This thesis project involves developing a system to monitor the operation of photovoltaic (PV) power stations. The key objectives are to provide real-time monitoring of plant status, enable supervision and control of plant operations, serve as a maintenance tool, and provide easy data visualization dashboards. The methodology will involve designing and building a system to monitor metrics like array voltage, current, power, module temperature, ambient temperature, irradiance, and irradiation from the PV stations. It will also include alarms to detect any faults with the solar cells. Important aspects that should be covered include elements of PV systems, controlling and monitoring PV performance, and evaluating results.
Mini scada system for monitoring pv and wind installation in meteorology stat...slmnsvn
This document presents a mini SCADA system for monitoring PV and wind installations in meteorology stations. It describes the methodology used, including sensors to measure temperature, wind speed and direction, humidity, atmospheric pressure and more. It also covers calculations for wind turbine output power based on speed and area, and solar panel output based on load, penetration factor, and panel specifications. MATLAB programs were designed to calculate wind and solar output. Problems faced included a lack of equipment and long shipping times.
Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Country Sectors - Advanced ThermodynamicsMostafa Ghadamyari
This document outlines sectoral energy and exergy analysis procedures. It discusses how energy, exergy, and entropy concepts apply to thermodynamic systems and can be used to analyze macrosystems like societies. The document then provides an example of analyzing Turkey's residential/commercial sector, showing the steps to estimate energy and exergy efficiencies for applications like space heating and cooking. Finally, it discusses analyzing Turkey's industrial sector, dividing energy usage into process categories and examining industries like iron-steel production.
Power Performance Optimization using LiDAR technology : India Pilot Project R...Karim Fahssis 卡卡
Presentation given by MeteoPole's CEO Mr. Karim Fahssis at the IPP summit in November 2014 Delhi showing the results of the India Power Performance Optimization Pilot Project with Continuum Wind Energy on Surajbari wind farm project in Gujarat (Vestas turbines) with a proven +2.4% AEP increase after yaw error correction.
This document summarizes EDF Energy's experience with a loss of off-site power event at their Hunterston B nuclear power station in Scotland. It describes how all grid power was lost on two separate occasions during a major storm in 1998, forcing the reactors to rely on emergency diesel generators and natural circulation cooling. Operators faced many challenges in maintaining safe shutdown. As a result, EDF improved operator training for such events, enhanced on-site emergency capabilities, and implemented recommendations from a worldwide industry report on the risks of lost off-site power.
Energy and exergy analysis of a 250 mw coal fired thermal power plant at diff...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present investigation exergy and energy efficiencies of a coal fired 250 MW thermal power plant operating in eastern part of India are determined both for 100% and 90% load based on actual operating data. The efficiencies are evaluated for the overall plant as well as for different equipments like boiler, turbine, all feed water heaters and condenser. Similarly effectiveness of the feed water heaters is evaluated for both the loads. Exergy destruction % for each of the equipment are also given for clear understandingof the loss of available energy due to irreversibilities involved in the processes for each equipment and the whole plant. It is observed that a major irreversibility or, exergy destruction takes place at boiler though 1st law energy efficiency is quite high. This signifies that there might have further scope of improvement in this equipment. Similar analyses are carried out for other equipments. The results obtained in present analysis are compared with those of other investigators. Keywords: Energy, Exergy, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Exergy destruction, Power plant
The document discusses using thermopile sensors and an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to estimate the roll angle of a test platform. Thermopile sensors detect infrared radiation and can approximate roll angle through a sine function. An EKF fuses data from two thermopile sensors and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to estimate roll angle. Testing achieved an average root mean square error of 5.7 degrees between the EKF estimate and IMU measurements. Future work includes applying this to pitch estimation and quadcopter control.
This document discusses instruments used to measure speed, including tachometers. It describes several types of tachometers: mechanical tachometers like revolution counters, hand speed tachometers, and tachoscopes; electrical tachometers such as eddy current tachometers, tachogenerators, and magnetic pickup tachometers; and centrifugal tachometers. For each type, it provides a brief explanation of how it works and its applications. Revolution counters, hand speed tachometers, and tachoscopes are described as being used to measure average rotational speed, while other tachometers like eddy current and tachogenerators can measure instantaneous speed.
Mini scada system for monitoring pv and wind installation in meteorology stat...slmnsvn
This document presents a mini SCADA system for monitoring PV and wind installations in meteorology stations. It describes the methodology used, including sensors to measure temperature, wind speed and direction, humidity, atmospheric pressure and more. It also covers calculations for wind turbine output power based on speed and area, and solar panel output based on load, penetration factor, and panel specifications. MATLAB programs were designed to calculate wind and solar output. Problems faced included a lack of equipment and long shipping times.
Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Country Sectors - Advanced ThermodynamicsMostafa Ghadamyari
This document outlines sectoral energy and exergy analysis procedures. It discusses how energy, exergy, and entropy concepts apply to thermodynamic systems and can be used to analyze macrosystems like societies. The document then provides an example of analyzing Turkey's residential/commercial sector, showing the steps to estimate energy and exergy efficiencies for applications like space heating and cooking. Finally, it discusses analyzing Turkey's industrial sector, dividing energy usage into process categories and examining industries like iron-steel production.
Power Performance Optimization using LiDAR technology : India Pilot Project R...Karim Fahssis 卡卡
Presentation given by MeteoPole's CEO Mr. Karim Fahssis at the IPP summit in November 2014 Delhi showing the results of the India Power Performance Optimization Pilot Project with Continuum Wind Energy on Surajbari wind farm project in Gujarat (Vestas turbines) with a proven +2.4% AEP increase after yaw error correction.
This document summarizes EDF Energy's experience with a loss of off-site power event at their Hunterston B nuclear power station in Scotland. It describes how all grid power was lost on two separate occasions during a major storm in 1998, forcing the reactors to rely on emergency diesel generators and natural circulation cooling. Operators faced many challenges in maintaining safe shutdown. As a result, EDF improved operator training for such events, enhanced on-site emergency capabilities, and implemented recommendations from a worldwide industry report on the risks of lost off-site power.
Energy and exergy analysis of a 250 mw coal fired thermal power plant at diff...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present investigation exergy and energy efficiencies of a coal fired 250 MW thermal power plant operating in eastern part of India are determined both for 100% and 90% load based on actual operating data. The efficiencies are evaluated for the overall plant as well as for different equipments like boiler, turbine, all feed water heaters and condenser. Similarly effectiveness of the feed water heaters is evaluated for both the loads. Exergy destruction % for each of the equipment are also given for clear understandingof the loss of available energy due to irreversibilities involved in the processes for each equipment and the whole plant. It is observed that a major irreversibility or, exergy destruction takes place at boiler though 1st law energy efficiency is quite high. This signifies that there might have further scope of improvement in this equipment. Similar analyses are carried out for other equipments. The results obtained in present analysis are compared with those of other investigators. Keywords: Energy, Exergy, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Exergy destruction, Power plant
The document discusses using thermopile sensors and an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to estimate the roll angle of a test platform. Thermopile sensors detect infrared radiation and can approximate roll angle through a sine function. An EKF fuses data from two thermopile sensors and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to estimate roll angle. Testing achieved an average root mean square error of 5.7 degrees between the EKF estimate and IMU measurements. Future work includes applying this to pitch estimation and quadcopter control.
This document discusses instruments used to measure speed, including tachometers. It describes several types of tachometers: mechanical tachometers like revolution counters, hand speed tachometers, and tachoscopes; electrical tachometers such as eddy current tachometers, tachogenerators, and magnetic pickup tachometers; and centrifugal tachometers. For each type, it provides a brief explanation of how it works and its applications. Revolution counters, hand speed tachometers, and tachoscopes are described as being used to measure average rotational speed, while other tachometers like eddy current and tachogenerators can measure instantaneous speed.
The document discusses energy and exergy using an analogy of representing energy as "little men". It states that the 1st law of thermodynamics means the total number of men remains the same during energy conversion. Exergy is represented by the height of the men and refers to the quality of energy. The 2nd law means men lose height and courage when moving to lower platforms. Heating a room with electricity versus hot water is compared in terms of exergy levels. Energy losses occur throughout the processes of generating and transferring energy.
