This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of supplying Jenin's power distribution network with photovoltaic (PV) generators. The study aims to analyze the impact on voltage levels, power losses, power factor, and harmonics. It outlines using particle swarm optimization to determine the optimal placement and sizing of PV units. Simulation software will be used to study the effects of adding PV generation, including changes to power flows, voltages, and power quality. The results will help improve the reliability and quality of power supplied to Jenin's network by integrating renewable energy from PV generators.
IRJET- Implementation of Conventional Perturb with different Load for Maximum...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the implementation of a modified perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a photovoltaic system using a microcontroller. The traditional P&O algorithm is simple but has issues during rapid changes in irradiance/load, including oscillating around the MPP or moving away from it. The proposed algorithm adds a constant load method to help the traditional P&O algorithm identify the cause of power changes and make better decisions during initial perturbations. Simulation and experimental results show the proposed algorithm performs better than the traditional P&O approach.
This document compares the performance of an artificial neural network trained with genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) data and a fuzzy logic controller for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a grid-connected photovoltaic system. The ANN-GA method uses a genetic algorithm to optimize training data for an artificial neural network controller. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink show that the ANN-GA controller produces power with fewer fluctuations around the maximum power point and extra power compared to the fuzzy logic controller under different irradiance and temperature conditions. The ANN-GA method also regulates the PV output power well with the grid-connected inverter.
Performance analysis of p&o and incremental conductance mppt algorithms u...Asoka Technologies
In this paper, the comparative analysis of two maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms namely Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental conductance (InC) is presented for the Photo-Voltaic (PV) power generation system. The mathematical model of the PV array is developed and transformed into MATLAB/Simulink environment. This model is used throughout the paper to simulate the PV source characteristics identical to that of a 20 Wp PV panel. The MPPT algorithms generate proper duty ratio for interfacing dc-dc boost converter driving resistive load. The performances of these algorithms are evaluated at gradual and rapidly changing weather conditions where it is observed that InC method tracks the rapidly changing insolation level at a faster rate as compared to P&O. Depending upon the prevailing environmental conditions the MPPT algorithms finds a unique operating point to track the maximum available power. The algorithms find a fixed duty ratio by comparing the previous power, voltage and current thereby optimizing the power output of the panel. The main objective is to compare the tracking capability and stability of the algorithms under different environmental situations on par with other real world tests.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a control strategy for a three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system using instantaneous reactive power theory (p-q theory). The system uses maximum power point tracking to extract maximum power from the photovoltaic array. The control strategy aims to supply both active and reactive power to the grid from the PV inverter. When sunlight is available, the system supplies active power to the grid while compensating for reactive power loads. When there is no sunlight, the inverter only supplies reactive power to compensate loads. The p-q theory allows for control of both active and reactive power without using a phase-locked loop, simplifying the system implementation and calculations.
This document describes modeling and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for photovoltaic (PV) cells. It presents:
1) A MATLAB/Simulink model of a PV cell that simulates the cell's output power, voltage and current based on solar irradiance and temperature inputs.
2) Two MPPT algorithms - Perturb and Observe (P&O) and a fuzzy logic method - to track the maximum power point of the PV cell as environmental conditions change.
3) A comparison of the tracking times for the P&O and fuzzy logic MPPT methods, showing the fuzzy logic technique produces a more stable power output.
This document presents a cuckoo search algorithm for tracking the global maximum power point of a photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions. The cuckoo search algorithm is able to accurately track the global maximum power point with high efficiency in less time under different conditions including partial shading. Its performance is compared to the perturb and observe algorithm, showing that cuckoo search performs better by avoiding getting trapped at local maxima under partial shading, improving reliability and reducing losses for the power system. The cuckoo search algorithm controls the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter directly without a PID controller.
A REVIEW OF VARIOUS MPPT TECHNIQUES FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMijiert bestjournal
Solar PV system is becoming an important part of re newable energy,as more than 45% of required energy in the world will be generated by P V array. Hence it is necessary that concentration should be given in order to reduce ap plication cost & to increment their performance. In this paper various techniques invol ving a comprehensive technique of MPPT applied to PV system is discussed which are availab le until June 2014. In an attempt to improve more efficient & effective energy extraction for a solar PV system,this paper investigates & compares typical MPPT control strategies used in so lar PV industry. But as there will be confusion while selecting a MPPT,because every tec hnique has its own existence,therefore a proper detailed study of different MPPT is essentia l. In this review paper a comprehensive study of MPPT technique with detailed explanation & class ification based on features,such as number of control variable involved,different control str ategies employed,types of circuitry useful for PV system & related commercial application. In this paper,atleast 15 distinct techniques have been reviewed with many variation on implementation,thus this paper would become a convenient reference for future work for PV power g eneration .
A Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking: Design and Implementationpaperpublications3
Abstract: Photovoltaic Energy is the most important Energy Resource since it is clean pollution free and inexhaustible. In recent years a large number of techniques have been proposed for tracking the Maximum Power Point. PV array has non-linear I-V characteristic and output power depends on environmental conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature. There is a point on I-V, P-V characteristic curve of PV array called as Maximum Power Point (MPP), where the PV system produces its maximum output power. Location of MPP changes with change in environmental condition. The purpose of MPPT is to adjust the solar operating voltage close to MPP under changing environmental conditions. In order to continuously gather the maximum power from the PV array, they have to operate at their MPPT despite of the inhomogeneous change in environmental conditions. The two most commonly algorithms for PV applications as they are easy to Implement are Beta method Incremental Conductance (Inc. Con.).Beta algorithm is a type of MPPT algorithm. It is having fast tracking ability. The algorithm has been verified on a photovoltaic system, A review of various MPPT algorithms is proposed with more focus on above two algorithms.
IRJET- Implementation of Conventional Perturb with different Load for Maximum...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the implementation of a modified perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a photovoltaic system using a microcontroller. The traditional P&O algorithm is simple but has issues during rapid changes in irradiance/load, including oscillating around the MPP or moving away from it. The proposed algorithm adds a constant load method to help the traditional P&O algorithm identify the cause of power changes and make better decisions during initial perturbations. Simulation and experimental results show the proposed algorithm performs better than the traditional P&O approach.
This document compares the performance of an artificial neural network trained with genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) data and a fuzzy logic controller for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a grid-connected photovoltaic system. The ANN-GA method uses a genetic algorithm to optimize training data for an artificial neural network controller. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink show that the ANN-GA controller produces power with fewer fluctuations around the maximum power point and extra power compared to the fuzzy logic controller under different irradiance and temperature conditions. The ANN-GA method also regulates the PV output power well with the grid-connected inverter.
Performance analysis of p&o and incremental conductance mppt algorithms u...Asoka Technologies
In this paper, the comparative analysis of two maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms namely Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental conductance (InC) is presented for the Photo-Voltaic (PV) power generation system. The mathematical model of the PV array is developed and transformed into MATLAB/Simulink environment. This model is used throughout the paper to simulate the PV source characteristics identical to that of a 20 Wp PV panel. The MPPT algorithms generate proper duty ratio for interfacing dc-dc boost converter driving resistive load. The performances of these algorithms are evaluated at gradual and rapidly changing weather conditions where it is observed that InC method tracks the rapidly changing insolation level at a faster rate as compared to P&O. Depending upon the prevailing environmental conditions the MPPT algorithms finds a unique operating point to track the maximum available power. The algorithms find a fixed duty ratio by comparing the previous power, voltage and current thereby optimizing the power output of the panel. The main objective is to compare the tracking capability and stability of the algorithms under different environmental situations on par with other real world tests.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a control strategy for a three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system using instantaneous reactive power theory (p-q theory). The system uses maximum power point tracking to extract maximum power from the photovoltaic array. The control strategy aims to supply both active and reactive power to the grid from the PV inverter. When sunlight is available, the system supplies active power to the grid while compensating for reactive power loads. When there is no sunlight, the inverter only supplies reactive power to compensate loads. The p-q theory allows for control of both active and reactive power without using a phase-locked loop, simplifying the system implementation and calculations.
This document describes modeling and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for photovoltaic (PV) cells. It presents:
1) A MATLAB/Simulink model of a PV cell that simulates the cell's output power, voltage and current based on solar irradiance and temperature inputs.
2) Two MPPT algorithms - Perturb and Observe (P&O) and a fuzzy logic method - to track the maximum power point of the PV cell as environmental conditions change.
3) A comparison of the tracking times for the P&O and fuzzy logic MPPT methods, showing the fuzzy logic technique produces a more stable power output.
This document presents a cuckoo search algorithm for tracking the global maximum power point of a photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions. The cuckoo search algorithm is able to accurately track the global maximum power point with high efficiency in less time under different conditions including partial shading. Its performance is compared to the perturb and observe algorithm, showing that cuckoo search performs better by avoiding getting trapped at local maxima under partial shading, improving reliability and reducing losses for the power system. The cuckoo search algorithm controls the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter directly without a PID controller.
A REVIEW OF VARIOUS MPPT TECHNIQUES FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMijiert bestjournal
Solar PV system is becoming an important part of re newable energy,as more than 45% of required energy in the world will be generated by P V array. Hence it is necessary that concentration should be given in order to reduce ap plication cost & to increment their performance. In this paper various techniques invol ving a comprehensive technique of MPPT applied to PV system is discussed which are availab le until June 2014. In an attempt to improve more efficient & effective energy extraction for a solar PV system,this paper investigates & compares typical MPPT control strategies used in so lar PV industry. But as there will be confusion while selecting a MPPT,because every tec hnique has its own existence,therefore a proper detailed study of different MPPT is essentia l. In this review paper a comprehensive study of MPPT technique with detailed explanation & class ification based on features,such as number of control variable involved,different control str ategies employed,types of circuitry useful for PV system & related commercial application. In this paper,atleast 15 distinct techniques have been reviewed with many variation on implementation,thus this paper would become a convenient reference for future work for PV power g eneration .
A Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking: Design and Implementationpaperpublications3
Abstract: Photovoltaic Energy is the most important Energy Resource since it is clean pollution free and inexhaustible. In recent years a large number of techniques have been proposed for tracking the Maximum Power Point. PV array has non-linear I-V characteristic and output power depends on environmental conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature. There is a point on I-V, P-V characteristic curve of PV array called as Maximum Power Point (MPP), where the PV system produces its maximum output power. Location of MPP changes with change in environmental condition. The purpose of MPPT is to adjust the solar operating voltage close to MPP under changing environmental conditions. In order to continuously gather the maximum power from the PV array, they have to operate at their MPPT despite of the inhomogeneous change in environmental conditions. The two most commonly algorithms for PV applications as they are easy to Implement are Beta method Incremental Conductance (Inc. Con.).Beta algorithm is a type of MPPT algorithm. It is having fast tracking ability. The algorithm has been verified on a photovoltaic system, A review of various MPPT algorithms is proposed with more focus on above two algorithms.
This document investigates the optimal tilt and azimuth angles for fixed-mount photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize peak shaving performance in Atlanta, Georgia. It analyzes hourly solar irradiance and azimuth angle data from 2009 to determine the optimal angles. The results found that a PV system with a tilt angle of 32.6° and azimuth angle of 214° provided the highest peak shaving, supplying 1.13% of Atlanta's peak energy demand. A non-reoriented PV system with tilt of 36.6° and azimuth of 180° supplied 1.07% of peak demand. While the non-reoriented system generated more total daily energy, the reoriented system was more effective for reducing costs during
This document reviews maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for photovoltaic systems. It discusses conventional MPPT techniques like perturb and observe and incremental conductance. It also examines intelligent MPPT techniques using fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, and firefly algorithms. The firefly algorithm is proposed as suitable for partial shaded conditions due to its ability to find the global maximum power point. The document concludes that while conventional MPPT methods have limitations, intelligent techniques have merits and drawbacks, and further research is needed.
A hybrid maximum power point tracking for partially shaded photovoltaic syste...nizhonglian
This document proposes a hybrid maximum power point tracking technique for photovoltaic systems operating under partially shaded conditions. It combines a conventional perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method with an artificial neural network-based method. A low-cost method is presented to predict the global maximum power point region using only current measurements when expensive irradiance sensors are not available. The proposed technique was demonstrated through simulations and experiments to outperform existing maximum power point tracking methods in tracking the global maximum power point with fast speed under various shading patterns.
Simulation and analysis of perturb and observe mppt algorithm for array using...Asoka Technologies
This paper presents the comparative analysis between constant duty cycle and Perturb & Observe (P&O) algorithm for extracting the power from Photovoltaic Array (PVA). Because of nonlinear characteristics of PV cell, the maximum power can be extract under particular voltage condition. Therefore, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms are used in PVA to maximize the output power. In this paper the MPPT algorithm is implemented using Ćuk converter. The dynamics of PVA is simulated at different solar irradiance and cell temperature. The P&O MPPT technique is a direct control method enables ease to implement and less complexity.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
MPPT-Based Control Algorithm for PV System Using iteration-PSO under Irregula...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document describes a proposed Iteration Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of photovoltaic (PV) systems under irregular shadow conditions. The conventional PSO algorithm has difficulty tracking the global maximum power point when PV characteristics exhibit multiple local peaks due to irregular shading. The proposed IPSO algorithm improves on PSO by adding an "iterative best" value and adapting the cognitive and social coefficients over time, allowing it to more effectively track the global maximum power point under complex shading scenarios. Simulation results show the IPSO method converges faster than conventional PSO and achieves higher tracking efficiency under varying irradiance conditions defined by industry standards.
This project proposes a simplified PV module simulator with MPPT. The PV model is designed in Matlab/Simulink based on various mathematical equations. This paper explains the use of MPPT technique in a photovoltaic system. The MPPT is implemented by incremental conductance or perturbation and observation methods. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK
This document describes a global maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for photovoltaic arrays under partial shading conditions. The algorithm uses an improved perturb and observe method to iteratively adjust the voltage input to a boost converter connected to the PV array in order to extract the maximum available power. Simulation and hardware results show the algorithm is able to track the global MPP under various non-uniform insolation patterns, outperforming conventional MPPT methods. The algorithm was tested on a PV array subjected to different insolation levels on each panel, and it successfully delivered the maximum available power to the load in each case with only around 2W of converter losses.
Energy Harvesting Using Adaptive Duty-Cycling Algorithm - Wireless Sensor Net...IJERDJOURNAL
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Engineering Research and Development that proposes two adaptive duty-cycling algorithms for wireless sensor nodes that harvest solar energy. The algorithms aim to maximize monitoring lifetime by adaptively setting sleep times based on current and previous energy levels measured by voltage. The algorithms were tested on a wireless sensor network setup that harvested solar energy using photovoltaic panels and stored it in supercapacitors. Results showed the adaptive techniques allowed the energy harvesting nodes to continuously monitor indoor environments with low illumination levels.
Site Acceptance Test for Solar PV System of Bronzeville Community MicrogridPower System Operation
With the increase in penetration of variable renewable energy generation, power systems encounter new challenges in supply-load balance. Microgrids, as small-scale power systems with local control and islanding capability, provide a viable solution for this challenge through leveraging their inherent flexibility. ComEd is developing an urban community microgrid in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago, called Bronzeville Community Microgrid (BCM) that will investigate this challenge in a practical setting. One of the main goals of this project is to capture solar generation variability via a PV-battery integration. By coordinating solar PV and battery energy storage, through a master controller and smart inverters, the integrated PV-battery system is further seen as a dispatchable energy resource with grid-forming functionalities. This paper presents analyses pertaining to site acceptance test (SAT) for the solar PV system. The SAT is required to ensure that the installed microgrid operates smoothly in different conditions, and, moreover, that the protection and communication units are capable of controlling the PV and battery systems perfectly.
Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm for PV System Implemented Using DC-DC ...IJERA Editor
This document discusses implementing an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a photovoltaic (PV) system using DC-DC buck and boost converters. It provides mathematical models and analysis of the buck and boost converters. The incremental conductance MPPT algorithm is based on matching the source impedance of the PV panel to the load impedance to extract maximum power. The document compares implementing this algorithm with a buck versus boost converter for transferring power from the PV panel to the load.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV Arrays using Different TechniquesIJERA Editor
The increasing demand for electricity and depleting fossil fuels made the solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems to be a better alternative for the future power requirements. The fact that the output of the PV system is dependent upon the solar irradiance and temperature demands a means to maximize the output of the PV system by continuously tracking the maximum power point(MPP) under changing atmospheric conditions. This paper presents the design and implementation of various techniques like perturb and observe (P&O) method, incremental conductance method, constant current method and constant voltage method. The performance of the techniques have been analyzed through simulation
Module Level Power Electronics (MLPE) such as microinverters and power optimizers can increase the energy production of photovoltaic systems affected by shading. The PVMismatch software models different MLPE configurations and their impact on system performance over time. For a case study system in Richmond, CA with partial southwest shading, modeling showed MLPE technologies could recover up to 6% more energy in winter months and 1% more annually compared to an unoptimized string inverter system. PVMismatch allows detailed performance comparisons of MLPE solutions under different conditions.
A MATLAB /Simulink Modal of Triple-Junction Solar Cell and MPPT Based on Incr...IJERA Editor
Photovoltaic energy is the most important energy resource since it is clean, pollution free, and unlimited. In
current years, a large number of techniques have been projected for tracking the maximum power point.
Maximum power point tracking is used in photovoltaic systems to maximize the photovoltaic array output
power, irrespective of the temperature and radiation conditions and of the load electrical characteristics the PV
array output power is used to directly control the boost converter, thus reducing the complexity of the system.
The method is based on use of a Incremental conductance of the PV to determine an optimum operating current
for the maximum output power. The implementation of a PV model is based on the triple-junction solar cell in
the form of masked block in Matlab/Simulink software package that has a user-friendly icon. It is fast and
accurate technique to follow the maximum power point. This paper presents a new Matlab/Simulink model of a
PV module and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for high efficiency InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triplejunction
solar cell.
Improving efficiency of Photovoltaic System with Neural Network Based MPPT Co...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Dual Mode Control of Grid Connected Photovoltaic SystemRavindra Kuhada
This document discusses dual mode control of a grid-connected photovoltaic system using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and constant power generation (CPG) control. It first introduces distributed generation and photovoltaic systems, and describes how MPPT algorithms like perturb and observe are used to extract maximum power from PV panels. For high PV penetration scenarios where PV generation exceeds load demand, CPG control modifies the MPPT algorithm to limit power output to a set point. Simulation results show the system operating in MPPT mode and CPG mode under varying irradiance conditions, and successfully regulating power fed into the grid.
This paper discusses the possible applications of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the Power system. One of the problems in Power System is Economic Load dispatch (ED). The discussion is carried out in view of the saving money, computational speed – up and expandability that can be achieved by using PSO method. The general approach of the method of this paper is that of Dynamic Programming Method coupled with PSO method. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated, and it is compared with the lambda iterative method in terms of the solution quality and computation efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed PSO method was indeed capable of obtaining higher quality solutions efficiently in ED problems.
