HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES; Causes of deposition; Origin of Hydrothermal Fluids (or The Main Sources of Water in Hydrothermal System); The Main Steps in Hydrothermal Processes; Classification of Hydrothermal Deposits; Different Types of Hydrothermal Vein; Different styles of Hydrothermal ore deposits; Orogenic Hydrothermal Ore Deposits; Hypozonal: Orogenic, hydrothermal ore deposits; Epizonal:; Mesozonal
HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES; Causes of deposition; Origin of Hydrothermal Fluids (or The Main Sources of Water in Hydrothermal System); The Main Steps in Hydrothermal Processes; Classification of Hydrothermal Deposits; Different Types of Hydrothermal Vein; Different styles of Hydrothermal ore deposits; Orogenic Hydrothermal Ore Deposits; Hypozonal: Orogenic, hydrothermal ore deposits; Epizonal:; Mesozonal
Slides related to wall rock alteration.In these slides it is described that how host rock behave when it comes in contact with the hydro thermal fluid coming from deep Earth (Mantle) and their results.
Petrology
Definition of a rock, petrology. Classification of rocks-Geological classification of rocks. Rock Cycle. Classification of igneous Forms, structures and textures of igneous rocks. Classification of sedimentary rocks, and its structures and textures. Classification of metamorphic rocks, its structures and textures.
Megascopic Study of Granite, Dolerite, Basalt, Pegmatite, Charnockite, Sandstone, Shale, Limestone, Gneiss, Schist, Quartzite, Marble and Slate.
Rocks found in India are classified into three broad categories, viz. igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Their occurrences vary from widespread stretches to small patches or pockets throughout the country. The distribution of various rocks are to be studied in Indian geography, Indian Geology, Economic Geography. mining geology, mineral exploration and applied geology in particular.
Bowen’s Reaction Series
ROCKS:
There are three kinds of rocks, that are defined on the basis of how they formed.
Igneous Rocks:
are formed from the solidification of molten rock or magma.
Sedimentary Rocks:
form through when materials at the earth's surface (sediments) are buried and hardened (lithified).
Metamorphic Rocks:
are formed when older rocks are changed by heat and pressure without being melted.
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
A presentation on Hydrothermal wall rock alteration with case studies on geophysical applications.
References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
Slides related to wall rock alteration.In these slides it is described that how host rock behave when it comes in contact with the hydro thermal fluid coming from deep Earth (Mantle) and their results.
Petrology
Definition of a rock, petrology. Classification of rocks-Geological classification of rocks. Rock Cycle. Classification of igneous Forms, structures and textures of igneous rocks. Classification of sedimentary rocks, and its structures and textures. Classification of metamorphic rocks, its structures and textures.
Megascopic Study of Granite, Dolerite, Basalt, Pegmatite, Charnockite, Sandstone, Shale, Limestone, Gneiss, Schist, Quartzite, Marble and Slate.
Rocks found in India are classified into three broad categories, viz. igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Their occurrences vary from widespread stretches to small patches or pockets throughout the country. The distribution of various rocks are to be studied in Indian geography, Indian Geology, Economic Geography. mining geology, mineral exploration and applied geology in particular.
Bowen’s Reaction Series
ROCKS:
There are three kinds of rocks, that are defined on the basis of how they formed.
Igneous Rocks:
are formed from the solidification of molten rock or magma.
Sedimentary Rocks:
form through when materials at the earth's surface (sediments) are buried and hardened (lithified).
Metamorphic Rocks:
are formed when older rocks are changed by heat and pressure without being melted.
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
A presentation on Hydrothermal wall rock alteration with case studies on geophysical applications.
References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
Adding mindfulness practice to daily routines can help increase awareness and presence.
Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
2 Peter 3: Because some scriptures are hard to understand and some will force them to say things God never intended, Peter warns us to take care.
https://youtu.be/nV4kGHFsEHw
Discover various methods for clearing negative entities from your space and spirit, including energy clearing techniques, spiritual rituals, and professional assistance. Gain practical knowledge on how to implement these techniques to restore peace and harmony. For more information visit here: https://www.reikihealingdistance.com/negative-entity-removal/
Why is this So? ~ Do Seek to KNOW (English & Chinese).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma teaching of Kamma-Vipaka (Intentional Actions-Ripening Effects).
A Presentation for developing morality, concentration and wisdom and to spur us to practice the Dhamma diligently.
The texts are in English and Chinese.
Vertical Church Kyiv Report 2022-2023: Church at war
Materials of the earth'scrust
1. Materials of the Earth’s crust
The Geography Department 2011-12 1
2. Rocks are our world.
The planet Earth
is, essentially, just one big
interesting rock, sometimes
called "the third rock from the
sun."
The multi-faceted rock we live
on supports life in many ways.
The deep oceans, the vast
deserts, and the high
mountains, are just a few of
the ways rock emerges and
The Geography Department 2011-12 2
supports life.
4. What are rocks made up of ?
The Geography Department 2011-12 4
5. Rocks and minerals
A mineral is defined as a naturally occurring
inorganic substance, which has definite
physical properties and chemical composition.
Eg. Quartz (SiO2), Feldspar (K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2),
Mica (K4AlSi3O10(OH)2) etc are minerals.
A rock is defined as an aggregate or mixture of
minerals.
Eg. Granite contains quartz, K-feldspar and K-
mica. Marble contains Calcite (CaCO3) and
Quartz.
The Geography Department 2011-12 5
7. Quartz –
Most common mineral;
found in almost all rocks;
shades of white, gray, and pink,
mostly colourless with a glassy
lustre.
The Geography Department 2011-12 7
8. Feldspar
Found in rocks like granite and basalt; colour may
vary as K is replaced by Ca or Na.
K-feldspar is pinkish or whitish while Ca and Na
feldspar is green or black
The Geography Department 2011-12 8
9. Mica
white or colourless flakes in granite
and as black needles in basalt. K
may be replaced by Ca or Na.
The Geography Department 2011-12 9
10. Calcite – Occurs in rocks like
limestone and marble. Colourless
or white; crystalline or amorphous.
The Geography Department 2011-12 10
11. Clay
Similar to mica as it occurs as thin layers
differ as it has high water absorption
capacity;
found in rocks like shale, conglomerate etc.
The Geography Department 2011-12 11
13. Types of rocks
Rocks are divided according to their origin
into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
rocks.
The Geography Department 2011-12 13
14. Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rock- rock that
has been formed by the
cooling and subsequent
solidification of a molten
mass of rock material,
known as magma.
Depending upon the
conditions under which
the magma cooled, the
resulting rocks may be
coarse-grained or fine-
grained.
The Geography Department 2011-12 14
15. Types of Igneous rocks
Any molten rock material is known as magma as
long as it remains within the crust. If the magma
erupts out of a volcano and spreads out on the
surface of the earth, it is known as lava.
Besides, magma contains dissolved gases
which are liberated once it comes out on the
earth’s surface.
Based on the location where magma cools and
solidifies, the resultant igneous rocks can be
classified as follows.
The Geography Department 2011-12 15
16. Intrusive Igneous rocks
They are also called plutonic rocks.
They are formed due to the cooling and
solidification of magma buried deep
within the earth (in the magma chamber).
A magma chamber that has cooled down
and solidified is called a pluton.
Due to the lesser temperature difference
between the magma and surrounding
rocks, the magma cools down very
slowly.
There is a lot of time for the mineral
crystals to grow in size. As a result, the
mineral crystals are large and visible and
the resultant rock is crystalline or coarse-
grained.
Examples-Gabbro & Granite
The Geography Department 2011-12 16
17. Extrusive igneous rocks
They are also called volcanic
rocks.
