The document discusses minerals that are important for glass making. Silica in the form of quartz and silica sand makes up over 70% of glass and is the primary mineral used. Other important minerals used include soda ash, lime, potash, and feldspar. These minerals are sources of ingredients like sodium, calcium, and potassium and act as fluxes to lower the melting temperature of silica. The document outlines the geological origin and distribution of the key minerals in India that are utilized in the glass industry. Colorants discussed include copper, cobalt, nickel, manganese, uranium, and cadmium minerals.

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2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MINEROLOGY
 QUARTZ AND SILICA SAND
 SODA ASH
 LIME
 POTASH
 FELDSPAR
MODE OF OCCURRENCE AND ORIGIN
INDIAN DISTRIBUTION
MINERALS USED FOR COLOURATION IN THE
GLASS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
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3. INTRODUCTION
Glass as a substance plays an essential role in the
industry .
Its chemical, physical and in particular optical properties
make its suitable application such as many types of glass
making.
Glass is an amorphous solid material.
Glasses are typically brittle and optically transparent.
The most familiar type of glass used for centuries in
windows, drinking vessels, glass jewelery, containers ,
objects of art and optical lens.
Minerals are important content of glass making.
Silica is mainly used in making of glass.
Some other minerals are also used in the making of glass.
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4. MINEROLOGY
Quartz and silica sand
Soda ash
Lime
Potash
Feldspar
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5. QUARTZ AND SILICA
SAND
Quartz is one of the most widely distributed minerals in the
crust of the earth.
Quartz is a member of the silica group of minerals, with
chemical composition is SiO2.
Quartz and silica sand are used largely in manufacture of
glass.
72% silica sand are used in manufacturing of glass industry.
Most silica sand is made up of broken down quartz crystals.
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6. Continue…..
Silica sand is used to make glass.
Quartz silica is also know as crystalline silica and
crystalline silicon dioxide.
It is most often a mixture of quartz and sand.
A High quartz content make sand silica the perfect
ingredient for glass.
Sand quartz is mixed with other materials to create glass
products with differing clarity, ranging from transparent
to opaque.
Quartz luster, color and diaphaneity makes it useful also
in the making of glass.
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7. MODE OF OCCURENCE
AND ORIGIN
Quartz occur in veins and pegmatite and has a wide
distribution.
Vein quartz is quite common forming small hillocks
in the Precambrian terrain. Hydrothermal process
may be responsible for the origin of such quartz.
Silica sand occurs in abundance in river beds and
beach deposits. Glass sands are obtained chiefly from
sand stone and also form unconsolidated deposits.
Vindyan and gondwana sand stones are source silica
sand.
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8. INDIAN DISTRIBUTION
QUARTZ : Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat,
Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Rajasthan.
SILICA SAND : Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat,
Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Tamilnadu.
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9. SODA ASH
Soda ash is a versatile product that can be produced
inexpensively and used for number of different
application.
The bicarbonate[NaHco3] is known to all those holds as
soda or baking soda.
In industry the anhydrous carbonate[Na2co3] is known
as soda ash.
Soda refers to either the carbonate or oxide of sodium.
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10. Contd…..
The purified carbonate salts are marketed as soda ash
 soda ash is sodium salt of carbonic acid carrying an
official registration as Na2co3.
The most common of products that can be produced
using soda ash is a good old fashioned glass.
Many homes made today will feature window panes
that were created with soda ash one of the key
components in the mixture.
Soda ash is used in the glass industry as 50% another
50% use other chemical process.
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11. MODE OF OCCURANCE
AND ORIGIN
Sodium is released during the weathering of igneous
rocks and in certain region reaches local basins ,
where it is precipitated as the carbonate and sulphate.
Sulphur is contributed by the oxidation of pyrite in
igneous rocks by volcanic sources hot springs and
locally form gypsum beds .
The natural sodium compounds are obtained from
the alkali.
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12. INDIAN DISTRIBUITION
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Bihar
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Tamilnadu
Andhra Pradesh
 Jammu Kashmir
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13. LIME
Limestone is one of the primary component of glass.
It is simple and cheap to prepare.
Commonly lime is prepared as hydrated lime
ca(OH)2 by adding necessary water.
One hundred pounds of pure limestone yield 56
pounds of lime.