Harmonic assessment on two photovoltaic inverter modes and mathematical model...IJECEIAES
Power quality is a crucial aspect of designing a large-scale photovoltaic power plant, particularly regarding harmonics caused by inverter switching. This research aimed to analyze harmonics in a system using electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP) Power Station 20.5.0 to uncover the effect of irradiance on the inverters’ power quality running at 85% and 100% power factors. We analyzed both voltage and current total harmonic distortion (THDi and THDv) from the simulation and compared them with the mathematical model. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of changes in irradiance level on harmonics and reactive power penetration, which influenced power losses in transformers and cables. Inverters at 85% power factor experienced an increase in THDi, whereas those at 100% power factor decreased. Inverters with 85% power factor experienced more frequent switching, causing more prominent distortion. The magnitude of THDv increased proportionally with the rise of irradiance level. Inverters at 85% had a higher THDv value because of the excessive reactive power compensation when irradiance rose. Irradiance level had an inverse relationship with system losses since high irradiance levels led to lower losses as less power was required through transmission lines and transformers. Moreover, losses at 85% power factor were higher since the high harmonics caused additional losses.
This document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques to improve the efficiency of wind-solar hybrid systems. It begins with an introduction to MPPT and its importance for optimizing power output from solar panels. Different MPPT methods are described, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance, and current sweep. The document then focuses on implementing the perturb and observe MPPT algorithm using simulation software PSIM. Graphs of the simulation results are presented and analyzed. Finally, simulation software options for graphical user interfaces like VEE Pro and LabVIEW are discussed.
This document investigates the optimal tilt and azimuth angles for fixed-mount photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize peak shaving performance in Atlanta, Georgia. It analyzes hourly solar irradiance and azimuth angle data from 2009 to determine the optimal angles. The results found that a PV system with a tilt angle of 32.6° and azimuth angle of 214° provided the highest peak shaving, supplying 1.13% of Atlanta's peak energy demand. A non-reoriented PV system with tilt of 36.6° and azimuth of 180° supplied 1.07% of peak demand. While the non-reoriented system generated more total daily energy, the reoriented system was more effective for reducing costs during
This document reviews maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for photovoltaic systems. It discusses conventional MPPT techniques like perturb and observe and incremental conductance. It also examines intelligent MPPT techniques using fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, and firefly algorithms. The firefly algorithm is proposed as suitable for partial shaded conditions due to its ability to find the global maximum power point. The document concludes that while conventional MPPT methods have limitations, intelligent techniques have merits and drawbacks, and further research is needed.
A hybrid maximum power point tracking for partially shaded photovoltaic syste...nizhonglian
This document proposes a hybrid maximum power point tracking technique for photovoltaic systems operating under partially shaded conditions. It combines a conventional perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method with an artificial neural network-based method. A low-cost method is presented to predict the global maximum power point region using only current measurements when expensive irradiance sensors are not available. The proposed technique was demonstrated through simulations and experiments to outperform existing maximum power point tracking methods in tracking the global maximum power point with fast speed under various shading patterns.
Simulation and analysis of perturb and observe mppt algorithm for array using...Asoka Technologies
This paper presents the comparative analysis between constant duty cycle and Perturb & Observe (P&O) algorithm for extracting the power from Photovoltaic Array (PVA). Because of nonlinear characteristics of PV cell, the maximum power can be extract under particular voltage condition. Therefore, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms are used in PVA to maximize the output power. In this paper the MPPT algorithm is implemented using Ćuk converter. The dynamics of PVA is simulated at different solar irradiance and cell temperature. The P&O MPPT technique is a direct control method enables ease to implement and less complexity.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
MPPT-Based Control Algorithm for PV System Using iteration-PSO under Irregula...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document describes a proposed Iteration Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of photovoltaic (PV) systems under irregular shadow conditions. The conventional PSO algorithm has difficulty tracking the global maximum power point when PV characteristics exhibit multiple local peaks due to irregular shading. The proposed IPSO algorithm improves on PSO by adding an "iterative best" value and adapting the cognitive and social coefficients over time, allowing it to more effectively track the global maximum power point under complex shading scenarios. Simulation results show the IPSO method converges faster than conventional PSO and achieves higher tracking efficiency under varying irradiance conditions defined by industry standards.
This project proposes a simplified PV module simulator with MPPT. The PV model is designed in Matlab/Simulink based on various mathematical equations. This paper explains the use of MPPT technique in a photovoltaic system. The MPPT is implemented by incremental conductance or perturbation and observation methods. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK
This document describes a global maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for photovoltaic arrays under partial shading conditions. The algorithm uses an improved perturb and observe method to iteratively adjust the voltage input to a boost converter connected to the PV array in order to extract the maximum available power. Simulation and hardware results show the algorithm is able to track the global MPP under various non-uniform insolation patterns, outperforming conventional MPPT methods. The algorithm was tested on a PV array subjected to different insolation levels on each panel, and it successfully delivered the maximum available power to the load in each case with only around 2W of converter losses.
Energy Harvesting Using Adaptive Duty-Cycling Algorithm - Wireless Sensor Net...IJERDJOURNAL
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Engineering Research and Development that proposes two adaptive duty-cycling algorithms for wireless sensor nodes that harvest solar energy. The algorithms aim to maximize monitoring lifetime by adaptively setting sleep times based on current and previous energy levels measured by voltage. The algorithms were tested on a wireless sensor network setup that harvested solar energy using photovoltaic panels and stored it in supercapacitors. Results showed the adaptive techniques allowed the energy harvesting nodes to continuously monitor indoor environments with low illumination levels.
Site Acceptance Test for Solar PV System of Bronzeville Community MicrogridPower System Operation
With the increase in penetration of variable renewable energy generation, power systems encounter new challenges in supply-load balance. Microgrids, as small-scale power systems with local control and islanding capability, provide a viable solution for this challenge through leveraging their inherent flexibility. ComEd is developing an urban community microgrid in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago, called Bronzeville Community Microgrid (BCM) that will investigate this challenge in a practical setting. One of the main goals of this project is to capture solar generation variability via a PV-battery integration. By coordinating solar PV and battery energy storage, through a master controller and smart inverters, the integrated PV-battery system is further seen as a dispatchable energy resource with grid-forming functionalities. This paper presents analyses pertaining to site acceptance test (SAT) for the solar PV system. The SAT is required to ensure that the installed microgrid operates smoothly in different conditions, and, moreover, that the protection and communication units are capable of controlling the PV and battery systems perfectly.
Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm for PV System Implemented Using DC-DC ...IJERA Editor
This document discusses implementing an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a photovoltaic (PV) system using DC-DC buck and boost converters. It provides mathematical models and analysis of the buck and boost converters. The incremental conductance MPPT algorithm is based on matching the source impedance of the PV panel to the load impedance to extract maximum power. The document compares implementing this algorithm with a buck versus boost converter for transferring power from the PV panel to the load.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV Arrays using Different TechniquesIJERA Editor
The increasing demand for electricity and depleting fossil fuels made the solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems to be a better alternative for the future power requirements. The fact that the output of the PV system is dependent upon the solar irradiance and temperature demands a means to maximize the output of the PV system by continuously tracking the maximum power point(MPP) under changing atmospheric conditions. This paper presents the design and implementation of various techniques like perturb and observe (P&O) method, incremental conductance method, constant current method and constant voltage method. The performance of the techniques have been analyzed through simulation
Module Level Power Electronics (MLPE) such as microinverters and power optimizers can increase the energy production of photovoltaic systems affected by shading. The PVMismatch software models different MLPE configurations and their impact on system performance over time. For a case study system in Richmond, CA with partial southwest shading, modeling showed MLPE technologies could recover up to 6% more energy in winter months and 1% more annually compared to an unoptimized string inverter system. PVMismatch allows detailed performance comparisons of MLPE solutions under different conditions.
A MATLAB /Simulink Modal of Triple-Junction Solar Cell and MPPT Based on Incr...IJERA Editor
Photovoltaic energy is the most important energy resource since it is clean, pollution free, and unlimited. In
current years, a large number of techniques have been projected for tracking the maximum power point.
Maximum power point tracking is used in photovoltaic systems to maximize the photovoltaic array output
power, irrespective of the temperature and radiation conditions and of the load electrical characteristics the PV
array output power is used to directly control the boost converter, thus reducing the complexity of the system.
The method is based on use of a Incremental conductance of the PV to determine an optimum operating current
for the maximum output power. The implementation of a PV model is based on the triple-junction solar cell in
the form of masked block in Matlab/Simulink software package that has a user-friendly icon. It is fast and
accurate technique to follow the maximum power point. This paper presents a new Matlab/Simulink model of a
PV module and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for high efficiency InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triplejunction
solar cell.
Improving efficiency of Photovoltaic System with Neural Network Based MPPT Co...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Dual Mode Control of Grid Connected Photovoltaic SystemRavindra Kuhada
This document discusses dual mode control of a grid-connected photovoltaic system using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and constant power generation (CPG) control. It first introduces distributed generation and photovoltaic systems, and describes how MPPT algorithms like perturb and observe are used to extract maximum power from PV panels. For high PV penetration scenarios where PV generation exceeds load demand, CPG control modifies the MPPT algorithm to limit power output to a set point. Simulation results show the system operating in MPPT mode and CPG mode under varying irradiance conditions, and successfully regulating power fed into the grid.
This paper discusses the possible applications of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the Power system. One of the problems in Power System is Economic Load dispatch (ED). The discussion is carried out in view of the saving money, computational speed – up and expandability that can be achieved by using PSO method. The general approach of the method of this paper is that of Dynamic Programming Method coupled with PSO method. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated, and it is compared with the lambda iterative method in terms of the solution quality and computation efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed PSO method was indeed capable of obtaining higher quality solutions efficiently in ED problems.