They are formed due to the
cooling and solidification of lava
on the earth’s surface under
atmospheric conditions.
Due to the greater temperature
difference between the lava and
atmosphere, the lava cools down
very quickly.
There is very little time for the
mineral crystals to grow in size. As
a result, the mineral crystals are
very small and the resultant rock
is glassy or fine-grained.
Examples- Basalt & Rhyolite
The Geography Department 2011-12 17
18. Hypabyssal igneous rocks
They are formed due to the cooling
and solidification of magma within the
cracks and fissures of the surrounding
rock.
The magma cools down at an
intermediate rate, therefore the mineral
crystals are
intermediate-sized and the resultant
rock is medium-grained.
Structures formed due to the cooling
and solidification of magma within the
cracks and fissures of the surrounding
rock are known as igneous intrusions.
They may be of the following types.
a) Dyke – A wall shaped igneous
intrusion, which cuts across the layers
of surrounding sedimentary rocks.
b) Sill – A flat igneous intrusion that
lies between two layers of sedimentary
rock.
c) Batholith – An irregularly shaped
igneous intrusion. The Geography Department 2011-12 18
21. TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
Basaltic magma Granitic magma
Extrusive or
Basalt Rhyolite
Volcanic
Hypabyssal Dolerite Pegmatite
Intrusive or Plutonic Gabbro Granite
The Geography Department 2011-12 21
23. Uses of igneous rocks
Granite and basalt are used extensively as
building stones since they are very strong
and durable.
Mica, which is used as an insulator and in
lubricants, is found in pegmatite.
Basalt is also used as a road metal.
The Geography Department 2011-12 23
24. Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are so called because they are formed out of
sediment, which is the term given to broken rock fragments.
These rocks are
formed due to
deposition,
compaction and
cementation of the
broken rock
fragments weathered
by the agents of
gradation. The Geography Department 2011-12 24
26. Process of Sedimentation of rocks
a) Deposition – Accumulation of sediment
in a low-lying area of the earth’s
surface, usually the continental shelf,
river basin or a lake. The sediments are
deposited in layers, also called stratified
(stratum meaning layer) rocks.
b) Compaction – On account of continuous
accumulation of sediments, the
underlying sediments are subject to
pressure due to which they tend to
occupy the least possible volume. This
process is called compaction.
c) Cementation – In this process, the rock fragments are bound together by
calcium carbonate, silica of iron oxide. Rainwater dissolves atmospheric gases
like carbon dioxide and results into a weak carbonic acid. This carbonic acid
takes the chemically weak minerals like mica, calcite and feldspar into
solution. This solution percolates through the sediment and occupies the
spaces between the rock fragments thereby cementing them. The processes of26
The Geography Department 2011-12
compaction and cementation are often named collectively as lithification.
28. Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Mechanically formed Sedimentary rocks
They are also called fragmental or clastic
rocks.
Dynamic agents like rivers, glaciers, sea
waves and wind erode rocks.
Sediments are transported and deposited in
low-lying areas of the earth where they
undergo the process of lithification.
Examples of mechanically formed
sedimentary rocks include
Sandstone – A rock made up of well-
rounded grains of quartz cemented together.
Shale – A rock made up of very small flat
grains of clay and mica cemented together.
Conglomerate. – A rockGeography Department 2011-12
The made up of large 28
pieces of other rocks cemented together
29. Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Chemically formed sedimentary rocks
They are also called non-clastic rocks.
Some minerals or shells of microscopic
marine organisms are dissolved by water.
Minerals precipitate directly from a
saturated solution followed by
evaporation of the water.
Examples of chemically formed
sedimentary rocks include
Limestone – A rock formed by the
compaction and cementation of shells in
shallow sea
Gypsum - A rock formed by the
precipitation of calcium sulphate from sea
water
Rock salt – A rock formed by the
compaction of sodium chloride under
pressure
The Geography Department 2011-12 29
30. Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Organically formed sedimentary rocks
They are formed due to the decay of organisms and
their subsequent burial under sediments
Examples of organically formed sedimentary rocks
include
Coal – Formed due to the decay of dead plants under
fresh water conditions like those in a riverbed.