Lime is general term for calcium containing inorganic
materials in which carbonates oxides and hydroxide
predominant.
Lime is one of the primary component of glass.
When lime is heated with silica sand, it makes a fluid
solution not crystallized when it is cooled this
material is glass.
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14. MODE OF OCCURENCE
AND ORIGIN
Limestone occurs as extensive beds, band and
pockets and is a typical sedimentary rock.
It may be of both marine and fresh water origin.
When Mg replace Ca it form dolomatic limestone.
Silica, iron, aluminum, phosphorus, sulphur,
manganese, and carbonaceous matter are present as
impurities.
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15. INDIAN
DISTRIBUTION
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16. POTASH
Potash is named from ash made in pots.
The product was mostly potassium carbonate.
Commercially potash is a general term of potassium
compounds but true potash is K2O.
The extraction of potash from its silicate, this a complex
and costly process.
The natural potash minerals result from evaporation of sea
water or other brines.
Potash brines result from concentration by evaporation of
surface water in arid region.
Potassium minerals and compounds are used in the
manufacture of glass.
Potassium nitrate and carbonate are used in glass.
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17. MODE OF OCCURENCE
AND ORIGIN
Marine evaporites potash-rich brines saline lakes,
playa deposits and bitterns at a salt works.
The saline water on evaporation becomes
concentrated as super saturated in soluble salts which
finally precipitated as a solid salt in order of their
solubility.
The most soluble salt is precipitated.
These salts represent the residual product of
evaporation of saline water.
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18. INDIAN DISTRIBUTION
The potash and potash rich brines are known to occur
in Tsokar lake, Leh district Jammu Kashmir and Rann
of Kutch Gujarat.
Potash in the form of Sylvite has been recently found
in Sriganganagar district of Rajasthan.
Glauconite is an important source of potash, is found
in Banda district of UP& Satna district of MP,
associated with Semri and Rewa group of Vindhyan
super group.
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19. FELDSPAR
Feldspar is the most abundant rock forming mineral.
Feldspar are used as fluxing material in the preparation of
glazes as also in glass industry.
In the manufacture of high class colorless glass feldspar
should used.
In glass industry Potash feldspar is used in varying
properties.
Feldspar in this industry is valued for two purpose firstly it
act as a flux and second for alumina content.
 glass industry prefers to use mainly potash feldspar
because it tends to melt to clear glass.
Soda feldspar tends the melt of a translucent glass.
Orthoclase usually light coloured white, pink, yellow or
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20. MODE OF OCCURENCE
AND ORIGIN
The alkali feldspar are the essential constituents of
acid igneous rocks such as granite,syenite and diorite
and their hypabysal and volcanic equivalents.
It is common mineral in metamorphic rock.
It occurs in large crystals as a constituent of
pegmatites and occurrence of this type are exploitable
and are being mined for feldspar.
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21. INDIAN DISTRIBUTION
Mica pegmatite's of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and
Bihar are the important source of feldspar.
Numerous pegmatite veins with also feldspar exit in
other states are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, and Tamilnadu.
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22. MINERALS USED IN
DIFFERENT COLOURS IN
THE GLASS
Copper-blue and red
Cobalt iron-blue
Nickel salt-red
Manganese dioxide-purple or brown
Uranium oxide – fluorescent green or yellow
Cadmium sulphide – lemon yellow
Chryolite – white
Chromium – green
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23. CONCLUSION
In Science and industry, glass act as an essential role.
It has various ornamental and industrial application,
starting from small microscope to huge buildings.
Commonly glass is composed of silica, soda, lime
and much smaller amount of various other
compounds.
Minerals act as a great role in the making of glass
materials.
 In colored glass, minerals act as an important role for
its coloration.
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24. REFERENCE
Economic mineral deposits by Bateman-Asia publishing
house(1962)pp;706-723,783-788.
Economic geology by Umesheshwar Prasad-CBS
Publishers(2010)pp;214,257-265.
Ore deposits of India their distribution and process by
K.V.G.K Gokhale, T.C Rao(1972)pp;158-161.
Our Mineral Resources By Charles M Riley pp;253-254.
Indian Mineral Resources by S Krishna swami
(1988)pp;559-560.
www.google.com
www.wikypedia.com
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