Thermodynamics is the science concerned with heat and its transformation into mechanical energy. The three laws of thermodynamics state that energy cannot be created or destroyed, heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler to a hotter body, and the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. Thermodynamics describes the efficiency of converting heat into work using heat engines based on concepts such as internal energy, reversible and irreversible processes, and thermal equilibrium. The maximum theoretical efficiency is obtained by Carnot's ideal heat engine undergoing fully reversible processes.
Faculty of Engineering & Technology , Gurukula Kangri University , Haridwarashwini kumar
Topic:- Tachometer
Description :- This is use to measure the speed of rotating machines in rpm....
Ashwini kumar
Electrical Engineering
ashwinikmr555@gmail.com
+919027134556
The document discusses the zeroth law of thermodynamics and concepts of temperature. It defines temperature and different types of thermometers used to measure temperature, including:
1) Constant volume and constant pressure gas thermometers which use the gas laws and measure temperature based on changes in pressure or volume.
2) Electrical resistance and thermocouple thermometers which measure temperature based on changes in electrical resistance or voltage.
3) Mercury-in-glass and pyrometers which measure temperature based on changes in the length of a mercury column or thermal radiation emitted.
CENOS Platform - a simple 3D simulation desktop software for induction heating. Our platform connects the best of community-backed open source tools into one seamless user experience with simple interface for induction heating and hardening applications: - induction coil heating
- single-shot hardening
- scanning heating
- high frequency heating (surface impedance)
- DC applications.
Automotive air conditioning training manualTaufiq Atan
Here are the key points about scroll compressors:
- They have two interleaved spiral wraps, one fixed and one orbiting, that work like a scroll to progressively fold refrigerant vapor into higher pressures.
- They are more efficient than reciprocating piston compressors since there are no suction or discharge valves and minimal leakage.
- They operate more smoothly and quietly than piston compressors due to their continuous compression process versus the pulsating action of pistons.
- Common failures include worn or damaged scrolls, seized orbiting scroll, faulty bearings, or electrical issues with the motor.
- Like other compressors, they require proper lubrication and refrigerant charge for optimal performance.
- Scroll
A tachometer is a device used to measure rotational speed, and can measure the speed of a rotating shaft. There are different types of tachometers including mechanical tachometers such as revolution counters and hand speed indicators, and electrical tachometers such as eddy current tachometers and tachogenerators. Contactless electrical tachometers also exist including magnetic pickup and photo-electric tachometers.
This document discusses emergency generators and power outage planning. It begins by asking questions about when an emergency generator is needed and how it works. Common causes of power outages like weather events are described. The risks of power loss, such as lost communications or security, are outlined. Case studies of major power outages in various cities caused by weather are presented. The document then covers how an emergency generator and automatic transfer switch work together to power critical loads when utility power is lost. Key considerations for planning an emergency power system like load selection, generator sizing, installation location, and fuel supply are addressed. The benefits of purchasing versus renting a generator are compared.
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 5.2 - Project cashflow and IRRLeonardo ENERGY
This document provides information on economic analyses of photovoltaic systems, including inputs, costs, production estimates, and study cases for different system types in Germany and Spain. It analyzes 5 case studies, including crystalline and thin film ground mount and rooftop systems. For each case it provides the technology type, country, estimated yearly production, subsidy rate, investment cost, loan details, yearly revenue, accrued revenue over 25 years, and internal rate of return. The highest IRR was found to be 26.49% for a 1,000 kW thin film ground mount system in Spain.
A short introduction to the common types of sensors used in modern automobiles and their functions. Please note this is only an overview, and does not include ultramodern sensors used in high end cars.
The document discusses the zeroth law of thermodynamics and temperature measurement. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The zeroth law states that if two bodies (A and B) are each in thermal equilibrium with a third body (C), then A and B are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This establishes the transitive property of temperature.
2) Temperature is measured using thermometers that relate a physical property's change (like mercury expansion) to temperature. Common temperature scales are Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin.
3) Various thermometer types are discussed, including liquid-in-glass, electrical resistance, thermocouple, and those using gas/vapor pressure changes
The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including:
1. It defines systems, surroundings, boundaries, properties, states, paths, processes, cycles, and equilibrium.
2. It explains heat, work, temperature, and the different mechanisms of heat transfer.
3. It introduces the three laws of thermodynamics and their implications for engineering systems and processes.
Simulation of the effects of turbine exhaust recirculationZin Eddine Dadach
For an effective carbon capture by an amine mixture, the molar percentage of CO2 in the flue gas should be at least equal to 10%. Moreover, in order to reduce technical problems due to amine oxidative degradation, the molar percentage of O2 in the flue gas should be limited to 5%. One possible option for increasing the concentration of CO2 and decreasing the amount of O2 in the flue gas from power plants using natural gas is recirculation of a part of the flue gas.
This document discusses different types of comparators used to measure small dimensional variations. It begins by explaining how comparators work by comparing an unknown dimension to a master setting. It then describes various mechanical comparators like dial indicators and Johnson Mikrokators. It discusses their advantages of not requiring much skill but allowing high accuracy. The document also covers optical and electrical comparators, noting optical ones have fewer moving parts but require power, while electrical ones use Wheatstone bridges. In under 3 sentences, it provides an overview of comparators and their uses in precision measurement.
1) An electrical tachometer measures angular velocity using electrical transducers instead of mechanical components, providing advantages like fast response, no inertia effects, and less power loss.
2) An eddy current tachometer works by inducing eddy currents in an aluminum cup using a rotating permanent magnet, creating torque that is proportional to rotational speed.
3) The torque causes deflection of the cup and pointer against a spring, with the pointer position on a calibrated scale indicating shaft speed. Eddy current tachometers can measure speeds up to 12,000 rpm and are used in automobile speedometers and modified versions in locomotives.
Bosch produces several automotive sensors that measure various parameters. This includes a steering wheel angle sensor that measures angles from -780 to 780 degrees using magnets and resistance changes. A yaw sensor measures vehicle rotation around the vertical axis using oscillating masses in a magnetic field to detect rotational movement. Rotational speed sensors use inductive proximity to generate an AC voltage from a rotating toothed ring to determine engine and wheel speeds. These sensors output analog or digital signals for various vehicle control systems.
The document summarizes updates to the 2010-2011 National Engineering Design Challenge involving building windmill devices to perform tasks. Key changes include measuring average electrical power output over time using automated equipment rather than lamps, requiring teams to measure and report the mass of their device, and extending devices over table edges and onto the floor. Teams must now submit a cost and labor summary as part of their academic display. The performance criteria for tasks raising a mass, powering a vehicle, and responding to wind direction changes remain the same.
Designing and installation of low cost optimized wind monitoring systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document describes a weather monitoring system using an Arduino microcontroller. The system uses sensors to measure various meteorological parameters like temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. It then transmits the sensor data to an LCD display or to a computer for storage and analysis. Setting up the system involves connecting the sensors to the Arduino, writing a program to collect and process the sensor data, and configuring a display or storage device. Once built, the weather monitoring system can monitor conditions in real-time or analyze trends over time. It can also trigger alerts when specific weather thresholds are reached.
This document summarizes a project on a weather monitoring system using Arduino. The system uses various sensors like a DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor to measure weather parameters. It has a block diagram showing the Arduino board connected to sensors and an LCD display. The system operates by collecting data from the connected sensors and displaying it in real-time on the LCD screen. It has advantages like providing real-time data and alerts. Potential applications include environmental monitoring, agriculture, and outdoor recreation. In conclusion, the system provides an effective way to record local weather readings to help farmers.
The document discusses energy and exergy using an analogy of representing energy as "little men". It states that the 1st law of thermodynamics means the total number of men remains the same during energy conversion. Exergy is represented by the height of the men and refers to the quality of energy. The 2nd law means men lose height and courage when moving to lower platforms. Heating a room with electricity versus hot water is compared in terms of exergy levels. Energy losses occur throughout the processes of generating and transferring energy.
Thermodynamics is the science concerned with heat and its transformation into mechanical energy. The three laws of thermodynamics state that energy cannot be created or destroyed, heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler to a hotter body, and the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. Thermodynamics describes the efficiency of converting heat into work using heat engines based on concepts such as internal energy, reversible and irreversible processes, and thermal equilibrium. The maximum theoretical efficiency is obtained by Carnot's ideal heat engine undergoing fully reversible processes.