Petroleum - Formed due to the decay of dead
animals under marine water conditions like those in a
continental shelf.
The Geography Department 2011-12 30
31. Uses of sedimentary rocks
1. Rocks such as sandstone and limestone
are widely used as building stones.
2. Sedimentary rocks contain deposits of
important minerals like iron ore,
manganese, bauxite,
gypsum, coal and petroleum.
3. Fossils present in sedimentary rocks help
to determine the absolute and / or relative
age of rocks.
The Geography Department 2011-12 31
32. Metamorphic Rocks
When other rocks are subjected to conditions of
heat and pressure, they convert to
metamorphic rocks.
As a result of metamorphism, rocks lose their
original physical structures (such as layering in
the case of sedimentary rocks) and their
chemical composition
is also altered
(new minerals are formed).
Rocks shown here- Micaschist,
The Geography Department 2011-12 32
Quartzite & Marble
35. The sources of heat and pressure
involved in the formation of
metamorphic rocks are listed as
follows.
Heat – Magma, friction caused by the
rubbing of lithospheric plates against
each other
Pressure – Overlying sediments, rising
magma, collision of lithospheric plates
The Geography Department 2011-12 35
36. Areas where metamorphic rocks are
found
1. Near igneous intrusions
2. Mountain belts
3. Deep in the earth’s crust
The Geography Department 2011-12 36
37. Types of metamorphism
Contact metamorphism
Occurs due to alteration of
surrounding rocks by
magma, hence common
near igneous intrusions.
Area of rocks affected is
very less, not beyond a few
hundred metres from the
magma.
Heat is the dominant agent
The Geography Department 2011-12 37
of metamorphism
38. Types of metamorphism
Regional metamorphism
Occurs due to movement of lithospheric
plates, hence common in mountain belts.
Area of rocks affected is very large, often
thousands of square kilometres.
Both heat and pressure play a
predominant role.
The Geography Department 2011-12 38
45. Rock Cycle
The classic rock cycle illustrates the relationship
between the three main types of rock found on the
Earth. In its simplest form, it demonstrates that
igneous rock, which is formed by the cooling of
magma, is in turn exposed to natural processes such
as weathering, erosion, and compaction, creating
sedimentary rock or exposed to heat and pressure,
creating metamorphic rocks. The application of heat
then turns sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock or
exposure to agents of gradation converts them back
into sediments, and further heating causes the
metamorphic rocks to melt and in process to turn full
circle, creating magma once more whereas further
pressure can convert them into another metamorphic
rock. However, the cycle does not necessarily have to
pass through all these stages.
The Geography Department 2011-12 45
47. ORES
A mineral is said to be an ore if it contains
one or more elements, usually metals that
can be extracted from it in a profitable
manner
The Geography Department 2011-12 47
48. ORES
Examples of minerals that are ores
Haematite (Fe2O3) – Ore of Iron
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) – Ore of Copper
Magnetite (Fe3O4) – Ore of Iron
Galena (PbS) – Ore of Lead
Bauxite (Al2O3) – Ore of Aluminium
Sphalerite (ZnS) – Ore of Zinc
Pyrolusite (MnO2) – Ore of Manganese
The Geography Department 2011-12 48
49. GEMSTONES
Gemstones are minerals that are
treasured for their beauty and durability.
Their value generally depends on four
features:
The beauty of the stone itself
Its rarity
Its hardness and toughness
The skill with which it has been cut and
polished.