Harmonic assessment on two photovoltaic inverter modes and mathematical model...IJECEIAES
Power quality is a crucial aspect of designing a large-scale photovoltaic power plant, particularly regarding harmonics caused by inverter switching. This research aimed to analyze harmonics in a system using electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP) Power Station 20.5.0 to uncover the effect of irradiance on the inverters’ power quality running at 85% and 100% power factors. We analyzed both voltage and current total harmonic distortion (THDi and THDv) from the simulation and compared them with the mathematical model. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of changes in irradiance level on harmonics and reactive power penetration, which influenced power losses in transformers and cables. Inverters at 85% power factor experienced an increase in THDi, whereas those at 100% power factor decreased. Inverters with 85% power factor experienced more frequent switching, causing more prominent distortion. The magnitude of THDv increased proportionally with the rise of irradiance level. Inverters at 85% had a higher THDv value because of the excessive reactive power compensation when irradiance rose. Irradiance level had an inverse relationship with system losses since high irradiance levels led to lower losses as less power was required through transmission lines and transformers. Moreover, losses at 85% power factor were higher since the high harmonics caused additional losses.
This document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques to improve the efficiency of wind-solar hybrid systems. It begins with an introduction to MPPT and its importance for optimizing power output from solar panels. Different MPPT methods are described, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance, and current sweep. The document then focuses on implementing the perturb and observe MPPT algorithm using simulation software PSIM. Graphs of the simulation results are presented and analyzed. Finally, simulation software options for graphical user interfaces like VEE Pro and LabVIEW are discussed.
This document describes a study that uses artificial neural networks (ANN) and genetic algorithms (GA) to model and control a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. 390 sets of temperature and irradiance data were optimized using GA to obtain corresponding maximum power point (MPP) voltages. These optimized data were then used to train an ANN for MPPT control. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink showed that the ANN-GA controller had less fluctuation around the MPP and faster convergence than conventional methods. A P-Q controller was also used to control grid voltage/current and allow both active and reactive power exchange.
Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MP...IJECEIAES
This paper presents modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) used in solar PV power systems. The Fuzzy logic algorithm is used to minimize the error between the actual power and the estimated maximum power. The simulation model was developed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller. MATLAB Simulink was employed for simulation studies. The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully on a photovoltaic solar panel model. The Fuzzy logic algorithm succesfully tracking the MPPs and performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.
This document summarizes a study that simulated a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system incorporating an efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The study used PSIM software to model the PV module, boost converter with Perturb and Observe MPPT control, and inverter connecting the PV array to the grid. Simulation results showed the model achieved the MPPT function and improved the inverter output by reducing voltage ripple.
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
Solar energy is a vital untapped resource in a tropical country like ours. The main hindrance for the penetration and reach of solar PV systems is their low efficiency and high capital cost. The efficiency of solar PV is very low. In order to increase the efficiency, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are to be undertaken to match the source and load property. These techniques are employed in PV systems to make full utilization of PV array output power. Recently, many MPPT algorithms of PV system have been proposed which depends on solar irradiation and temperature, but perturb and observe (P&O) and Incremental conductance algorithms are basic and most widely used. This project firstly introduces a Mat lab Simulink of photovoltaic array. To achieve the maximum power point tracking the Incremental Conductance method and perturb and observed (P&O) method are used. These two algorithms are employed with PV model along with converter in Mat lab Simulink. Three different converter boost, buck boost and cuk converter are design according to requirement and used. Few comparisons such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination have been recorded. Irfan Khan | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5743.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/5743/modeling-and-simulation-of-solar--photovoltaic-system/irfan-khan
This document summarizes a study on controlling DC/DC converters for maximum power tracking in solar energy systems. The study analyzed buck, boost, and buck-boost converter performance using a discrete-time proportional-integral control algorithm to track the maximum power points of a solar array. Simulation and experimental results showed the converters successfully tracked maximum power points under changing solar irradiance. The buck converter achieved the highest efficiency of around 90%. The control method and converter configurations allow solar energy systems to effectively transfer power from solar arrays.
A Simple Control Strategy for Boost Converter Based Wind and Solar Hybrid Ene...IJRES Journal
This paper deals about the improvement of output from hybrid (Wind and PV) system through the maximum power point technique (MPPT). Though various power tracking techniques are available, Constant Voltage method is simple and effective way to track the maximum power. In this method output voltage is compared with the maximum voltage and based on the comparison gate signal is generated to the boost converter switch. Two boost converters are used individually for PV and Wind system. The whole system is modeled by using the Matlab/Simulink Model.
IRJET- Simulation and Analysis of Photovoltaic Solar System for Different Wea...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a simulation and analysis of a photovoltaic solar system for different weather conditions in Anand, India. The proposed system consists of two stages - a DC-DC boost converter to control and boost the DC output voltage of the PV array, and a full-bridge DC-AC inverter to convert the regulated DC voltage to AC voltage. The system was tested in MATLAB simulations under varying load and weather conditions. The results show the output current, voltage, and P-V and I-V curves function as expected with changes in irradiation, temperature, and load.
Drive Applications of Fuzzy Logic Controlled Interleaved Boost Converter for ...EECJOURNAL
This document presents a proposed interleaved boost converter controlled by a fuzzy logic controller for maximum power point tracking in solar photovoltaic systems. The interleaved boost converter is used to extract power from the solar panel with reduced ripple losses and greater efficiency, obtaining maximum power output. The fuzzy logic controller controls the converter operation to minimize power losses. Mathematical modeling of the solar panel, interleaved boost converter, and fuzzy logic controller is presented. Simulation results show that the proposed system provides constant, high voltage output while eliminating ripples and increasing efficiency compared to conventional methods. This enables extraction of maximum power from the solar panel under varying conditions.
Power losses reduction of power transmission network using optimal location o...IJECEIAES
Due to the growth of demand for electric power, electric power loss reduction takes great attention for the power utility. In this paper, a low-level generation or distributed generation (DG) has been used for transmission power losses reduction. Karbala city transmission network (which is the case study) has been represented by using MATLAB m-file to study the load flow and the power loss for it. The paper proposed the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique in order to find the optimal number and allocation of DG with the objective to decrease power losses as possible. The results show the effect of the optimal allocation of DG on power loss reduction.
This document provides a summary of a conference paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Electrical Energy and Systems in Annaba, Algeria from October 22-24th, 2013. The paper proposes a new maximum power point tracker (MPPT) using the Perturb and Observe algorithm to improve the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic power systems. Simulation results show that the proposed MPPT control method can avoid tracking deviations and improve both dynamic response and steady-state performance. Key aspects of the photovoltaic system model, boost converter design, proposed MPPT control algorithm, and simulation results demonstrating tracking of maximum power points are summarized.
MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NET WORKIAEME Publication
Fossil fuels’ rapid depletion and need to protect the environment has left us to think upon alternatives and solutions to curb the excess use of conventional sources and shift focus on the renewable energy. In this paper we have designed a prototype model inclusive of techniques that support the need to harness the solar energy.
Design and Implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic Sys...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: This paper presents an algorithm for maximum power point tracking to optimize photovoltaic systems. Beta algorithm is a type of MPPT algorithm. It is having fast tracking ability. The algorithm has been verified on a photovoltaic system modeled in Lab VIEW environment. This algorithm significantly improves the efficiency during the tracking.
The document describes a mini project report on modeling and simulation of a solar photovoltaic system with Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The project involves designing models of the key system components including the solar PV panel, MPPT controller, DC-DC boost converter, three-phase three-leg inverter and 12-pulse auto-connected transformer. Simulations will then be carried out and results analyzed to study the performance of the system.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
This document summarizes a simulation study comparing the performance of three maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms - incremental conductance, perturb and observe, and fuzzy logic control - for a 100 kW photovoltaic system connected to the electrical grid. The system was simulated in MATLAB/Simulink under varying irradiance conditions. Graphs of solar irradiance, PV voltage, duty cycle, modulation index, DC link voltage, grid voltage, grid current, and output power are presented for each MPPT algorithm to analyze and compare their performance.
A Novel Approach on Photovoltaic Technologies for Power Injection in Grid Usi...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the simulation of the Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab Simulink. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. This paper presents integration of the grid distribution network in Indian scenario with solar power technology to meet the additional electrical energy demand of urban as well as rural sectors which are both rapidly expanding. First of all the data of a real life power plant having 24V, 230W Power PV module has been compared and analyzed with that of matlab program output for identical module and it has been find out that a variation in temperature affects the parameters values as well as the performance of the solar module. After the above analysis the design and Simulink implementation for single phase power grid connected PV system has been done. The system includes the PV array model, the integration of the MPPT with boost dc converter , dc to ac inverter, single phase series load connected to ac grid. It is demonstrated that the model works well at different temperature conditions and predicting the General behavior of single-phase grid- connected PV systems .
This document describes a low-power maximum power point tracker (MPPT) circuit designed for wireless sensor nodes to optimize the transfer of solar energy to batteries. It presents a block diagram of the MPPT system and discusses the design of the MPPT circuit, which includes a voltage controllable power converter and control system. It also describes an adaptive control algorithm to continuously track the maximum power point for varying weather conditions. Simulation results using MATLAB/SIMULINK show the input/output voltage and power waveforms, validating that the MPPT circuit is able to achieve the desired 4V output from a 2V solar cell input under changing irradiance levels.