Faculty of Engineering & Technology , Gurukula Kangri University , Haridwarashwini kumar
Topic:- Tachometer
Description :- This is use to measure the speed of rotating machines in rpm....
Ashwini kumar
Electrical Engineering
ashwinikmr555@gmail.com
+919027134556
The document discusses the zeroth law of thermodynamics and concepts of temperature. It defines temperature and different types of thermometers used to measure temperature, including:
1) Constant volume and constant pressure gas thermometers which use the gas laws and measure temperature based on changes in pressure or volume.
2) Electrical resistance and thermocouple thermometers which measure temperature based on changes in electrical resistance or voltage.
3) Mercury-in-glass and pyrometers which measure temperature based on changes in the length of a mercury column or thermal radiation emitted.
CENOS Platform - a simple 3D simulation desktop software for induction heating. Our platform connects the best of community-backed open source tools into one seamless user experience with simple interface for induction heating and hardening applications: - induction coil heating
- single-shot hardening
- scanning heating
- high frequency heating (surface impedance)
- DC applications.
Automotive air conditioning training manualTaufiq Atan
Here are the key points about scroll compressors:
- They have two interleaved spiral wraps, one fixed and one orbiting, that work like a scroll to progressively fold refrigerant vapor into higher pressures.
- They are more efficient than reciprocating piston compressors since there are no suction or discharge valves and minimal leakage.
- They operate more smoothly and quietly than piston compressors due to their continuous compression process versus the pulsating action of pistons.
- Common failures include worn or damaged scrolls, seized orbiting scroll, faulty bearings, or electrical issues with the motor.
- Like other compressors, they require proper lubrication and refrigerant charge for optimal performance.
- Scroll
A tachometer is a device used to measure rotational speed, and can measure the speed of a rotating shaft. There are different types of tachometers including mechanical tachometers such as revolution counters and hand speed indicators, and electrical tachometers such as eddy current tachometers and tachogenerators. Contactless electrical tachometers also exist including magnetic pickup and photo-electric tachometers.
This document discusses emergency generators and power outage planning. It begins by asking questions about when an emergency generator is needed and how it works. Common causes of power outages like weather events are described. The risks of power loss, such as lost communications or security, are outlined. Case studies of major power outages in various cities caused by weather are presented. The document then covers how an emergency generator and automatic transfer switch work together to power critical loads when utility power is lost. Key considerations for planning an emergency power system like load selection, generator sizing, installation location, and fuel supply are addressed. The benefits of purchasing versus renting a generator are compared.
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 5.2 - Project cashflow and IRRLeonardo ENERGY
This document provides information on economic analyses of photovoltaic systems, including inputs, costs, production estimates, and study cases for different system types in Germany and Spain. It analyzes 5 case studies, including crystalline and thin film ground mount and rooftop systems. For each case it provides the technology type, country, estimated yearly production, subsidy rate, investment cost, loan details, yearly revenue, accrued revenue over 25 years, and internal rate of return. The highest IRR was found to be 26.49% for a 1,000 kW thin film ground mount system in Spain.
A short introduction to the common types of sensors used in modern automobiles and their functions. Please note this is only an overview, and does not include ultramodern sensors used in high end cars.
The document discusses the zeroth law of thermodynamics and temperature measurement. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The zeroth law states that if two bodies (A and B) are each in thermal equilibrium with a third body (C), then A and B are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This establishes the transitive property of temperature.
2) Temperature is measured using thermometers that relate a physical property's change (like mercury expansion) to temperature. Common temperature scales are Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin.
3) Various thermometer types are discussed, including liquid-in-glass, electrical resistance, thermocouple, and those using gas/vapor pressure changes
The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including:
1. It defines systems, surroundings, boundaries, properties, states, paths, processes, cycles, and equilibrium.
2. It explains heat, work, temperature, and the different mechanisms of heat transfer.
3. It introduces the three laws of thermodynamics and their implications for engineering systems and processes.
Simulation of the effects of turbine exhaust recirculationZin Eddine Dadach
For an effective carbon capture by an amine mixture, the molar percentage of CO2 in the flue gas should be at least equal to 10%. Moreover, in order to reduce technical problems due to amine oxidative degradation, the molar percentage of O2 in the flue gas should be limited to 5%. One possible option for increasing the concentration of CO2 and decreasing the amount of O2 in the flue gas from power plants using natural gas is recirculation of a part of the flue gas.
This document discusses different types of comparators used to measure small dimensional variations. It begins by explaining how comparators work by comparing an unknown dimension to a master setting. It then describes various mechanical comparators like dial indicators and Johnson Mikrokators. It discusses their advantages of not requiring much skill but allowing high accuracy. The document also covers optical and electrical comparators, noting optical ones have fewer moving parts but require power, while electrical ones use Wheatstone bridges. In under 3 sentences, it provides an overview of comparators and their uses in precision measurement.
1) An electrical tachometer measures angular velocity using electrical transducers instead of mechanical components, providing advantages like fast response, no inertia effects, and less power loss.
2) An eddy current tachometer works by inducing eddy currents in an aluminum cup using a rotating permanent magnet, creating torque that is proportional to rotational speed.
3) The torque causes deflection of the cup and pointer against a spring, with the pointer position on a calibrated scale indicating shaft speed. Eddy current tachometers can measure speeds up to 12,000 rpm and are used in automobile speedometers and modified versions in locomotives.
Bosch produces several automotive sensors that measure various parameters. This includes a steering wheel angle sensor that measures angles from -780 to 780 degrees using magnets and resistance changes. A yaw sensor measures vehicle rotation around the vertical axis using oscillating masses in a magnetic field to detect rotational movement. Rotational speed sensors use inductive proximity to generate an AC voltage from a rotating toothed ring to determine engine and wheel speeds. These sensors output analog or digital signals for various vehicle control systems.
The document summarizes updates to the 2010-2011 National Engineering Design Challenge involving building windmill devices to perform tasks. Key changes include measuring average electrical power output over time using automated equipment rather than lamps, requiring teams to measure and report the mass of their device, and extending devices over table edges and onto the floor. Teams must now submit a cost and labor summary as part of their academic display. The performance criteria for tasks raising a mass, powering a vehicle, and responding to wind direction changes remain the same.
Designing and installation of low cost optimized wind monitoring systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document describes a weather monitoring system using an Arduino microcontroller. The system uses sensors to measure various meteorological parameters like temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. It then transmits the sensor data to an LCD display or to a computer for storage and analysis. Setting up the system involves connecting the sensors to the Arduino, writing a program to collect and process the sensor data, and configuring a display or storage device. Once built, the weather monitoring system can monitor conditions in real-time or analyze trends over time. It can also trigger alerts when specific weather thresholds are reached.
This document summarizes a project on a weather monitoring system using Arduino. The system uses various sensors like a DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor to measure weather parameters. It has a block diagram showing the Arduino board connected to sensors and an LCD display. The system operates by collecting data from the connected sensors and displaying it in real-time on the LCD screen. It has advantages like providing real-time data and alerts. Potential applications include environmental monitoring, agriculture, and outdoor recreation. In conclusion, the system provides an effective way to record local weather readings to help farmers.
This document discusses how data loggers are used to collect weather data for forecasting. It describes how data loggers can acquire data from various sensors like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and rainfall sensors. The data is stored digitally and downloaded to computers for detailed analysis. This automated process avoids human error and allows constant collection of weather measurements. Various sensors are then described, such as temperature sensors that produce digital signals, wind speed sensors that count revolutions, and rainfall detectors that record bucket tips. The collected data is used along with satellite images and weather balloons to improve weather forecasting.
Sensor node hardware and network architectureVidhi603146
The document discusses the hardware components and architecture of sensor nodes. It describes the main components as the controller module, memory module, communication module, sensing modules, and power supply module. The controller is the core and processes data from sensors. Memory stores programs and data. The communication device allows nodes to exchange data wirelessly. Sensors interface with the physical environment. Power is stored and replenished through batteries or energy scavenging from the environment. TinyOS was developed as an operating system for sensor networks since traditional OSes were not suitable due to constraints like limited memory and power.