The Geography Department 2011-12 49
51. GEMSTONES
Month of birth Birthstone Colour
January Garnet Red
February Aquamarine Blue-green
March Amethyst Purple
April Diamond Colourless
May Emerald Green
Metallic white with a
June Pearl
The Geography Department 2011-12 play of colours 51
52. GEMSTONES
Month of birth Birthstone Colour
July Ruby Red
Honey yellow or
August Peridot
green
September Sapphire Blue
Metallic white with a
October Opal
play of colours
November Topaz Yellow
Blue-green to
December Turquoise
The Geography Department 2011-12
greenish-grey 52
53. A quick Recap
Answer the following questions by clicking on
the right choice.
If your answer is right you will move on to the
next question by clicking on the arrow
If your answer is not correct, you must go
back to the question by clicking on the arrow
Please do not skip any slide
Have a nice time and fun learning.
The Geography Department 2011-12 53
54. Can wood be called a mineral?
Yes, it is naturally occurring
No, it does not have a chemical formula
Yes, it has a fixed chemical formula
No, its organic
The Geography Department 2011-12 54
60. Which of the following is NOT a correct
point of difference between lava and
magma?
Lava is found outside the earth while magma
is found inside the earth.
Lava does not contain gases while magma
contains gases.
Cooling of lava results in extrusive rocks
while cooling of magma results in intrusive
rocks.
Lava is less viscous (flows faster) ; magma is
more viscous(moves slowly)
The Geography Department 2011-12 60
63. Which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of intrusive rocks?
They are dark in colour.
They form inside the earth.
They form due to slow cooling of magma.
They have large crystals.
The Geography Department 2011-12 63
66. Which of the following is a wall shaped
igneous intrusion cutting across layers of
sedimentary rocks?
Sill
Dyke
Batholith
Laccolith
The Geography Department 2011-12 66
69. Match the following
A Pegmatite 1 Basaltic equivalent of granite
B Gabbro 2 Hypabassal basaltic rock
C Rhyolite 3 Hyabassal granitic rock
D Dolerite 4 Extrusive rock of granitic composition
•A-2; B-1; C-4; D-3
•A-3; B-4; C-1; D-2
•A-3; B-1; C-4; D-2
•A-4; B-1; C-3; D-2
The Geography Department 2011-12 69
72. Which of the following is the black
coloured rock used as a kitchen platform?
Basalt
Limestone
Granite
Marble
The Geography Department 2011-12 72
75. Which of the following rocks is made up
of well-rounded grains of quartz
cemented together?
Shale
Conglomerate
Limestone
Sandstone
The Geography Department 2011-12 75
78. Which of the following rocks will form due
to the evaporation and compaction of a
super-saturated solution of calcium
sulphate?
Rock Salt
Gypsum
Limestone
Dolomite
The Geography Department 2011-12 78
81. Which process leads to the formation of
limestone?
Compaction and cementation of shells in
shallow parts of the continental shelf.
Dissolution of shells in the deep sea
followed by super saturation and
evaporation.
Dissolution of existing limestone by
rainwater followed by deposition in
underground caves and channels
All of the above.
The Geography Department 2011-12 81
84. Which of the following is NOT TRUE
about the formation of coal?
It forms in fresh water conditions.
It forms due to decay of dead plants.
It can also form due to decay of dead
animals.
It requires a protective environment for its
formation.
The Geography Department 2011-12 84
87. Which of the following is NOT TRUE
about the formation of petroleum?
It forms only in marine conditions.
Marine micro-organisms like
foraminifera are a must for its formation.
After its formation, it remains at the
same place.
It forms due to decay of dead bodies of
animals.
The Geography Department 2011-12 87
93. Which of the following is NOT TRUE
about metamorphism?
It involves a physical change in the
physical properties of a rock.
Minerals do not change.
Even metamorphic rocks can be
metamorphosed.
It may occur on account of heat or
pressure or both.
The Geography Department 2011-12 93
96. Where can you find metamorphic rocks?
Near Igneous intrusions.
Deep in the earth’s crust.
Fold mountain belts.
All of the above.
The Geography Department 2011-12 96