Similar to Investigation effects-of-supplying-power-distrubition (20)
Analysis optimization and monitoring system slmnsvn
The document discusses improvements to the electrical distribution network in Tubas, Palestine. It identifies issues like low power factor, voltage drops, and overloaded transformers. Methods of improvement included changing transformer taps, adding capacitor banks, replacing transformers, and adding a new connection point. After analyzing the maximum load case and implementing these improvements, the power factor increased to 93.61% lagging from 91.33%, voltages across buses increased above 100%, and losses and current decreased. A minimum load case was also analyzed.
Analysis optimization and monitoring system slmnsvn
This document describes a load flow analysis of an electrical distribution network in Palestine. The analysis finds several issues with the maximum load case, including under voltage buses, overloaded transformers, and low power factors below 92%. To address these problems, the author proposes:
1) Changing transformer taps up to 5% to increase voltages.
2) Adding capacitor banks to improve power factors above 92% by reducing reactive power loads.
3) Locations for changed taps and added capacitors are provided in appendices. After implementing these changes, voltages are improved and power factor rises to 92.89%, addressing the identified issues.
This document discusses a smart home system project by two students. The objectives of the project are to make it easy for people to control devices in their home without being physically present. The project scope involves developing a device application to control hardware using sensors. The plan is to determine needed hardware, build the hardware part, program it, and test it. The home control system is an application that allows users to control home devices via sensors by logging into the app on their device and selecting devices to control from a menu.
The document presents the design of a smart fuel theft detector system. It begins with an acknowledgment and dedication section. It then provides a table of contents and list of figures. The document discusses conducting a survey on fuel theft, presenting the problem and goals of the project. It describes the methodology and components of the solution, including using ultrasonic and slope sensors, a microcontroller, GPRS module for data transmission. It concludes with experimental results on the sensors and an overall conclusion.
This document summarizes a smart fuel theft detector system that uses ultrasonic sensors and microcontrollers. It detects fuel theft by monitoring fuel levels and comparing consumption rates to changes in fuel levels over time. The system measures fuel levels using ultrasonic sensors and slope sensors to account for tilting. A microcontroller filters readings and detects theft based on inconsistent fuel changes and consumption rates. It sends data to a database using GPRS modules for companies to monitor fuel usage. The system aims to prevent fuel theft from vehicle tanks and identify thieves.
This document outlines a student attendance project using RFID. The project uses RFID cards and readers along with an Arduino microcontroller to automatically record student attendance. It aims to address problems with traditional paper-based systems. The system components include an Arduino, RFID reader and cards, LCD display, SD card, keypad, and real-time clock. It works by reading RFID cards, displaying the time on an LCD, and storing attendance data on the SD card to send to administrative software.
The document describes a transformable vehicle that can operate in both a two-wheeled vehicle mode and a four-legged quadpod mode. It uses an Arduino Mega microcontroller, 9V battery, four servo motors, and an IR receiver controlled by a remote to switch between modes. The vehicle is designed to navigate unpaved and bumpy terrain by transforming into the quadpod configuration when obstacles are detected.
The document describes the design of a vehicle that can transform into a quadpod robot. The project aims to create a miniature vehicle that can overcome obstacles typical cars cannot, such as bumpy roads and hills, by transforming its wheels into four walking legs. The vehicle will use sensors to detect obstacles and automatically transform as needed. It will be remotely controlled and able to move in both vehicle and quadpod modes to access difficult terrain. The document outlines the objectives, components, design process, and methodology for the project.
This document describes a project to develop a power factor correction system using a single capacitor bank. The system includes a power factor meter to measure the load power factor and a controller to generate firing angles for the triac. The controller calculates firing angles using numerical methods to maintain a target power factor. Potential issues include harmonics affecting the capacitor bank and inability to implement a closed-loop control system.
This document describes a project to improve power factor using static variable compensation. It contains 5 chapters that discuss: 1) an introduction to power factor and the objectives of the project, 2) a literature review and theoretical background, 3) the main components of the project including a zero crossing detector and triac, 4) the methodology including closed and open loop control approaches, and 5) results and conclusions from testing the project. The project aims to minimize the effects of reactive power flow on transmission lines by using a thyristor switched capacitor to generate reactive power and control the power factor, providing advantages over traditional capacitor banks and synchronous condensers.
The document outlines objectives for improving the electrical distribution network in Ramallah, including collecting data on network components, designing a unified network, improving voltage levels and reducing losses. It then describes benefits of improvement such as reduced losses and increased voltage levels. The document provides details on the existing Ramallah network configuration, including transmission lines, transformers and loads. Load flow analysis was performed before and after the proposed improvements to analyze effects on voltage levels, power factor and losses. An economic analysis found the improvements would save over 5 million NIS per year, with a payback period of under 7 years. Protection analysis and recommendations are also included.
This document provides an overview of the Ramallah electrical network. It describes the 14 main substations that feed the city and their transformer capacities. It lists the different types of transmission lines and load categories served. It also introduces power system protection, describing its key components like transformers, relays, circuit breakers and batteries used to isolate faults while keeping the network stable and as operational as possible. The document aims to analyze the network's maximum and minimum load conditions and improve voltages, losses and reliability through protection schemes and upgrades.
Optimum performance of tulkarim governorate networkslmnsvn
The document discusses the electrical networks serving Sarra connection point and Tulkarem Governorate in Palestine. It analyzes the current state of the networks, including supply details, network elements like transformers, and issues like low voltages, power losses and high loads on some transformers. The project aims to optimize the performance of the networks by analyzing them under maximum load conditions, connecting them to a new substation, improving voltages and power factors, and reducing losses.
Optimum performance of tulkarim governorate networkslmnsvn
This document provides an introduction to the graduation project on optimizing the performance of Tulkarim Governorate network and Sarra Connection Point in Palestine. It discusses the objectives of connecting the two networks to the Sarra electricity converter station to improve voltage levels and reliability. It also covers load flow analysis methods that will be used like the Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson methods to study the networks and detect problems. The document lists some IEC standards and defines terms like load buses, generator buses, and slack buses used in classifying buses in a power system model.
Optimum performance for aqraba electrical network 2slmnsvn
The document outlines a project to analyze and improve the electrical network in Aqraba, Palestine. It describes the objectives, existing problems with the network including overloads, low voltages, and penalties for low power factor. It then analyzes the network using ETAP software to improve both the maximum and minimum cases by increasing swing bus voltage, transformer tap ratios, and adding capacitor banks. Voltage improvement and loss reduction are achieved. A solar energy system rated at 580kW is also designed to support the network using PVSystem and Aurora software. The design considers optimal tilt, azimuth angles and monthly energy production. An economic study finds the project will pay for itself in 7 years.
Optimum performance for aqraba electrical network 2slmnsvn
This document describes load flow analysis of the Aqraba power network in Jordan. It analyzes the network under maximum and minimum load cases. For each case, it examines the original scenario and various improvement scenarios including increasing swing bus voltage, adjusting transformer taps, improving power factor using capacitors, and reducing losses. Load flow results are presented including transformer loading, voltage profiles, generation requirements, and power losses. The document also analyzes low voltage sections of the network for both maximum and minimum load cases.
Optimum performance for aqraba electrical networkslmnsvn
The document outlines a project to analyze and improve the electrical network in Aqraba, Palestine. It describes the objectives, existing problems with the network including overload, low voltages, and penalties for low power factor. It then analyzes the network using ETAP software to improve both the maximum and minimum cases by increasing swing bus voltage, transformer tap ratios, and adding capacitor banks. It also addresses issues with the low voltage side and designs a 580KW solar energy system to support the network, determining optimal tilt, azimuth angles, and transformer ratings. An economic study finds the project will pay for itself in 7 years through reduced penalties and losses.
This document summarizes a student project comparing single-tone and multi-tone testing of devices. The project uses a band pass filter with specific component values as the device under test. Single-tone testing requires changing the frequency each time to obtain the frequency response, while multi-tone testing generates multiple frequencies simultaneously using a DSP kit and measures the response. Multi-tone testing allows characterizing the frequency response more quickly and is used to compare devices by analyzing changes in the crest factor value. The document concludes that multi-tone testing provides efficient, accurate results in less time than single-tone testing for comparing devices.
This document provides a summary of multitone testing techniques for electronic devices. It begins with an overview of how multitone testing allows acquiring measurement results from multiple frequencies simultaneously, unlike traditional single-tone and two-tone testing which require changing the input frequency each time. It then discusses some key problems that necessitate multitone testing such as reducing time and cost. Finally, it provides motivations for carrying out multitone testing research such as gaining experience in technical writing and learning newer testing methods used in manufacturing. The document contains figures illustrating multitone signals and how they are used to test devices.
Mini scada system for monitoring pv and wind installation in meteorology stat...slmnsvn
This document presents a mini SCADA system for monitoring PV and wind installations in meteorology stations. It describes the methodology used, including sensors to measure temperature, wind speed and direction, humidity, atmospheric pressure and more. It also covers calculations for wind turbine output power based on speed and area, and solar panel output based on load, penetration factor, and panel specifications. MATLAB programs were designed to calculate wind and solar output. Problems faced included a lack of equipment and long shipping times.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
1. Investigations of the effects of supplying Jenin’s power distribution
network by a PV generator with respect to voltage level, power
losses, P.F and harmonics
By: Ibrahim Anwar Ibrahim
Ihsan Abd Alfattah Omareya
The supervisor: Dr. Maher Khammash
3. Introduction:
Due to the global trend toward the clean energy resources, it is very important to make our projects
and researches related with it. Moreover, we need to find the best solutions for improving our
power networks taking into consideration the best possible price which represented in the almost
free sources such as solar energy, especially that we are under the occupation and we don't have
control on our networks or the electricity generation.
