This document discusses the classification of esophageal motility disorders based on manometric features. It describes the normal esophageal motility test and features. It then covers various motility disorders including achalasia, atypical LES relaxation disorders, diffuse esophageal spasm, hypercontraction disorders like nutcracker esophagus and isolated hypertensive LES, and ineffective esophageal motility. For each disorder, it provides the manometric criteria for diagnosis and differentiates them based on features of LES relaxation, wave progression, distal wave amplitude. It concludes by discussing the therapeutic implications of this classification system.
In this presentation we will discuss the basic of axial trauma from head to pelvis. We will discuss the important key points that aids in the diagnosis of axial trauma
This presentation is the first series of the MR imaging of Knee.
In this presentation MRI anatomy has been discussed. As we all know good knowledge of medical imaging three dimensional anatomy is key for good reporting.
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Role of medical imaging in developemental dysplasia of Hip Dr muhammad Bin Zu...Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
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16 High Resolution Computed Tomography of Interstitial and Occupational Lung ...Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
This presentation is collection of images from chapter 16 of Grainger and Allison.
Inthis we will discuss the ILD.
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In this presentation we will discuss normal doppler parameters in portal and hepatic veins and hepatic artery. We will discuss the pathologies regarding hepatic, and portal veins and hepatic artery.
we will discuss Role of sonography in TIPS evaluation.
we will discuss the role of Doppler in post op follow up of hepatic transplant.
Role of medical imaging in management of arteriovenous fistula Dr. Muhammad B...Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
This presentation is very helpful for vascular sergeons, interventional radiologists and sonographers that how to map Vasculature before construction of AV fistula for hemodialysis, how to check its patency, how to check its proper functioning ,to comment on its failure and decide when to reintervene.
This is a chapter from Grainger and Allison. I have Coolected all images from chapter 21 with caption in this presentation.
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In this presentation we will discuss about the
Anatomy of Prostate
Technique of Transrectal US
Carcinoma Prostate and
Different modes of prostatic biopsy.
In this presentation we will dscuss the imp imaging features of Posterior fossa tumors in pediatric age group.
Medulloblastoma
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Ependymoma
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một trong những rối loạn vận động của thực quản, co thắt tâm vị không nguy hiểm tới tính mạng như các bệnh mãn tính không lây, hiểm nghèo, ... nhưng lại ảnh hưởng đáng kể đến sinh hoạt của cá nhân mang căn bệnh này ...
Description of various ultrasound features of benign and suspicious thyroid nodules with multiple ultrasound systems for risk stratification of malignancy.
Description of different ultrasound features of carpal tunnel syndrome before and after carpal tunnel release including Doppler imaging and elastography
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
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A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
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It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Indications of esophageal motility study
• Dysphagia Not explained by stenoses or
inflammation of the esophagus
• Chest pain Not explained by heart disease or
other thoracic disorders
6. Normal esophageal manometric features
• Basal LOS pressure 10 – 45 mm Hg (mid respiratory
pressure measured by station pull
through technique)
• LES relax with swallow Complete (to a level < 8 mm Hg
above gastric pressure)
• Wave progression Peristalsis progressing from UES
through LES at rate of 2 – 8 cm/s
• Distal wave amplitude 30 – 180 mm Hg (average of 10
swallows at 2 recording sites
positioned 3 & 8 cm above LES)
Richter JE et al. Dig Dis Sci 1984 ; 29 : 134 – 40.
7. Mid respiratory measurements of LES
Most commonly used
Normal values: 24.4 10.1 mmHg
* Richter JE et al. Dig Dis Sci 1984 ; 29 : 134 – 40.
8. End expiratory measurements of LES
Normal values: 15.2 10.7 mmHg
* Richter JE et al. Dig Dis Sci 1984 ; 29 : 134 – 40.
9. LES pressure
• The crural diaphragm
• The LES muscle
Reflects pressure generated by
10. Normal LES Relaxation
Residual Pressure (RP)
Difference between lower pressure achieved & GBP
RP better than percentage of relaxation
Normal RP: 8 mmHg or less
11. Normal duration of LES relaxation
Little attention has been paid to duration of relaxation
of LES in the literature
Normal values: 11.7 + 0.6 sec (mean + SD)
13. Velocity of peristaltic wave
How fast contraction moves down
Distance (cm) / time (sec)
Normal value: 2 – 8 cm/sec
This example: 10 / 3 = 3.3 m/sec
14. Normal esophageal body amplitude
Normal values of DEA*
99 + 44 mmHg
(Mean + 1 SD)
* Distal esophageal amplitude: mean value of amplitude of
10 contractions to wet swallows in 2 most distal transducers
17. Raisons for a new classification
• Literature dealing with putative esophageal motility
disorders has evolved over past few decades
• Different groups of investigators have used different
manometric criteria to identify same putative disorder
• Comparison between studies are often difficult
18. Classification of esophageal motility disorders
• Inadequate LES relaxation
Classic achalasia
Atypical disorders of LES relaxation
• Uncoordinated contraction
Diffuse esophageal spasm
• Hypercontraction
Nutcracker esophagus
Isolated hypertensive LES
• Hypocontraction
Ineffective esophageal motility
Spechler S J & Castell D O. Gut 2001; 49 :145 – 151.