This document is the final thesis report submitted by four students for their Bachelor's degree in Computer and Electrical Engineering. It documents their design project titled "Demand Side Load Management to Match Solar Power Generation". The project aims to manage household loads by prioritizing them and turning off less important loads when solar power generation drops, in order to match supply and demand. It uses an Arduino microcontroller connected to sensors to monitor battery voltage and current, and control relays that switch loads on and off. The report describes the design, components, calculations, code, and implementation of the system to automatically manage household loads powered by a solar generator during periods of low solar power generation.
Development of a software solution for solar pv power systems sizing and moni...simeon Matthew
This document describes the development of a software solution called SolarHelper for sizing and monitoring solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems. SolarHelper can accurately simulate the required battery storage capacity and PV array size based on load demands for sizing. It also monitors and records vital system variables like voltage, current, temperature and light intensity to assess the performance and state of an existing solar PV installation. The software was developed using a microcontroller, monitoring circuitry, and a Java graphical user interface. Algorithms are presented for both the sizing and monitoring functions of the SolarHelper software.
odometer and some terms in instrumentationBagja Tirta
The document discusses various measurement instruments and their characteristics. It defines an odometer as an instrument that measures distance traveled by vehicles. It also defines a tripmeter, which differs from an odometer in that it can be reset to measure individual trips or parts of a trip. It then lists and describes 14 different measurement instruments and their functions, including their accuracy, precision, range, resolution, and more. It provides photos of some of the instruments discussed.
odometer and some terms in istrumentationBagja Tirta
The document discusses various measurement instruments and their characteristics. It defines an odometer as an instrument that measures distance traveled by vehicles. It also defines a tripmeter, which differs from an odometer in that it can be reset to measure individual trips or parts of a trip. It then lists and describes 14 different measurement instruments and their functions, including thermocouples, RTDs, pressure transmitters, data loggers, valves, and analog-to-digital converters and digital-to-analog converters. It includes photos illustrating some of these instruments.
This document provides technical specifications for a footstep power generation system that converts mechanical energy from footfalls into electrical energy using piezoelectric sensors. The system uses piezoelectric transducers to convert kinetic energy from footsteps into alternating current, which is then rectified and regulated to charge a 12V lead-acid battery. An inverter connected to the battery converts the direct current into alternating current to power various loads. The system is intended for use in rural areas to provide off-grid energy from foot traffic in locations like train stations, bus stops, temples and other crowded places.
This document provides technical specifications for a footstep power generation system that converts mechanical energy from footfalls into electrical energy using piezoelectric sensors. The system uses piezoelectric transducers to convert kinetic energy from footsteps into alternating current, which is then rectified and regulated to charge a 12V lead-acid battery. An inverter connected to the battery converts the direct current into 230V alternating current to power loads. The system is intended for use in rural areas to provide power from foot traffic in locations like streets, stations, and temples.
Energy efficiency in the UAE is a growing challenge due to the ever increasing penetration of personal appliances and an unsustainably high consumption of electrical energy. Electrical efficiency ratings provided by the manufacturers, based on ideal operating conditions, is an important criterion commonly used by consumers when purchasing appliances and electrical machines. We are proposing a versatile, highly scalable and portable smart electrical energy monitoring and metering device. We will design and prototype a single-phase, software-defined energy monitoring system with the aid of an embedded processor and the wireless GSM communication protocol. In contrast to simple contact based voltage and current measurement mechanisms, the proposed sophisticated and portable embedded device will be driven by a contact-less split core Current Transformer (CT) and a generic Potential Transformer (VT). Based on the sensed single phase voltage and current variables, the device will calculate and communicate, in real time, the key electrical energy parameters of average power, power factor and energy in units of Kilowatt-Hours (kWH) over a user-defined period of time. The calculated parameters are communicated to the consumer over the wireless GSM protocol. The calculated parameters can then be used to benchmark numerous single phase electrical.
This document describes a senior engineering project to create an Automated Solar Optic Concentrator (ASOC) using a Fresnel lens. A team of 5 students - Travis Hobbs, Jared Espinoza, Trever Hess, Dongliang Lu, and Chris Gaudin - designed and built the ASOC under the guidance of their professor Dr. Nebojsa I. Jaksic. The ASOC aims to automatically focus sunlight through the Fresnel lens in a controlled manner to utilize the concentrated power at the focal point. Key components include a solar tracking system, shutter movement system, frame movement system, and control system integrated with an Arduino microcontroller and touchscreen interface. The completed A
The document discusses instruments, sensors, and calibration. It defines instruments as tools used for scientific work or measuring devices. Sensors provide measurements to control systems and the most common types measure motion, temperature, fluid properties, and electromagnetic states. There are various instruments that transmit, indicate, record, or control sensor readings in a feedback control system. Errors in sensors include intrinsic filtering that limits response speed, cyclical errors from manufacturing variations, and random noise. Calibration is needed to characterize sensors and compensate for errors.
A Critical Assessment of Data Loggers for Farm Monitoring Addressing Limitati...ssuser793b4e
This comprehensive review examines thirty-nine data loggers and
their associated literature, systematically critiquing their design and
implementation. The integration of data loggers in farm monitoring proves
cost-effective, enabling the simultaneous monitoring of multiple parameters
without human intervention. The accrued data, when logged over time,
contributes to more accurate weather predictions, empowering farmers to
strategically plan for upcoming seasons. However, the review reveals a
prevalent issue among existing data loggers: many cannot read and record
various weather parameters concurrently, coupled with insufficient storage
capacity. This limitation hinders their suitability for prolonged, unattended
data storage. Additionally, a significant number of the reviewed data loggers
lack long-range wireless data transmission capabilities, restricting effective
weather monitoring from a distance. The findings underscore the need for
researchers to focus on developing advanced long-range data logger systems
with enhanced memory storage capacities to address these identified
shortcomings.
This document discusses various surveying techniques and equipment, including total stations. It provides details on total stations such as their basic components, accuracy levels, functions, applications, and operations involved in using them. Some key points covered include that total stations simultaneously measure angles and distances, have accuracy levels of 1-20 seconds for angles and 2mm-10mm per km for distances, and are used for applications like topographic, hydrographic, and cadastral surveys. The document also discusses limitations, safety precautions, and how to supervise total station work.
The document proposes a "SMART DAM" project that uses sensors, IoT devices, cloud computing and artificial intelligence to automate dam monitoring and operations. The system would allow dam authorities to remotely monitor water levels, weather data and control flood gates. It would also provide data to researchers and notify local communities of flood risks through siren alarms. The proposed architecture involves sensors transmitting data to a Raspberry Pi, cloud storage and an intelligent decision support system using neural networks to automate gate operations.
This document summarizes a senior design project to create a self-powered wireless sensor node for environmental monitoring. The goal was to design a sensor node that could measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and light intensity in harsh arctic environments using renewable energy sources. The first phase involved designing and testing the energy harvesting, storage, and data collection systems using solar panels, a supercapacitor, battery, sensors, and microcontroller. The second phase will involve transmitting sensor data via radio, adding a wind turbine, and housing the components in a weatherproof enclosure. This summary provides an overview of the project objectives, methodology, component selection and testing process.
This document discusses different types of batteries used in embedded systems, including their working principles and characteristics. It describes lead-acid batteries commonly found in cars, nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries used in toys and power tools, nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries which are better for devices that require frequent topping up of charge, and lithium-ion batteries widely used in electronics like phones and laptops due to their high energy density and longevity.
This document proposes an IoT-based system for real-time monitoring and fault detection of solar power panels. The system uses sensors to measure temperature, dust, and rainfall conditions near the panels. It sends this sensor data to an Arduino board, which uses an artificial neural network model to analyze the data and detect any faults or underperformance in the panels. If a panel is found to be producing significantly less power than expected, a maintenance alert is sent via IoT. The system is designed to run on low-cost hardware and allow large solar farms to remotely monitor individual panels for optimal performance.
The document proposes a novel real-time monitoring system for solar power plants utilizing an artificial neural network running on low-cost hardware. The system monitors temperature, dust, and rain sensors to detect faults or degradation in photovoltaic panels. If sensor values exceed thresholds or panels produce significantly less power than predicted, maintenance is triggered. The system was implemented using an Arduino, sensors, an LCD display and connects to IoT for remote monitoring. It aims to efficiently maintain solar panels for reliable energy generation.