The share of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power sources in power distribution systems is expected
to rise due to increasing costs of traditional fossil-fuel sources and continuous reduction of PV
generators worldwide. This project will present the schematic diagram of a complete PV generator with
control system (design with detailed specifications) to be connected safely with the electric network in
Jenin.
Problem Statement:
We will investigate what is the possibility of using PV generators in order to improve the action of
the system was selected from one part of Jenin’s power distribution network that contains 25 bus in the
same voltage level that consume 10.076 MW, 3.075 MVAR and total power losses 0.136 MW, 0.096
MVAR at Maximum load and consume 1.878 MW, 0.859 MVAR and total power losses 0.00538 MW,
0.00377 MVAR at Minimum load taking in consideration the voltage levels, power losses, P.F and
harmonics.
Objectives:
Find the optimal placement and sizing of distribution generation PV units in the network.
Study the impact of the added PV DG units by conducting a new power flow study and
harmonic distortion analysis.
Economic evaluation of the added PV DG units.
4. Methodology:
This study will be carried out on – Jenin's power distribution network-West Bank – Palestine. Some
information about the network and it's component specifications (like cables, transformers, loads, ...
etc) will be used. Also some specialized simulation software such as MATLAB, ETAP, and GIS are used to
analyze and study the above mentioned effects.
After analyzing the targeted network, we will review relevant research work in order to layout and
design an appropriate PV generator to be connected with the busses of Jenin network. After that we will
use simulation models to investigate the effect s of connecting PV generator with the outlined grid.
Through simulation technique, the effects of this PV on P.F, power losses, voltage level, harmonics and
reactive power flow in the network will be investigated. We expect that our work will yield an
improvement of power quality and distribution reliability of Jenin network by connecting of PV
generators.
Part 1:
From the literature reviews we found that the more suitable methodology to have optimal location and
sizing of DG in the system is one of Artificial Intelligent techniques called “Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO)” because it is fast and accurate to find the optimum location and sizing of the photovoltaic
5. distributed generators that we can add to the system was selected from one part of Jenin’s distribution
network.
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes No
BEGIN
Set System Parameters
Run Power Flow at Base Case
Set x=1: N
(x=bus no. DG is added; N=total bus number)
X>N
Add DG to bus X, 𝑃 𝐷𝐺 from 0% to 15% in ratio 0.5% of total load power
𝑃 𝐷𝐺 = ∑ 𝑃𝑖−1
𝑖=𝑗
𝑖=0
+ 𝑃𝑖
(𝑃 𝐷𝐺: 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑉 𝑎𝑑𝑑, 𝑃𝑖−1: 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑉, 𝑃𝑖: 0.5% 𝑜𝑓
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑗: 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)
Calculate the total power losses
Are the voltages in
acceptable range?
0.95 𝑝𝑢 ≤ 𝑉 ≤ 1.05 𝑝𝑢
Chose the optimum bus
number by using PSO
J>30
X=x+1
J=j+1
6. Part 2:
After finding the optimal location and sizing of DG that will add to the system, we will study the effects
of PV DG added on the system such as; the voltage drop, total power losses, power losses between the
branches, P.F, buses voltages and harmonics.
Part 3:
This part for economic evaluation of the added DG PV on the system, it will contains the capital
cost of PV and the other equipment need, the saving money after reduce the total power losses
and power generation, total annual saving, the saving money while 20 years (PV life cycle) and
the payback period.
Results and Analysis:
Part 1:
As the first results in our methodology to investigate what is the possibility of using PV
generators in order to improve the action of the system was selected from one part of Jenin’s power
distribution network that contains 25 bus in the same voltage level taking in consideration the
voltage levels, power losses, P.F and harmonics is make run of load flow in maximum and
minimum loads for the system.
End
7. The system that contains 25 bus at the same Voltage levels
Load Flow by using MATLAB (Newton Raphson Method):
Month Power Factor Q Generation (MVAR) P Generation (MW) P loss (MW) Q loss (MVAR)
Jan 0.909 0.859 1.878 0.0054 0.0038
Feb 0.909 0.859 1.878 0.0054 0.0038
Mar 0.909 0.859 1.878 0.0054 0.0038
Apr 0.96 3.075 10.076 0.136 0.096
May 0.96 3.075 10.076 0.136 0.096
Jun 0.96 3.075 10.076 0.136 0.096
Jul 0.96 3.075 10.076 0.136 0.096
Aug 0.96 3.075 10.076 0.136 0.096
Sep 0.96 3.075 10.076 0.136 0.096
Oct 0.909 0.859 1.878 0.0054 0.0038
Nov 0.909 0.859 1.878 0.0054 0.0038
Dec 0.909 0.859 1.878 0.0054 0.0038
8. The yearly load curve for the Main Feeder
From this yearly load curve we found that the Average Power=5.977 MW, Max. Power=10.076 MW and
Load Factor= 59.32%
As we mentioned before the total DG PV added must not exceed 15% of the total load in both situation
(min. and max. load) for the main feeder. We saw that the max. load for this feeder in (April., May., Jun.,
Jul., Aug. and Sep.) months and the min. load for this feeder in (Jan., Feb., Mar., Oct., Nov. and Dec.)
months.
Solar Energy Parameters for Jenin:
The monthly average solar radiation that recorded by Energy Research Center in 2012 in Jenin
city as the following table:
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
G(W/m2
) 208.3 263.6 362.8 464.2 552.6 598.7 585.6 528.8 449.6 335.1 242.1 191.4
T (°C) 11.3 12.7 16.7 23.1 27.9 31.3 34.0 34.2 31.5 25.7 18.7 13.2
Tilt Angle 47 45 35 29 20 15 18 25 32.5 44 55 58.5
Table 6.1 Average monthly solar radiation for Jenin City [7].
Monthly Average Solar Radiation at Jenin City:
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
PGeneration(MW)
Month
P Generation (MW)
9. Average monthly solar radiation for Jenin City
Peak Sun Shine Hour 5.4 H.
The solar radiation and the temperature are changed during the year in Jenin City. So that mean the
energy that generated from the PV array depends on these terms, so to have the maximum efficiency
we will use tracking solar system by MPPT algorithm device to change the tilt angle 12 times per year.
The maximum demand in these months (April., May., Jun., Jul., Aug. and Sep.) is 10.076 MW and the
maximum demand in these months (Jan., Feb., Mar., Oct., Nov. and Dec.) is 1.878 MW, so if we said that
the DG PV will be 15% of the total load, we can see that the PV power needed in (April., May., Jun., Jul.,
Aug. and Sep.) is 1.5 MW from PV and the PV power needed in (Jan., Feb., Mar., Oct., Nov. and Dec.) is
0.2817 MW from PV.
However, we use PV module from SUNTECH com. Called (SuperPoly STP300 – 24/Vd) at STP (1000
(w/m²), 25 (⁰C) ) to have maximum efficiency, but the average yearly solar radiation about 400 (W/m²)
so we will use 3 MW PV when we need 1.5 MW, and 800 KW PV when we need 218.7 KW by using the
previous equations, we have the following that describe the power that generate from the DG PV field
during the year and the suitable tilt angle needed to achieve the max. efficiency for this field :
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
G(W/m2
) 208.3 263.6 362.8 464.2 552.6 598.7 585.6 528.8 449.6 335.1 242.1 191.4
T (°C) 11.3 12.7 16.7 23.1 27.9 31.3 34.0 34.2 31.5 25.7 18.7 13.2
208.3
263.6
362.8
464.2
552.6
598.7 585.6
528.8
449.6
335.1
242.1
191.4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
G(W/M²)
MONTH
Monthly Average Solar Radiation (W/m²)
10. Tilt Angle 47 45 35 29 20 15 18 25 32.5 44 55 58.5
P generation-
Max.(MW)
0.591 0.746 1.010 1.253 1.456 1.550 1.495 1.349 1.163 0.892 0.665 0.537
P generation-
Min. (MW)
0.158 0.199 0.269 0.334 0.388 0.413 0.399 0.360 0.310 0.238 0.177 0.143
PV Power
generation -
Used (MW)
0.158 0.199 0.269 1.253 1.456 1.550 1.495 1.349 1.163 0.238 0.177 0.143
The Real Power generated yearly from the Solar Field.
After we found the optimum sizing that will add to Ayash Feeder we will find the optimum location for
this DG PV field by using PSO algorithm. Firstly, we implement this size in the all buses in the feeder.
The PSO algorithm takes for each bus 6 values as an initial values for voltage profile, power factor, total
real power losses and total reactive power losses by using the following equations:
𝑉 𝑘+1
= 𝜔 ∗ 𝑉 𝑘
+ 𝐶1 ∗ 𝑟2 ∗ (𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑆 𝑘
) + 𝐶2 ∗ 𝑟1 ∗ (𝐺 𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑆 𝑘
)
𝑆 𝑘+1
= 𝑉 𝑘+1
+ 𝑆 𝑘
Where:
𝜔 is the weighting function is usually used as follows:
𝜔 = 𝜔 𝑚𝑎𝑥 −
𝜔 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝜔 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐼𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐼𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝜔 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∶ Are the maximum and minimum weights, respectively.
Appropriate values for 𝜔 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔 𝑚𝑖𝑛 are 0.4 and 0.9 [3].
The weights for each factor as the following:
Voltage profile: 50%
Power factor: 30%
Total real power losses: 10%
Total reactive power losses: 10%
The results as the following for maximum and minimum loads as the following:
11. Maximum load case:
# Bus Voltages P.F Total P loss Total Q loss
12 25 3 0.09417 0.066817
16 20 2 0.094383 0.066646
18 20 2 0.0944 0.066655
13 15 3 0.09431 0.066902
15 16 2 0.094709 0.06683
11 13 4 0.094734
PSO Bus selection in max. load.
