due to overgrowth of surface mucous cells (hypertrophy). • Excess mucus secretion causing hypoproteinemia. • Reduction in parietal cells causing decreased stomach acid.
- 5. Pain in abdomen Loss of appetite Nausea and frequent Malnutrition vomiting Extreme weight loss Swelling of the face, Low blood protein abdomen, limbs, and Anaemia feet Diarrhoea
- 6. DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT Endoscopy Pain relief medication CT Scan Nausea relief medication X-Ray Stomach Biopsy High protein diet Gastrectomy (Stomach Transplant).