Similar to Mini scada system for monitoring pv and wind installation in meteorology stations (20)
Analysis optimization and monitoring system slmnsvn
The document discusses improvements to the electrical distribution network in Tubas, Palestine. It identifies issues like low power factor, voltage drops, and overloaded transformers. Methods of improvement included changing transformer taps, adding capacitor banks, replacing transformers, and adding a new connection point. After analyzing the maximum load case and implementing these improvements, the power factor increased to 93.61% lagging from 91.33%, voltages across buses increased above 100%, and losses and current decreased. A minimum load case was also analyzed.
Analysis optimization and monitoring system slmnsvn
This document describes a load flow analysis of an electrical distribution network in Palestine. The analysis finds several issues with the maximum load case, including under voltage buses, overloaded transformers, and low power factors below 92%. To address these problems, the author proposes:
1) Changing transformer taps up to 5% to increase voltages.
2) Adding capacitor banks to improve power factors above 92% by reducing reactive power loads.
3) Locations for changed taps and added capacitors are provided in appendices. After implementing these changes, voltages are improved and power factor rises to 92.89%, addressing the identified issues.
This document discusses a smart home system project by two students. The objectives of the project are to make it easy for people to control devices in their home without being physically present. The project scope involves developing a device application to control hardware using sensors. The plan is to determine needed hardware, build the hardware part, program it, and test it. The home control system is an application that allows users to control home devices via sensors by logging into the app on their device and selecting devices to control from a menu.
The document presents the design of a smart fuel theft detector system. It begins with an acknowledgment and dedication section. It then provides a table of contents and list of figures. The document discusses conducting a survey on fuel theft, presenting the problem and goals of the project. It describes the methodology and components of the solution, including using ultrasonic and slope sensors, a microcontroller, GPRS module for data transmission. It concludes with experimental results on the sensors and an overall conclusion.
This document summarizes a smart fuel theft detector system that uses ultrasonic sensors and microcontrollers. It detects fuel theft by monitoring fuel levels and comparing consumption rates to changes in fuel levels over time. The system measures fuel levels using ultrasonic sensors and slope sensors to account for tilting. A microcontroller filters readings and detects theft based on inconsistent fuel changes and consumption rates. It sends data to a database using GPRS modules for companies to monitor fuel usage. The system aims to prevent fuel theft from vehicle tanks and identify thieves.
This document outlines a student attendance project using RFID. The project uses RFID cards and readers along with an Arduino microcontroller to automatically record student attendance. It aims to address problems with traditional paper-based systems. The system components include an Arduino, RFID reader and cards, LCD display, SD card, keypad, and real-time clock. It works by reading RFID cards, displaying the time on an LCD, and storing attendance data on the SD card to send to administrative software.
The document describes a transformable vehicle that can operate in both a two-wheeled vehicle mode and a four-legged quadpod mode. It uses an Arduino Mega microcontroller, 9V battery, four servo motors, and an IR receiver controlled by a remote to switch between modes. The vehicle is designed to navigate unpaved and bumpy terrain by transforming into the quadpod configuration when obstacles are detected.
The document describes the design of a vehicle that can transform into a quadpod robot. The project aims to create a miniature vehicle that can overcome obstacles typical cars cannot, such as bumpy roads and hills, by transforming its wheels into four walking legs. The vehicle will use sensors to detect obstacles and automatically transform as needed. It will be remotely controlled and able to move in both vehicle and quadpod modes to access difficult terrain. The document outlines the objectives, components, design process, and methodology for the project.
This document describes a project to develop a power factor correction system using a single capacitor bank. The system includes a power factor meter to measure the load power factor and a controller to generate firing angles for the triac. The controller calculates firing angles using numerical methods to maintain a target power factor. Potential issues include harmonics affecting the capacitor bank and inability to implement a closed-loop control system.
This document describes a project to improve power factor using static variable compensation. It contains 5 chapters that discuss: 1) an introduction to power factor and the objectives of the project, 2) a literature review and theoretical background, 3) the main components of the project including a zero crossing detector and triac, 4) the methodology including closed and open loop control approaches, and 5) results and conclusions from testing the project. The project aims to minimize the effects of reactive power flow on transmission lines by using a thyristor switched capacitor to generate reactive power and control the power factor, providing advantages over traditional capacitor banks and synchronous condensers.
The document outlines objectives for improving the electrical distribution network in Ramallah, including collecting data on network components, designing a unified network, improving voltage levels and reducing losses. It then describes benefits of improvement such as reduced losses and increased voltage levels. The document provides details on the existing Ramallah network configuration, including transmission lines, transformers and loads. Load flow analysis was performed before and after the proposed improvements to analyze effects on voltage levels, power factor and losses. An economic analysis found the improvements would save over 5 million NIS per year, with a payback period of under 7 years. Protection analysis and recommendations are also included.
This document provides an overview of the Ramallah electrical network. It describes the 14 main substations that feed the city and their transformer capacities. It lists the different types of transmission lines and load categories served. It also introduces power system protection, describing its key components like transformers, relays, circuit breakers and batteries used to isolate faults while keeping the network stable and as operational as possible. The document aims to analyze the network's maximum and minimum load conditions and improve voltages, losses and reliability through protection schemes and upgrades.
Optimum performance of tulkarim governorate networkslmnsvn
The document discusses the electrical networks serving Sarra connection point and Tulkarem Governorate in Palestine. It analyzes the current state of the networks, including supply details, network elements like transformers, and issues like low voltages, power losses and high loads on some transformers. The project aims to optimize the performance of the networks by analyzing them under maximum load conditions, connecting them to a new substation, improving voltages and power factors, and reducing losses.
Optimum performance of tulkarim governorate networkslmnsvn
This document provides an introduction to the graduation project on optimizing the performance of Tulkarim Governorate network and Sarra Connection Point in Palestine. It discusses the objectives of connecting the two networks to the Sarra electricity converter station to improve voltage levels and reliability. It also covers load flow analysis methods that will be used like the Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson methods to study the networks and detect problems. The document lists some IEC standards and defines terms like load buses, generator buses, and slack buses used in classifying buses in a power system model.
Optimum performance for aqraba electrical network 2slmnsvn
The document outlines a project to analyze and improve the electrical network in Aqraba, Palestine. It describes the objectives, existing problems with the network including overloads, low voltages, and penalties for low power factor. It then analyzes the network using ETAP software to improve both the maximum and minimum cases by increasing swing bus voltage, transformer tap ratios, and adding capacitor banks. Voltage improvement and loss reduction are achieved. A solar energy system rated at 580kW is also designed to support the network using PVSystem and Aurora software. The design considers optimal tilt, azimuth angles and monthly energy production. An economic study finds the project will pay for itself in 7 years.
Optimum performance for aqraba electrical network 2slmnsvn
This document describes load flow analysis of the Aqraba power network in Jordan. It analyzes the network under maximum and minimum load cases. For each case, it examines the original scenario and various improvement scenarios including increasing swing bus voltage, adjusting transformer taps, improving power factor using capacitors, and reducing losses. Load flow results are presented including transformer loading, voltage profiles, generation requirements, and power losses. The document also analyzes low voltage sections of the network for both maximum and minimum load cases.
Optimum performance for aqraba electrical networkslmnsvn
The document outlines a project to analyze and improve the electrical network in Aqraba, Palestine. It describes the objectives, existing problems with the network including overload, low voltages, and penalties for low power factor. It then analyzes the network using ETAP software to improve both the maximum and minimum cases by increasing swing bus voltage, transformer tap ratios, and adding capacitor banks. It also addresses issues with the low voltage side and designs a 580KW solar energy system to support the network, determining optimal tilt, azimuth angles, and transformer ratings. An economic study finds the project will pay for itself in 7 years through reduced penalties and losses.
This document summarizes a student project comparing single-tone and multi-tone testing of devices. The project uses a band pass filter with specific component values as the device under test. Single-tone testing requires changing the frequency each time to obtain the frequency response, while multi-tone testing generates multiple frequencies simultaneously using a DSP kit and measures the response. Multi-tone testing allows characterizing the frequency response more quickly and is used to compare devices by analyzing changes in the crest factor value. The document concludes that multi-tone testing provides efficient, accurate results in less time than single-tone testing for comparing devices.