As the above table shown the optimum location in max. load is bus #12.
Minimum load case:
# Bus Voltages P.F Total P loss Total Q loss
12 24 8 0.003887656 0.002744823
13 14 7 0.00388864 0.002745419
14 13 6 0.003911429 0.0027532
15 12 5 0.00391135 0.002751781
16 18 15 0.003910106 0.002745546
18 18 7 0.003908988 0.002744918
PSO Bus selection in min. load.
As the above table shown the optimum location in min. load is bus #12.
To sum up, we can notice that bus #12 is the optimum location in the both situation.
Part 2:
Discussion:
As we mentioned in the previous chapter that the optimum sizing was 1.5 MW in max. load and
218.7 KW in min. load and the optimum location was bus #12, the effects for this adding on the main
feeder as the following:
Month
Solar
Radiation
(W/m²)
Voltage
Profile
(P.U)
Total
Power
Factor
P
Generation
(MW)
P PV
(MW)
Q Generation
(MVAR)
Total P Loss
(MW)
Total Q
Loss(MW)
Jan 208.3 0.9965 0.895 1.72 0.158 0.859 0.005 0.003
Feb 263.6 0.9966 0.89 1.678 0.199 0.859 0.004 0.003
Mar 362.8 0.9968 0.882 1.608 0.269 0.858 0.004 0.003
Apr 464.2 0.9848 0.945 10.04 1.253 3.049 0.1001 0.071
May 552.6 0.9853 0.942 10.035 1.456 3.045 0.095 0.068
Jun 598.7 0.9856 0.941 10.033 1.55 3.044 0.093 0.066
Jul 585.6 0.9854 0.942 10.034 1.495 3.045 0.094 0.067
Aug 528.8 0.985 0.944 10.038 1.349 3.047 0.098 0.069
12. Table 8.1 The effects of add DG PV on bus 12
The power factor at the main feeder (Ayash Feeder) after add DG PV as the following fig. 8.1:
Fig 8.1 The power factor at the main feeder after add DG PV on bus 12
The total real power feed the all over main feeder (Ayash Feeder) after add DG PV as the following fig.
8.2:
0.895
0.89
0.882
0.945 0.942 0.941 0.942 0.944 0.946
0.886
0.893 0.896
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
P.F
MONTH
Ayash Feeder Power Factor
Sep 449.6 0.9845 0.946 10.042 1.163 3.05 0.102 0.073
Oct 335.1 0.9967 0.886 1.639 0.238 0.858 0.004 0.003
Nov 242.1 0.9966 0.893 1.7 0.177 0.859 0.004 0.003
Dec 191.4 0.9965 0.896 1.734 0.143 0.859 0.005 0.003
13. Fig 8.2 The total real power feed the all over main feeder after add DG PV on bus 12
Average Power=6.6459 MW, Max. Power=10.042 MW, Load Factor=66.18 %
The total Reactive power feed the all over main feeder (Ayash Feeder) after add DG PV as the following
fig. 8.3:
Fig 8.3 The total reactive power feed the all over main feeder after add DG PV on bus 12
The total real power and reactive power loss for the all over main feeder (Ayash Feeder) after add DG PV
as the following fig. 8.4:
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
P PV (MW) 0.158 0.199 0.269 1.253 1.456 1.55 1.495 1.349 1.163 0.238 0.177 0.143
P Generation (MW) 1.72 1.678 1.608 10.04 10.035 10.033 10.034 10.038 10.042 1.639 1.7 1.734
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
PGeneration(MW)
Total Real Power Generation (MW)
P Generation (MW) P PV (MW)
0.859 0.859 0.858
3.049 3.045 3.044 3.045 3.047 3.05
0.858 0.859 0.859
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
QGENERATION(MVAR)
MONTH
Total Reacive Power Generation (MVAR)
14. Fig 8.4 The total real power and reactive power loss for all over main feeder after add DG PV on bus 12
We can notice from the previous results that:
The power factor at the main feeder sharp decrease
The voltage profile at the main feeder gradual increase
The reactive power generation constant
The real power came from connection point steady decrease
The total real and reactive power losses within the system decrease
The load factor increase to become 66.18% from 59.32%
But, the effects on bus #12 as the following figures, we can noticed that the power factor
become unity and steady at 1, on the other hand the voltage profile sharp increased during the
year:
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Total P Loss (MW) 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.1001 0.095 0.093 0.094 0.098 0.102 0.004 0.004 0.005
Total Q Loss(MW) 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.071 0.068 0.066 0.067 0.069 0.073 0.003 0.003 0.003
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Total Losses
Total P Loss (MW) Total Q Loss(MW)
15. The voltage profile for bus #12 after add DG PV as the following fig. 8.5:
Fig 8.5 The voltage profile for bus #12 after add DG PV
The power factor at bus #12 after add DG PV as the following fig. 8.6:
Fig 8.6 The power factor at bus #12 after add DG PV
Although, we studied the effects that appear in the all buses when we add DG PV on bus #12,
the effects was the following figures and tables:
0.99650.99660.9968
0.98480.98530.98560.9854 0.985 0.9845
0.99670.99660.9965
0.978
0.98
0.982
0.984
0.986
0.988
0.99
0.992
0.994
0.996
0.998
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
V(P.U)
MONTH
Voltage Profile (P.U)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
P.F
MONTH
Power Factor bus #12
16. The following table 8. 2 shows the power factor in each bus before and after added DG PV:
# Bus PF Original PF After PV
1 0.909 0.885867
2 0.8917 0.408423
3 0.911 0.654792
4 0.853 0.7676
5 0.934 0.7532
6 0.889 0.64617
7 0.93 0.7979
8 0.912 0.80946
9 0.767 0.643
10 0.707106 0.589
11 0.952 0.6696
12 0.891 1
13 0.879 0.699784
14 0.878 0.607558
15 0.926 0.7217
16 0.855 0.74
17 0.879 0.621
18 0.891 0.6313
19 0.899 0.75
20 0.939 0.617
21 0.903 0.76238
22 0.857 0.6685
23 0.953 0.7402
24 0.908 0.646
25 0.866 0.6159
Table 8.2 The power factor in each bus before and after added DG PV
The affects for added DG PV on bus #12 on the power factor for each bus as the following:
17. Fig 8.7 The affects for added DG PV on bus #12 on the power factor for each bus
The following table shows the Voltage profile in each bus before and after added DG PV:
# Bus V original V after PV
1 1 1
2 0.98889624 0.989987
3 0.98886 0.989765
4 0.98575 0.9872
5 0.98597 0.9875
6 0.985 0.98703
7 0.9848 0.986571
8 0.9835532 0.98567
9 0.9827 0.985091
10 0.9819987 0.98459
11 0.981849 0.984533
12 0.98122843 0.984512
13 0.98099 0.984278
14 0.98093 0.984217
15 0.98177123 0.984363
16 0.98127757 0.98387
17 0.98117745 0.98377
18 0.9811353 0.983728
19 0.98093 0.983524
20 0.9887876 0.9899
21 0.9885 0.98964
22 0.988 0.98957
23 0.9883 0.989393
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
PowerFactor
Buses
Power Factor For Each Bus
PF Original PF After PV
18. 24 0.9821263 0.989304
25 0.98820786 0.989299665
Table 8.3 The Voltage profile in each bus before and after added DG PV
The affects for added DG PV on bus #12 on the voltage profile for each bus as the following:
Fig 8.8 The affects for added DG PV on bus #12 on the voltage profile for each bus
The following table shows the total harmonic distortion (THD) in each bus before and after added DG PV
to bus #12:
0.97
0.975
0.98
0.985
0.99
0.995
1
1.005
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
V(P.U)
Bus Number
Voltage Profile For Each Bus
V original V after PV
Bus
Num.
Voltage harmonic
Before (%)
Voltage harmonic
After (%)
Current harmonic
Before (%)
Current harmonic
After (%)
1 5.42 2.6 11.94 6.32
2 5.32 2.45 11.67 6.8
3 6.85 4.2 8.66 4.6
4 5.26 3.2 11.65 6.3
5 6.35 3.85 7.43 3.5
6 6.22 3.8 10.68 5.02
7 6.96 4.3 7.35 3.4
8 5.62 2.55 10.67 5.01
9 5.36 2.35 9.85 4.8
10 5.68 2.45 10.67 5.1
11 6.52 1.98 7.45 3.6
12 6.35 2.7 7.41 3.8
13 5.59 2.89 10.68 4.89
14 4.99 2.12 11.94 4.52
19. Table 8.4 The total harmonic distortion (THD) in each bus before and after added DG PV to bus #12
The Voltage Harmonic emission in the network after add DG PV to the bus #12 and how it effects on the
THD as the following:
Fig. 8.9 The Voltage Harmonic emission in the network after add DG PV to the bus #12
The Current Harmonic emission in the network after add DG PV to the bus #12 and how it effects on the
THD as the following:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
VTHD(%)
Bus Number
Voltage Harmonic
Voltage harmonic Before (%) Voltage harmonic After (%)
15 5.26 3.2 9.54 4.98
16 6.53 2 8.56 4.6
17 5.33 2.3 9.53 4.88
18 6.43 2.82 7.42 3.89
19 6.42 2.86 8.52 4.99
20 5.95 2.15 9.53 4.62
21 5.69 2.23 10.69 5.08
22 5.2 3.1 11.68 6.2
23 5.36 3.21 10.66 5.6
24 4.98 2.5 9.53 4.9
25 5.96 2.3 10.68 5.6
20. Fig. 8.10 The Current Harmonic emission in the network after add DG PV to the bus #12
We can notice from the previous results:
The power factor at each bus sharp decrease
The Voltage profile increase
The total losses decrease
The THD decrease for voltage and current signal
Part 3:
the one line diagram for An-Najah solar field that will feed Ayash feeder:
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
ITHD(%)
Bus Number
Current Harmonic
Current harmonic Before (%) Current harmonic After (%)
