Mitosis notes
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Mitosis is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells, each with the same number and type of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It occurs in four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes condense. In metaphase, chromosomes line up along the center of the cell. Anaphase follows, where the pairs of chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Finally, in telophase, the daughter nuclei form and cytokinesis completes the division of the cytoplasmic contents, resulting in two daughter cells.
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This document contains laboratory protocols for experiments in cell biology and genetics. It includes procedures for observing mitosis in onion root tip cells using a squash technique, studying meiosis in onion flower bud cells using a permanent slide, examining Barr bodies in human buccal smear cells, and isolating chloroplasts from spinach leaves and mitochondria from yeast cells through differential centrifugation. The document provides detailed methodologies, materials required, and expected observations for each experiment to analyze key cellular processes like the cell cycle, meiosis, and intracellular organelle isolation.
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1. Cellular organisms can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not.
2. Eukaryotic cells contain DNA packaged into chromosomes within a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and their DNA is free-floating.
3. Cellular differentiation allows for different cell types, with stem cells capable of differentiating into specialized cell types through gene expression.
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1. Cellular organisms can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not.
2. Eukaryotic cells contain DNA packaged into chromosomes within a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and their DNA is free-floating.
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3.2 chromosomes
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Mitochondrial inheritance
Mitochondrial Inheritance
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3. Methods are outlined for estimating the size of onion cells using the microscope's field of view.
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- Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are the stages of mitosis described in detail. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm.
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CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
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The orderly sequence of events by which the cell duplicates its contents and divides into two is termed as the cell cycle. The event is genetically controlled. It consists of two periods-(a) interphase (b)mitosis.
• MITOSIS
Occurs in somatic cells. Equational division. Duplicated chromosomes distributed equally to the daughter cells. Consists of 4 stages –prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
• MEIOSIS
Occurs in germ cells. Involves two sequential cycles that are meiosis I and meiosis II. There is only a single cycle of DNA replication. Meiosis I is initiated after is S phase. Meiosis involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes and recombination between them. Four haploid cells are formed called germ cells.
Cell Division1.pptx
Cell division occurs through two main processes - mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during cell growth and reproduction. It involves the four phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions and a reduction in chromosome number. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate and haploid cells are produced. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids to form four haploid cells. Cell division through mitosis and meiosis helps maintain genetic information and drives evolution through genetic variation.
mitosis by joey
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. It involves several steps: interphase where the cell grows and prepares for division, prophase where the chromosomes condense, prometaphase where the nuclear envelope breaks down, metaphase where the chromosomes align, anaphase where the chromosomes are separated, and telophase where the daughter nuclei and cells reform.
Cell Division
The document discusses different types of cell division: binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis. Binary fission is how prokaryotic cells divide, splitting their single DNA strand to form two identical daughter cells. Mitosis and meiosis are forms of cell division in eukaryotes. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through the phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells with half the normal genetic material.
Cloning ethical issues
This document discusses the ethical issues surrounding human cloning. It provides a brief history of cloning, noting that the concept originated from botany but now refers to identical genetic copies of organisms produced artificially. The document outlines the differences between sexual reproduction and cloning by nuclear transfer. Recent advances in cloning research on animals are also examined. The ethical issues of research cloning versus reproductive cloning, and the potential for adult stem cells to replace embryonic stem cells, are explored. The international community's discussion on regulating cloning is also summarized.
Developmental biology
The document describes developmental patterns in several animal phyla. It discusses:
1) Spiral cleavage in mollusks and annelids, where cleavage planes are oblique, forming a spiral arrangement. This results in cells touching at more points than radially cleaving embryos.
2) Developmental axes in C. elegans defined by the anterior-posterior axis of the egg. The sperm entry point determines the posterior pole.
3) Radial holoblastic cleavage in sea urchins, where the first three cleavages are perpendicular, forming cell tiers, while the fourth cleavage divides cells meridionally.
Observing Mitosis
The document is a lab report describing an experiment observing mitosis. It includes an introduction stating the objective was to observe different phases of mitosis using orcein ethanoic stain on onion root tip slides. The results section describes cells in telophase of mitosis or meiosis being observed. Safety precautions of wearing gloves and goggles are discussed. Treatment with hydrochloric acid is said to help stain the specimen. The discussion notes issues viewing slides initially but improvement after pressing. Cells were counted in the microscope's field of view and phases of mitosis were drawn to aid differentiation.
Abnormalities 0f mitotis By KK Sahu Sir
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS MITOSIS
PHASES OF CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS
SOURCE & REASON OF ABNORMAL MITOSIS
EFFECTS OF ABNORMAL MITOSIS
ABNORMALITIES OF MITOSIS IN PLANTS
ABNORMALITIES OF MITOSIS IN ANIMALS & HUMAN BEINGS
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR MITOTIC ABNORMALITY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF ABNORMAL MITOSIS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Mitosis y meiosis
The document describes the processes of mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, DNA is duplicated and the cell divides into two daughter cells with identical genetic material. Meiosis involves two cell divisions, resulting in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis I and sister chromatids separate in meiosis II.
8 Meiosis and Gametogenesis.pdf
The document summarizes meiosis and compares it to mitosis. It explains that meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell, reducing the chromosome number by half. This allows for sexual reproduction by generating gametes. The document outlines the key stages of meiosis I and meiosis II, including prophase I with its substages. It notes how crossing over in prophase I leads to genetic variation. The document also compares spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the processes by which sperm and eggs are produced through meiosis.
Mitosis Ppt
The document summarizes the stages of mitosis, including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for division. In prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope disappears. In metaphase, the chromosomes align in the center of the cell. In anaphase, the sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite ends. In telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decompress. Finally, in cytokinesis, the cell physically divides into two daughter cells.