This document provides a summary of multitone testing techniques for electronic devices. It begins with an overview of how multitone testing allows acquiring measurement results from multiple frequencies simultaneously, unlike traditional single-tone and two-tone testing which require changing the input frequency each time. It then discusses some key problems that necessitate multitone testing such as reducing time and cost. Finally, it provides motivations for carrying out multitone testing research such as gaining experience in technical writing and learning newer testing methods used in manufacturing. The document contains figures illustrating multitone signals and how they are used to test devices.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of supplying Jenin's power distribution network with photovoltaic (PV) generators. The study aims to analyze the impact on voltage levels, power losses, power factor, and harmonics. It outlines using particle swarm optimization to determine the optimal placement and sizing of PV units. Simulation software will be used to study the effects of adding PV generation, including changes to power flows, voltages, and power quality. The results will help improve the reliability and quality of power supplied to Jenin's network by integrating renewable energy from PV generators.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Mini scada system for monitoring pv and wind installation in meteorology stations
1. 1 | P a g e
DEDICATION
I dedicate my thesis work to my family and many friends. A special
Feeling of gratitude to my loving parents, whose words of encouragement
And push for tenacity ring in my ears
I also dedicate this dissertation to my many friends and the Electrical Engineering Department
family who have supported me throughout the process.
I will always appreciate all they have done.
2. 2 | P a g e
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank Almighty God for giving me the courage and the determination, as well as guidance
in conducting this thesis, despite all difficulties.
I also extend my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Imad Ibrik. You were so wonderful
to me. You made me believe that I had so much strength and courage to preserve even when
I felt lost. You showed me light in a tunnel where everything was dark. You were very
tolerant and determined to see me through. You were such a wonderful motivator even when
the coping seemed tough for me. I aspire to emulate you.
Finally, I thank all those who assisted, encouraged and supported me during this research, be
assured that the lord will bless you all for the contributions you made.
3. 3 | P a g e
DISCLAIMER
This report was written by student at the Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, An-Najah National University. It has not been altered or corrected. Other than
editorial corrections, as a result of assessment and it may contain language as well as content
errors. The views expressed in it together with any outcomes and recommendations are solely
those of the students. An-Najah National University accepts no responsibility or liability for the
consequences of this report being used for a purpose other than the purpose for which it was
commissioned.
4. 4 | P a g e
Table of Contents (TOC)
Chapter 1: Introduction ………………… .....................................................................8
Chapter 2: Standards………………………………………………………………… 11
Chapter 3: Literature Review ......................................................................................12
Chapter 4: Methodology ..............................................................................................14
Chapter 5:Results and Analysis………………………………………………………24
Chapter6: Conclusion and Recommendation…………………………………………31
References:………………………………………….………………………………..32
Appendix:…………………………………………………………………………….33
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List of Figures (LOF):
Table 1........................................................................................................................................... 25
Table 2........................................................................................................................................... 27
Table 3........................................................................................................................................... 28
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Abstract
Why do you think this project is important? Please explain the significance of this
Project in brief.
Monitoring and performance analysis of solar PV plants have become extremely critical due
to the increasing cost of operation and maintenance as well as reducing yield due to
performance degradation during the life cycle of the plant equipment’s. This becomes
essential to ensure high performance, low downtime and fault detection in a solar PV power
plant. On-site weather data, production data from the panel strings, inverters and
transformers are required to be continuously collected for monitoring and analysis of
performance. Data acquisition from AC and DC control panels are further required for
operational monitoring and control of the plant and substation. A well designed monitoring
and analytics system assists in reducing the cost of operation and maintenance.
In your point of view what are the important aspects that should be covered in the project?
Elements of PV/ Control of PV/ Monitoring of PV/Performance and Evaluation.
Objective(s): In your view, please explain the main objectives of the project.
Real-time snapshot of plant status.
Supervision and plant operation (alarms).
In-plant preventive and corrective maintenance tool.
Dashboards for easy visualization of data and communication with devices.
Methodology: Give a brief outline of the application development process.
We’ll design and build a system that monitor the operation of the PV-Power stations in terms
of the Array Voltage, Array Current, Array Power, Module Temperature, Ambient
Temperature, Global Irradiance, Global Irradiation. This system will also include an alarm,
which warns in any faulty case with any of the solar cells.
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Chapter 1:
Introduction
An automatic weather station (AWS) is an automated version of the traditional weather station,
either to save human labor or to enable measurements from remote areas. An AWS will typically
consist of a weather-proof enclosure containing the data logger, rechargeable battery, telemetry
(optional) and the meteorological sensors with an attached solar panel or wind turbine and
mounted upon a mast. The specific configuration may vary due to the purpose of the system. The
system may report in near real time via the Argos System and the Global Telecommunications
System, or save the data for later recovery. In the past, automatic weather stations were often
placed where electricity and communication lines were available. Nowadays, the solar panel,
wind turbine and mobile phone technology have made it possible to have wireless stations that
are not connected to the electrical grid or telecommunications network.
Sensors
Most automatic weather stations have:
Thermometer for measuring temperature.
Anemometer for measuring wind speed.
Wind vane for measuring wind direction.
Hygrometer for measuring humidity.
Barometer for measuring atmospheric pressure.
9. 9 | P a g e
Some stations can also have:
Ceilometer for measuring cloud height.
Present weather sensor and/or visibility sensor.
Rain gauge for measuring liquid-equivalent precipitation.
Ultrasonic snow depth sensor for measuring depth of snow.
Pyranometer for measuring solar radiation.
Data-logger:
The data-logger is the heart of the Automatic Weather Station.
The main function of a data-logger are:
Measures: the data-logger collects the information of each sensors and archive it.
Calculation: the data-logger processes most of the meteorological data for the users (avg,
min, max...).
Data storage: the data-logger saves all the data either on it own memory or on uSD
memory card.
Power supply: the data-logger manages the power supply of the Automatic Weather
Station such as solar panel.
Communication: the data-logger does manage the communication protocols with the
remote server. The different communication protocols are usually GSM, GPRS, RTC,
WIFI, uSD, and RS232.
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PowerSupply
The main power source for an automatic weather station depends on its usage. Many stations
with lower power equipment usually use one or more solar panels connected in parallel with a
regulator and one or more rechargeable batteries. As a rule of thumb, solar output is at its
optimum for only 5 hours each day. As such, mounting angle and position are vital. In the
Northern Hemisphere, the solar panel would be mounted facing south and vice versa for the
Southern Hemisphere. The output from the solar panels may be supplemented by a wind turbine
to provide power during periods of poor sunlight, or by direct connection to the local electrical
grid.
The Problem we have is accessing the data, as we have different weather stations distributed in
different places around the west bank, accessing data became a problem as we always need to
visit each location separately to get the data. Which takes a lot of time as well as cost of
transportation to access to each location. So we proposed to build a device which will allow us to
transfare data wireless from each location to a control and monitoring room in two different
ways one buy uploading the measurements on a website that can be accessed from anywhere
and the other way is transfaring data via text messages to the responsible person only and he will
have the ability to control some applications by sending text messages.
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Chapter 2: Constrains, standards / codes and earlier course work
Photovoltaic Standards – PV Systems
In this category various standards regulating modes of photovoltaic system functioning
supervision or standards advising planning and implementation of such systems can be found.
The category includes safety regulations, which have to be considered upon photovoltaic systems
implementation.
IEC 60364-7-712 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 7-712: Requirements for
special installations or locations - Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply
systems.
IEC 61727 Photovoltaic (PV) systems - Characteristics of the utility interface.
IEC 61683 Photovoltaic systems - Power conditioners - Procedure for measuring
efficiency.
IEC 62093 Balance-of-system components for photovoltaic systems - Design
qualification natural environments.
IEC 62116 Test procedure of islanding prevention measures for utility-
interconnected photovoltaic inverters.
IEC 62446 Grid connected photovoltaic systems - Minimum requirements for
system documentation, commissioning tests and inspection.
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Chapter 3: Literature Review
What is Arduino:
Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical world
than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple
microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the board.
Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or
sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs. Arduino projects
can be stand-alone, or they can be communicate with software running on your computer (e.g.
Flash, Processing, MaxMSP.) The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased preassembled;
the open-source IDE can be downloaded for free.
The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar physical
computing platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia programming environment.
Why Arduino?
There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical
computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many
others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller
programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of
working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested
amateurs over other systems:
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Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller
platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and
even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating
systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino programming environment is easy-to-use
for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers,
it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students learning to
program in that environment will be familiar with the look and feel of Arduino
Open source and extensible software- The Arduino software is published as open source tools,
available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through
C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from
Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-
C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
Open source and extensible hardware - The Arduino is based on Atmel's ATMEGA8 and
ATMEGA168 microcontrollers. The plans for the modules are published under a Creative
Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the module,
extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build the breadboard
version of the module in order to understand how it works and save money.
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Chapter 4: Methodology
We built a devise that transfer sensors measurements from Meteorology station to a monitoring
and control station where they analyze the measurements as well as have some control on these
stations. The data transfer was done in two methods as described below:
1.1 First Method:
In this method data is transferred by internet measurements of sensors are uploaded on a website
which is installed on the internet shield which is connected to internet which will allow users at
the monitoring and control stations have the ability to access these measurements via internet.
Equipment’s:
Arduino board such as the Arduino Uno.
Arduino Ethernet shield.
Ethernet cable, wired straight for connecting to your network router.
A USB cable for powering and programming the Arduino.
Figure 1
The Arduino Ethernet Shield allows you to easily connect your Arduino to the internet. This
shield enables your Arduino to send and receive data from anywhere in the world with an
internet connection. You can use it to do fun stuff like control robots remotely from a website, or
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ring a bell every time you get a new twitter message. This shield opens up endless amounts of
possibility by allowing you to connect your project to the internet in no-time flat.
Step 1: Setup
Figure 2
Setting it up is as simple as plugging the header pins from the shield into your Arduino.
Step 2: Shield Features
Figure 3
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The Ethernet Shield is based upon the W51000 chip, which has an internal 16K buffer. It has a
connection speed of up to 10/100Mb. This is not the fastest connection around, but is also
nothing to turn your nose up at.
It relies on the Arduino Ethernet library, which comes bundled with the development
environment.
There is also an on-board micro SD slot which enables you to store a heck-of-a-lot of data, and
serve up entire websites using just your Arduino. This requires the use of an external SD library.
Step 3: Get started
Figure 4
Figure 5
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First of all, let’s do something quick and easy to check that all is functional. Open the Arduino
IDE and select File > Examples > Ethernet > Webserver. This loads a simple sketch which will
display data gathered from the analogue inputs on a web browser
You need to specify the IP address of the ethernet shield – which is done inside the sketch
IPAddress ip(192,168,1, 177);
You also have the opportunity to change your MAC address. Each piece of networking
equipment has a unique serial number to identify itself over a network, and this is normall hard-
programmed into the equipments’ firmware. However with Arduino we can define the MAC
address ourselves. If you are running more than one ethernet shield on your network, ensure they
have different MAC addresses by altering the hexadecimal values in the line:
byte mac[] = { 0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xFE, 0xED };
However if you only have one shield just leave it be. There may be the very, very, statistically
rare chance of having a MAC address the same as your existing hardware, so that would be
another time to change it. Once you have made your alterations, save and upload the sketch to
your Arduino or compatible board.
Now, connect the shield to your router or hub with an RJ45 cable, and the Arduino board to the
power via USB or external power supply. Then return to your computer, and using your web
browser, enter your Ethernet shield’s IP address into the URL bar. The web browser will query
the Ethernet shield, which will return the values from the analogue ports on the Arduino board,
as such:
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Figure 6
As there isn’t anything plugged into the analog inputs, their value will change constantly. Neat –
your Arduino is now serving data over a network
1.2 Second Method:
The device should read data from sensors and send it as text messages to the responsible person
phone number which will keep him updated with the status of the station. This person will
receive a text message with the measurements of the connected sensors each 15 minutes as well
as in some cases which is considered the peak that sensors can take “Emergency text messages”.
Also the text messages receiver will also have the ability to send text messages back to the
microcontroller in order to have some control on these sensors by putting them either off or on.
In fire cases the device is programmed to send text messages to the Fire Station requesting
immediate help.
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Equipment’s:
Arduino board such as the Arduino Uno.
Arduino GSM Shield.
A USB cable for powering and programming the Arduino.
Figure 7
The Arduino GSM shield allows an Arduino board to connect to the internet, send and receive
SMS, and make voice calls using the GSM library. The shield will work with the Arduino Uno
out of the box.
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Connecting the Shield
To use the shield, you'll need to insert a SIM card into the holder. Slide the metal bracket away
from the edge of the shield and lift the cradle up.
Figure 8
Insert the SIM in the plastic holder so the metal contacts are facing the shield, with the notch of
the card at the top of the bracket.
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Figure 9
Slide the SIM all the way into the bracket
Figure 10
Push the SIM to the board and slide the metal bracket towards the edge of the shield to lock it in
place.
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Figure 11
Once the SIM is inserted, mount it on top of an Arduino board.
Figure 12
To upload sketches to the board, connect it to your computer with a USB cable and upload your
sketch with the Arduino IDE. Once the sketch has been uploaded, you can disconnect the board
from your computer and power it with an external power supply.
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Chapter 5: Results and Analysis
Transferred data will be treated in the monitoring and control station. The measurements which
were taken: Wind Speed, Wind Direction, Solar Radiation and Temperature.
5.1 Wind Energy
In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most economical renewable energy
technology. Today, electricity generating wind turbines employ proven and tested technology,
and provide a secure and sustainable energy supply. At good, windy sites,
wind energy can already successfully compete with conventional energy production. Many
countries have considerable wind resources, which are still untapped.
A technology which offers remarkable advantages is not used to its full potential:
Wind energy produces no greenhouse
gases.
Wind power plants can make a significant
contribution to the regional electricity
supply and to power supply
diversification.
A very short lead time for planning and
construction is required as compared to
conventional power projects.
Wind energy projects are flexible with
regard to an increasing energy demand -
single turbines can easily be added to an
existing park.
Finally, wind energy projects can make
use of local resources in terms of labour,
capital and materials.
The technological development of recent years, bringing more efficient and more reliable wind
turbines, is making wind power more cost-effective. In general, the specific energy costs per
annual kWh decrease with the size of the turbine notwithstanding existing supply difficulties.
Wind Turbine:
Wind speed measurements was taken and applied on two types of wind turbines.
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100 KW Wind Turbine.
1 MW Wind Turbine.
The following equation was used to calculate the output power:
5.1.1 For100 KW Wind Turbine:
We have = 1.23
Power Coefficient = 0.75
Area = 415.265 m^2
Area was calculated by using the following equation: assuming the diameter equal
21 m so r will be 11.5 m.
Month Wind Speed
(m/s)
Power Generated (KW)
Jan 4.74 20.39842955
Feb 3.66 9.390851308
Mar 4.16 13.78928348
Apr 3.38 7.396253857
May 4.42 16.53973382
Jun 5.26 27.87526087
Jul 5.48 31.52124651
Aug 4.94 23.09099008
Sep 4.57 18.28143607
Oct 3.82 10.67706279
Nov 2.86 4.480843825
Dec 3.76 10.18181596
Table 1
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Figure 14
5.1.2 For 1 MW Wind Turbine:
We have = 1.23
Power Coefficient = 0.75
Area = 2826 m^2
Area was calculated by using the following equation: assuming the diameter equal
60 m so r will be 30 m.