21. Fig. 7.3 An-Najah Solar Field.
Non Labor:
DC Components V line (KV)
Nominal
Current (A)
Breaking
Capacity (A) Unit Price ($)/unit Price ($)
Fuse 0.4 30 300 150 111 16650
Switch 0.4 30 - 150 64 9600
Contactor 0.4 3000 - 1 1400 1400
DC Wire, 10 mm² 0.4 30 - 5000 4 20000
Total 47650
AC Components V line (KV)
Nominal
Current (KA)
Breaking
Capacity (KA) Unit Price ($)/Unit Price ($)
Fuse 0.4 5 35 1 14395 14395
22. Table 7.15 DC Components, properties, units and price [12]
Table 7.16 AC Components, properties, units and price [12]
Table 7.17 other Components, properties, units and price [8,11,12,13]
Assets Area $/Year Year Price ($)
Site 20 Dunam 75000 20 1500000
Table 7.18 Assets, properties, duration and price
DC Components 47650 $
AC Components 229605 $
Other Components 2788852 $
Site 1500000 $
Switch 0.4 5 - 1 7500 7500
C.B, SF6 0.4 5 35 1 18710 18710
C.B, SF6 33 0.05 3 1 29000 29000
Fuse 33 0.05 3 2 23000 46000
Switch 33 0.05 - 2 24500 49000
C.B, SF6 33 0.05 6 2 30000 60000
Bas Bur 33 0.1 - 1 5000 5000
Total 229605
Other Components Properties Unit Price ($)/Unit Price ($)
PV Module_SUNTECH 300W/24Vd 10013 250 2503250
Transformer_Schneider 0.4/33 KV , 3MVA 1 30000 30000
DC/DC Converter_ SMA (300-400)V =400 V, 20000 W 150 500 75000
DC/AC Inverter _SMA 400 V = 400 V,50 Hz, 20000 W 150 1000 150000
Capacitor Banks_ABB 20KVAR, 400V 2 185 370
Capacitor Banks_ABB 25KVAR, 400V 9 200 1800
Capacitor Banks_ABB 30KVAR, 400V 13 264 3432
MPPT_SMA 150 100 15000
Motor 3 ph, 400 V, 10 Khp 1 10000 10000
Rotary UPS 400 V, 9 KAH 1 65000 65000
Total 2853852
23. Total ($) 4541107 $
Table 7.19 Total Non-labor resource Cost.
Labor:
Person Num. $/Hour Hours/ 18 Months Price ($)
Engineers 7 45 4320 194400
Technicians 20 23 4320 99360
Others 10 15 5000 75000
Total ($) 368760 $
Table 7.20 Total labor resource Cost.
Labor 368760 ($)
Non Labor 4631107 ($)
Currency Diffusion 133 ($)
Total Budget ($) 5000000 ($)
Table 7.21 Total Capital Cost.
The annual saving for Ayash Feeder:
Original:
The annual max demand:
Pmax= 10.076 MW
Since the load factor (L.F) = 59.32 %
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐿. 𝐹 ∗ 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0.5932 ∗ 10.076 ∗ 103
= 5977 𝐾𝑊
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝐸) = 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∗ 8760 = 52359249 𝐾𝑊𝐻 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦
The cost per KWH is 0.62 NIS/KWH:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸 ∗ 0.62 𝑁𝐼𝑆 𝐾𝑊𝐻⁄ = 32462734 𝑁𝐼𝑆 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
Since the power factor during the minimum load period less than 0.92 so the company is paying a
penalty as explained below:
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦/𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ = 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∗ 8760/12 = 4363271 𝐾𝑊𝐻 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦
24. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ = 2705228 𝑁𝐼𝑆 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
During the six month of minimum load the power factor =0.909
In Palestine the penalty for 0.8 ≤ 𝑝. 𝑓 ≤ 0.92 is 1% at total bill for each 0.1 under 0.92
0.92-0.909=0.011
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ = 0.011 ∗ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑙
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ = 0.011 ∗ 2705228
= 29758 𝑁𝐼𝑆 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
For the six months:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑦 = 6 ∗ 29758 = 178548 𝑁𝐼𝑆
The total cost:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑦
= 32462734 + 178548
= 32641282 𝑁𝐼𝑆
= 𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟎 $ .
After using DG PV:
The annual max demand:
Pmax= 8.879 MW
Since the load factor (L.F) = 66.18 %
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐿. 𝐹 ∗ 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0.6618 ∗ 8.879 ∗ 103
= 5070.92 𝐾𝑊
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 5070.92 𝐾𝑊
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝐸) = 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∗ 8760 = 44421259 𝐾𝑊𝐻 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦
The cost per KWH is 0.62 NIS/KWH
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸 ∗ 0.62 𝑁𝐼𝑆 𝐾𝑊𝐻⁄ = 27541181 𝑁𝐼𝑆 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
25. Before using PV After using PV
Total annual cost 32641282 NIS 27541181 NIS
Cost in $ (1$=3.47 NIS) 9406710 $ 7936940 $
Table 7.22 Total annual Cost before and after add DG PV.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 9406710 − 7936940
= 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟎 $
The Payback Period:
𝑃. 𝐵. 𝑃 =
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑃. 𝐵. 𝑃 =
5000000 $
1469770 $
𝑃. 𝐵. 𝑃 = 3.5 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟
By the way the life cycle of the equipment in the solar field is about 20 Year and the payback
period is 3.5 Year, so the total saving after 3.5 years of implemented this project will be
𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 3.5 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 = (20 − 3.5) ∗ 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 3.5 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 16.5 ∗ 1469770
𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 3.5 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟓 $
To sum up, one can show that the project is feasible to implement.
Conclusions and Recommendation:
In general, we can conclude that this project will be a strong solution for this problem due to
the improvement that happened after add DG PV on this feeder in Jenin City, especially in bus
#12.
To sum up, the all effects on the system after add DG PV as the following:
The voltage profile increase within the range (1.05≤ V ≤ 0.95) that can increase the
efficiency of the supply from one hand, so the current in the system will decrease that
26. mean the total losses will decrease, so the total bill will decrease, from the other hand
we can use the same feeder to add new load within range that did not let the voltage be
less than 0.95 P.U, so we can make a long term control without need new transformers.
The total harmonic distortion in the system will decrease it can be seen that only the
12th, 15th, 18th, 21st and 24th harmonics exceeded the threshold limits. However, total
voltage harmonics distortion for all of the studied cases is within the Australian
regulatory standard limit as stated in AS 4777 [10], total Harmonic Distortion gives us
the information about the harmonic content in a signal w.r.t. fundamental component,
so that mean increase the power quality for the supply.
The total real and reactive power losses decrease sharply, due to increase the voltage
profile and decrease the currents in the system in the same time.
The total saving in the total bill will be about 24 Million $.
The only bad effect for this solution was decrease the power factor in the system, so
that mean the penalty will be huge, so we recommend to use capacitor banks to
increase the power factor to be equal or more than 92%.
The recommendation to improve power factor is to use capacitor banks as the following:
# Bus PF Original PF After PV Capacitor Bank (KVAR)
1 0.909 0.885867 20
2 0.8917 0.408423 30
3 0.911 0.654792 30
4 0.853 0.7676 25
5 0.934 0.7532 30
6 0.889 0.64617 25
7 0.93 0.7979 25
8 0.912 0.80946 20
9 0.767 0.643 30
10 0.707106 0.589 30
11 0.952 0.6696 25
12 0.891 1 0
13 0.879 0.699784 25
14 0.878 0.607558 30
15 0.926 0.7217 25
16 0.855 0.74 25
17 0.879 0.621 30
18 0.891 0.6313 30
19 0.899 0.75 25
20 0.939 0.617 30
21 0.903 0.76238 25
22 0.857 0.6685 30
23 0.953 0.7402 25
27. 24 0.908 0.646 30
25 0.866 0.6159 30
Table 9.1 Improve power factor and the value of capacitor banks
By using the above values of capacitor banks that will increase the power factor to be at least
92%, on the other hand will increase the voltage at the bus but within the voltage rang.
Constraints:
As any problem in our life we will find the suitable solution for it in many terms to solve it from one side
and to have the stability for this solution during a long term period, so in this case we will use SMART
method to solve it.
SMART method means that the solution will be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and have time
frame to have long term solution for any problem.
So to satisfy this method we faced many constraints and the constraints in our project can be divided
into four parts:
1. Leakage in Data base from the supplier.
2. Unrealistic solution for this problem.
28. 3. No Palestinian Standers to assist our work
4. Suitable software that can help us.
We find the suitable solution for this constraints as the following:
1. Leakage in Data base from the supplier:
The leakage in data base was in the some loads data, cables used, records for some factors and the
vision for solving this problem.
The solution was that we took the records for some these loads by ourselves under the supervision of
supplier and we calculated the parameters for the cables used in the system.
2. Unrealistic solution for this problem:
The solution for the problem from the supplier is unrealistic that the solution was to increase the
connection points that to feed the increasing in demand for this system.
3. No Palestinian Standers to assist our work:
There is no standers for this work from Palestinian government to assist our solution, so we used the
Australian standers.
4. Suitable software that can help us:
Due to the huge budget needed for this solution, we can’t implement samples as a test sample in the
ground, so the software can help us to find the suitable solution, so to solve this problem we built
MATLAB codes to simulate the reality for this solution.