Mitosis Ppt
The document summarizes the stages of mitosis, including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for division. In prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope disappears. In metaphase, the chromosomes align in the center of the cell. In anaphase, the sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite ends. In telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decompress. Finally, in cytokinesis, the cell physically divides into two daughter cells.
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Cell activities
This document discusses cellular metabolism, including photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and uses carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun to produce glucose and oxygen. Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. Metabolism also includes anabolism, which builds complex molecules, and catabolism, which breaks down molecules to release energy. The cycling of molecules between chloroplasts and mitochondria transfers energy through living things. The document also describes the process of cell division, including the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis, which produces two daughter cells with identical DNA to the original parent cell.
Mitosis Case Study
This document provides information about mitosis and meiosis. It discusses the key stages of each process, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase for mitosis. For meiosis, it describes the two divisions that occur, meiosis I and meiosis II, which result in four haploid daughter cells rather than two identical diploid cells like mitosis. The document also notes some of the differences between mitosis and meiosis, such as mitosis producing identical daughter cells while meiosis generates genetic diversity through recombination during prophase I.
Genome
Chromosomes occupy preferred positions within the cell nucleus rather than being randomly arranged. Recent advances in 3D imaging technology have revealed that chromosomes interact physically with neighboring chromosomes and genes migrate within the nucleus depending on their function. A chromosome's position can influence whether the genes it carries are active or inactive, providing insights into gene regulation, health, and disease states like cancer.
Genome
Chromosomes occupy preferred positions within the cell nucleus rather than being randomly arranged. Recent advances in 3D imaging technology have revealed that chromosomes interact physically with neighboring chromosomes and genes migrate within the nucleus depending on their function. A chromosome's position can influence whether the genes it carries are active or inactive, providing insights into gene regulation and how some diseases like cancer arise.
Cytology
The document discusses the processes of cell division through mitosis and meiosis. It explains that mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and occurs in somatic cells, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells and occurs in germ cells to create gametes. Both processes go through similar stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, but meiosis involves two cell divisions to separate homologous chromosomes and then sister chromatids, resulting in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes. The key difference is that mitosis maintains genetic variation, while meiosis increases it through independent assortment and crossing over.
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Mitosis notes
- 3. What is MITOSIS ? THE PROCESS BY WHICH TWO NEW NUCLEII ARE FORMED, PRECEDING CELL DIVISION. http://fairmanstudios.com/als.htm
- 4. PURPOSE OF MITOSIS: TO PRODUCE TWO NEW NUCLEII WITH… - EXACTLY THE SAME KIND and - EXACTLY THE SAME NUMBER . . . OF CHROMOSOMES AS THE PARENT CELL.
- 5. http://www.dartmouth.edu/artsci/bio/cbbc/courses/bio4/bio4-lectures/theCell.html MITOSIS is about organizing and distributing CHROMOSOMES
- 8. INTERPHASE is the normal lifetime of a cell, after being “born” by division, and before it divides itself. INTERPHASE is not a stage of mitosis ! Biological Science, a Molecular Approach. BSCS Blue Version. Heath and Company, 1996.
- 9. INTERPHASE: Gap 1 Gap 2 S-phase Biological Science, a Molecular Approach. BSCS Blue Version. Heath and Company, 1996.
- 10. nucleolus (if any) still visible INTERPHASE: nuclear envelope clearly visible chromatin, NO chromosomes, yet http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/photomicrographs/mitosis/animal/animal_interphase.htm
- 11. INTERPHASE Allium root tip Coregonus blastula
- 12. PROPHASE http://www.itg.uiuc.edu/technology/atlas/structures/mitosis/prophase.htm
- 13. PROPHASE J Nuclear membrane dissolves. J Nucleolus disappears. J Chromosomes form. J Centrioles migrate & form spindle. http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/181gh/Lectures_WJG.01/mitosis_F.01/mitosis.html
- 14. PROPHASE nuclear envelope disappears nucleolus disappears chromosomes become visible http://www.ac-dijon.fr/pedago/svt/documents/mitose/prophase.gif
- 15. PROPHASE Allium root tip Coregonus blastula
- 17. METAPHASE chromatids spindle centriole http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm736/cycletx.htm J chromatids line up on the equator.
- 18. METAPHASE TWO IDENTICAL COPIES OF ONE CHROMOSOME. THIS THIS CHROMATID CHROMATID WILL SOON WILL SOON MOVE TO MOVE TO NORTH POLE SOUTH POLE http://genenlab.spoono.com/gnu/mandm.shtml
- 19. METAPHASE Allium root tip Coregonus blastula
- 21. ANAPHASE J chromatids migrate to each pole. http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/181gh/Lectures_WJG.01/mitosis_F.01/mitosis.html
- 22. ANAPHASE early late Conly Rieder http://www.wadsworth.org/BMS/SCBlinks/WEB_MIT2/HOME.HTM
- 23. ANAPHASE Allium root tip Coregonus blastula
- 24. TELOPHASE
- 25. TELOPHASE J Chromosomes dissolve. J Mitotic spindle dissolves. J Nuclear membrane forms. J New nucleoli form.
- 26. TELOPHASE ONE DAUGHTER ONE NUCLEUS DAUGHTER FORMS AT NUCLEUS NORTH POLE FORMS AT SPINDLE SOUTH POLE APPARATUS DISSOLVES
- 27. TELOPHASE early late New nuclei form at the poles. Cytokinesis begins. http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/181gh/Lectures_WJG.01/mitosis_F.01/mitosis.html
- 28. TELOPHASE Allium root tip Coregonus blastula
- 30. THE END (can you determine which stages these cells are in?