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Relation of Output power to Wind Speed for
100KW Wind Turbine
Wind Speed (m/s) Power Generated (KW)
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Month Wind Speed
(m/s)
Power Generated (KW)
Jan 4.74 138.81729
Feb 3.66 63.90749473
Mar 4.16 93.8401144
Apr 3.38 50.33367464
May 4.42 112.5577349
Jun 5.26 189.6993178
Jul 5.48 214.5113184
Aug 4.94 157.1409533
Sep 4.57 124.410529
Oct 3.82 72.66054072
Nov 2.86 30.49345514
Dec 3.76 69.29024094
Table 2
Figure 15
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Relation of Output power to Wind Speed for
1MW Wind Turbine
Wind Speed (m/s) Power Generated (KW)
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5.2 SolarEnergy
On Grid System
Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems are power systems energized by photovoltaic
panels which are connected to the utility grid. Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems
consist of Photovoltaic panels, MPPT, solar inverters, power conditioning units and grid
connection equipment. Unlike Stand-alone photovoltaic power systems these systems seldom
have batteries. When conditions are right, the grid-connected PV system supplies the excess
power, beyond consumption by the connected load, to the utility grid.
Radiation Measurements
Month E KWh/m^2-day
Jan 2.82
Feb 3.58
Mar 4.82
Apr 6.36
May 7.68
Jun 8.19
Jul 7.75
Aug 6.7
Sep 5.83
Oct 3.99
Nov 3.99
Dec 2.724
Table 3
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Figure 16
Assuming we need to cover a load of 10000KWH
Epv = Penetration Factor * E load
= 0.2 * 10000KWh
Epv = 2000KWh
Ppv= Epv/ (P.S.H * Efficiency %)
= 2000/ (5.4*0.95)
Ppv =390 KW
Number of modules = Ppv/ Ppeak
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
E KWh/m^2-day
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Taking P peak in two cases:
P peak = 150W -12 v- Mono type.
P peak= 200w – 24 v – Poly type.
For Mono type Number of modules needed = 390KW/150W = 2600 Modules
Taking Vdc = 400 V
Number of modules in one string = 400V/ 12V =34 Module
Number of strings = 2600/33.33= 78 String
For Poly type Number of modules needed = 390KW/200W = 1950 Modules
Taking Vdc = 400 V
Number of modules in one string = 400V/ 24V =17 Module
Number of strings = 1950/16.67= 117 String
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Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation
To sum up, the main concern of our project is to design an intelligent system which can send the
measurements of sensors from the Meteorology stations to monitoring and control stations also
in case of unexpected situations (such as fire detection) via Text message or internet.
Additionally, the system Analyze the received data and show figures and calculations of the
output power when using wind turbine or solar cells. Also, the remote control option of our
system enables you to have some control on some of the applications in the Meteorology station
by turning them off and on.
Moreover, we achieved the goals we proposed. The system worked successfully. We tested our
system in real life conditions, at the Energy Research center at An-Najah National University.
We chose this method because we experienced that this method is simple in real relatively cheap
according to the usage of other kind of methods.
While working on our project we improved our programming skills as well as practical skills in
working in Meteorology stations. We gathered all the knowledge we have gained in Electrical
Circuits, Microcontrollers and Microprocessors, Controls and System, Renewable Energy,
Digital Communication and Measurements.
Our future plan is to have a direct interface between sensors and the microcontroller itself.
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References:
Websites:
1. http://arduino.cc/
2. http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoGSMShield
3. http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoEthernetShield
4. http://www.kalkitech.com/
5. http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/three-generations-of-scada-system-architectures
6. http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Ethernet
7. http://myrobotlab.net/tutorial-use-ethernet-shield-with-arduino/
8. http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/an-introduction-to-scada-for-electrical-engineers-
beginners
9. http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/three-generations-of-scada-system-architectures
10. http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Ethernet
11. http://www.instructables.com/id/Control-an-LED-over-the-internet-using-the-Arduino/
12. http://www.intorobotics.com/getting-started-with-arduino-ethernet-shield-tutorials-and-
resources/
13. http://simplyarduino.com/?page_id=5
Books:
1. Simply Arduino
2. Beginning Arduino for MICHAEL MCRO BERTS
3. Getting Started with Arduino (Make: Projects) for MASSIMO BAN ZI
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Codes:
First Method: Via Internet Code
#include <SPI.h>
#include <Ethernet.h>
#include <SD.h>
// MAC address from Ethernet shield sticker under board
byte mac[] = { 0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xFE, 0xED };
IPAddress ip(192, 168, 1, 177); // IP address, may need to change depending on network
EthernetServer server(80); // create a server at port 80
File webFile;
void setup()
{
Ethernet.begin(mac, ip); // initialize Ethernet device
server.begin(); // start to listen for clients
Serial.begin(9600); // for debugging
// initialize SD card
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Serial.println("Initializing SD card...");
if (!SD.begin(4)) {
Serial.println("ERROR - SD card initialization failed!");
return; // init failed
}
Serial.println("SUCCESS - SD card initialized.");
// check for index.htm file
if (!SD.exists("index.htm")) {
Serial.println("ERROR - Can't find index.htm file!");
return; // can't find index file
}
Serial.println("SUCCESS - Found index.htm file.");
}
void loop()
{
EthernetClient client = server.available(); // try to get client
if (client) { // got client?
boolean currentLineIsBlank = true;
while (client.connected()) {
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if (client.available()) { // client data available to read
char c = client.read(); // read 1 byte (character) from client
// last line of client request is blank and ends with n
// respond to client only after last line received
if (c == 'n' && currentLineIsBlank) {
// send a standard http response header
client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");
client.println("Content-Type: text/html");
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println();
// send web page
webFile = SD.open("index.htm"); // open web page file
if (webFile) {
while(webFile.available()) {
client.write(webFile.read()); // send web page to client
}
webFile.close();
}
break;
}
// every line of text received from the client ends with rn
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if (c == 'n') {
// last character on line of received text
// starting new line with next character read
currentLineIsBlank = true;
}
else if (c != 'r') {
// a text character was received from client
currentLineIsBlank = false;
}
} // end if (client.available())
} // end while (client.connected())
delay(1); // give the web browser time to receive the data
client.stop(); // close the connection
} // end if (client)
}
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Second Method: Via Text Message code
#include <GSM.h>
#define PINNUMBER ""
GSM gsmAccess; // include a 'true' parameter for debug enabled
GSM_SMS sms;
char remoteNumber[20]= "0568388498";
char senderNumber[20];
const int sensorT=A0;
const int sensorR=A1;
float temp;
float rde;
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(4,8,9,10,11,12);
void setup() {
pinMode(6,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
// put your setup code here, to run once:
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("SMS Messages Sender");
Serial.println("SMS Messages Receiver");
boolean notConnected = true;
while(notConnected)
{
if(gsmAccess.begin(PINNUMBER)==GSM_READY)
notConnected = false;
else
{
Serial.println("Not connected");
delay(1000);
}
}
Serial.println("GSM initialized");
Serial.println("Waiting for messages");
lcd.begin(16,2);
}
void loop() {
RSMS();
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
temp=analogRead(sensorT);
rde=analogRead(sensorR);
delay(20000);
sendSMS();
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for(int i=0;i<60;i++){
temp=analogRead(sensorT);
rde=analogRead(sensorR);
LCD();
RSMS();
delay(1000);}
}
void sendSMS(){
Serial.print("Message to mobile number: ");
Serial.println(remoteNumber);
// sms text
Serial.println("SENDING");
Serial.println();
Serial.println("Message:");
Serial.println(temp);
Serial.println(rde);
delay(1000);
// send the message
sms.beginSMS(remoteNumber);
sms.print("temp is:");
sms.print(temp );
sms.print("n");
sms.print("rde is:");
sms.print(rde);
sms.endSMS();
Serial.println("nCOMPLETE!n");
delay(1000);
}
void LCD(){
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.print("R:");
lcd.print(rde);
lcd.print("G");
lcd.setCursor(1, 2);
lcd.print("T:");
lcd.print(temp);
lcd.print("C");
}
void RSMS()
{
char c;
// If there are any SMSs available()
if (sms.available())
{
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Serial.println("Message received from:");
// Get remote number
sms.remoteNumber(senderNumber, 20);
Serial.println(senderNumber);
// An example of message disposal
// Any messages starting with # should be discarded
if (sms.peek() == '#')
{
Serial.println("Discarded SMS");
sms.flush();
}
// Read message bytes and print them
c = sms.read();
Serial.print(c);
if(c=='r'){
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
}
else if(c=='o'){ digitalWrite(6,HIGH);}
Serial.println("nEND OF MESSAGE");
// Delete message from modem memory
sms.flush();
Serial.println("MESSAGE DELETED");
}
delay(1000);
}