19. Classic achalasia
• Achalasia is a Greek term that means “does not relax”
• Esophageal disease of unknown cause with degeneration
of neurones in wall of esophagus involving preferentially
NO producing inhibitory neurones
• Of all the proposed esophageal motility disorders,it is
perhaps the best understood & best characterized
20. Barium of achalasia
Esophagus usually, but not always, dilated
Smooth tapering described as a “ bird-beak ” appearance
21. Achalasia
Manometric features required for diagnosis
• Incomplete relaxation of LES
Defined as mean swallow induced fall in resting LES
pressure to a nadir value > 8 mm above gastric pressure
• Aperistalsis in the body of esophagus
Simultaneous esophageal contractions < 40 mm Hg
Or no apparent esophageal contractions
24. Achalasia
Manometric features not required for diagnosis
• LES Elevated resting LES pressure (> 45 mm Hg)
• Esophageal body Resting pressure of esophageal body exceeds
resting pressure in stomach
• UES Elevated UES residual pressure
Decreased duration of UES relaxation
Repetitive UES contractions
25. Secondary achalasia
• Chagas disease
Protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi
Central & South America
• Malignancies
- Invading esophageal neural plexuses (carcinoma)
- Release of humoral factors (paraneoplastic syndrome)
Primary & secondary achalasia cannot be distinguished
reliably on basis of manometric criteria alone
26. Clinical suspicion of malignant achalasia
• Old age
• Recent history of dysphagia
• Weight loss
27. Vigorous achalasia
• Esophageal contractions with amplitudes > 40 mm Hg
• Chest pain may be more prominent or not?
• Injection of botulinum toxin more effective or not?
28. Atypical disorders of LES relaxation
1 or more manometric features precluding dg of classic
achalasia
• Some preserved peristalsis
• Esophageal contractions with amplitudes > 40 mmHg
• Complete LES relaxation of inadequate duration
Confirmation of dg ultimately requires relief of dysphagia
by treatment decreasing resting LES pressure
29. Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES)
Condition of unknown etiology characterized by:
Clinically Episodes of dysphagia & chest pain
RadiographicallyTertiary contractions of esophagus
Manometrically Uncoordinated activity in smooth
muscle portion of esophagus
Lack of universally accepted diagnostic criteria for the condition
31. Manometric features of DES
Required
- Simultaneous contractions in >10% of wet swallows
- Mean simultaneous contraction amplitude >30 mm Hg
Not required
- Spontaneous contractions
- Repetitive contractions
- Multiple peaked contractions
- Intermittent normal peristalsis
If incomplete relaxation of LES is associated
Better classified as atypical disorder of LES relaxation
36. Hypercontraction
• Nutcracker esophagus
• Isolated hypertensive LES
Disorders of hypercontraction are perhaps the most
controversial of abnormal esophageal motility
patterns because it is not clear that esophageal
hypercontraction has any physiological importance
37. “Nutcracker oesophagus” is a term coined by
Castell & colleagues for the condition in
which patients with non-cardiac chest pain
&/or dysphagia exhibit peristaltic waves in
the distal oesophagus with mean amplitudes
exceeding normal values by > 2 SD
Richter JE et al. Ann Intern Med 1989 ; 110 : 66 – 78.
38. Manometric features of nutcracker esophagus
Required
Mean distal esophageal peristaltic wave amplitude >180 mm Hg
(average amplitude of 10 swallows at 2 recording sites positioned
3 & 8 cm above LES)
Not required:
Peristaltic contractions of long duration found commonly (> 6 sec)
Resting pressure in LES is usually normal but may be elevated
In this case: nutcracker esophagus + hypertensive LES
39. Nutcracker esophagus
• High amplitude peristaltic waves
Nay not interfere with esophageal clearance
May not cause abnormalities on barium contrast
May not correlate with episodes of dysphagia or chest pain
• No relief of pain during treatment with calcium channel
blockers that correct manometric abnormalities
40. Two types of nutcracker esophagus
• “Statistical nutcracker”
Pressure moderately elevated
More likely stress-related
• “ True nutcrackers”
Very high pressure (up to 500 mmHg)
Frequent prolonged or bizarre-appearing contractions
Some problem with neurologic input to esophagus
43. Manometric features of isolated hypertensive LES
Mean resting LES pressure of > 45 mm Hg
measured in mid respiration using station pull through technique
If also distal peristaltic wave amplitude >180 mm Hg
nutcracker esophagus + hypertensive LES
44. Ineffective esophageal motility
Manometric features
- Distal esophageal peristaltic wave amplitude <30 mm Hg
- Simultaneous contractions with amplitudes <30 mm Hg
- Failed peristalsis wave: not traverse entire length of distal esoph
- Absent peristalsis
- Patients often have LES hypotension
Hypocontraction in distal esophagus with at least 30% of
wet swallows exhibiting any combination of the followings
48. Use of term “scleroderma esophagus” is discouraged.
If used at all, this term should be restricted only to
patients who have scleroderma.
The term “ineffective esophageal motility” is preferable
to describe patients with constellation of findings typical
of scleroderma
49. Basal LES LES
relaxation
Wave
progression
Distal wave
amplitude
Achalasia or nl
Rarely low
Incomplete Simultaneous
No peristaltis
or nl
Atypical
relaxation of
LES
or nl or Incomplete
Short duration
Normal
Simultaneous
or nl or
Hypertensive
LES
Complete Normal Normal
DES or nl or Complete Simultaneous
in > 10 %
nl or
NE or nl or Complete Normal
Ineffective
esophageal
motility
or normal Complete Normal
Simultaneous
Absent
> 30 %
50. Therapeutic implications of this classification
• Inadequate LES relaxation
- Calcium channel blockers
- Pneumatic dilation
- Heller myotomy
- Botulinum toxin injection
• Hypocontraction
- May need teatment for GERD
- May benefit from prokinetic agents