This document presents a seminar on sedimentology given by Jayaram Shetty, a third semester geology student at the University of Mysore, under the guidance of Prof. Dr. P. Madhesh. The seminar covered the definition of sedimentology and sedimentary rocks, classification of sedimentary rocks into clastic and non-clastic types, importance of sedimentary rocks, and conclusions. Common sedimentary rocks discussed included conglomerate, sandstone, shale, limestone, breccias, mudstone, arkose, greywacke, sandy siltstone, dolomite, evaporite, flint, jasper, agate, and coal.
STONE -As A Building Material.
Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability.
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones.
building materials1_architecture_Classification of rocks, Sources, Seasoning, Quarrying of stones, Dressing, Characteristics of
stones, Testing of stones, Common building stones and their uses. Masonary and paving. Stone
veneering, preservation of stones Deterioration of stones, Durability, Preservation, Selection of
stones, Artificial stones.
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
Stone is an essential and more permanent building material in construction than other natural building materials. Based on the type, stones can be used in buildings for flooring, roofing, masonry, paving roads, and also as aggregates for concrete.
Stones for construction purposes are obtained by quarrying from solid massive rocks. The stones used for masonry construction should be hard, durable, tough, and should be free from weathered soft patches of material, cracks, and other defects that are responsible for the reduction of strength and durability.
STONE -As A Building Material.
Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability.
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones.
building materials1_architecture_Classification of rocks, Sources, Seasoning, Quarrying of stones, Dressing, Characteristics of
stones, Testing of stones, Common building stones and their uses. Masonary and paving. Stone
veneering, preservation of stones Deterioration of stones, Durability, Preservation, Selection of
stones, Artificial stones.
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
Stone is an essential and more permanent building material in construction than other natural building materials. Based on the type, stones can be used in buildings for flooring, roofing, masonry, paving roads, and also as aggregates for concrete.
Stones for construction purposes are obtained by quarrying from solid massive rocks. The stones used for masonry construction should be hard, durable, tough, and should be free from weathered soft patches of material, cracks, and other defects that are responsible for the reduction of strength and durability.
Stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin.
Most of the rocks are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or made into various shapes and blocks or slabs to be used walling, paving or roofing materials. Rocks are mostly used in the construction of buildings and hundreds of structures. Stones are categorised into building stones, ornamental stones and dimension stones.
building stone
classification of stone
physical properties of stone
chemical properties of stone
types of building stone
uses in different construction
quarrying of building stone
prevention of stone
different tests performed on the stone
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
This ppt include the details about the Basic Building Materials i.e. Bricks, Cement, Steel, Stone, Concrete. Sand.
advantages of steel, cement, characteristics of cement, concrete, concrete. sand, difference between stone and brick, different type of stones, different types of bricks, different types of cement, different types of concrete pcc rcc precast prestr, different types of steel, manufacturing of bricks, manufacturing of stone, properties of cement, properties of steel, steel, stone, this ppt include the details about the basic build, use of bricks, uses of stones
Marbles available at - https://www.tradeindia.com/Seller/Construction-Real-Estate/Marble/
As we are aware that marble is extensively used in the field of building & construction industry, it is also used for various other purposes in architecture, sculptures, design, etc. Here, we have presented some of the most used marbles along with designs, patterns and color variations.
Stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin.
Most of the rocks are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or made into various shapes and blocks or slabs to be used walling, paving or roofing materials. Rocks are mostly used in the construction of buildings and hundreds of structures. Stones are categorised into building stones, ornamental stones and dimension stones.
building stone
classification of stone
physical properties of stone
chemical properties of stone
types of building stone
uses in different construction
quarrying of building stone
prevention of stone
different tests performed on the stone
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
This ppt include the details about the Basic Building Materials i.e. Bricks, Cement, Steel, Stone, Concrete. Sand.
advantages of steel, cement, characteristics of cement, concrete, concrete. sand, difference between stone and brick, different type of stones, different types of bricks, different types of cement, different types of concrete pcc rcc precast prestr, different types of steel, manufacturing of bricks, manufacturing of stone, properties of cement, properties of steel, steel, stone, this ppt include the details about the basic build, use of bricks, uses of stones
Marbles available at - https://www.tradeindia.com/Seller/Construction-Real-Estate/Marble/
As we are aware that marble is extensively used in the field of building & construction industry, it is also used for various other purposes in architecture, sculptures, design, etc. Here, we have presented some of the most used marbles along with designs, patterns and color variations.
adalah bahan yang tidak dianggap langsung mempengaruhi hayat hidup orang banyak dan digunakan untuk bahan baku industri.
Contoh: garam, pasir, marmer, batu kapur dan asbes.
Mining is the process of validating and recording transactions on a blockchain network. While the term is most commonly associated with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, it can also refer to the process of extracting valuable minerals from the Earth's crust. In this response, I'll focus on cryptocurrency mining.
1. **Bitcoin and Proof of Work (PoW)**:
Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency, introduced the concept of mining as a way to secure its network. Bitcoin mining operates on a consensus mechanism called Proof of Work (PoW). Miners compete to solve complex mathematical puzzles to validate and add new blocks to the blockchain. This process requires substantial computational power, and miners are rewarded with newly created bitcoins and transaction fees for their efforts.
2. **Mining Equipment**:
Mining cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin requires specialized hardware, such as ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) miners, which are designed specifically for mining cryptocurrencies using the PoW algorithm. These machines are optimized for performing the necessary computations efficiently.
3. **Mining Pools**:
As mining has become more competitive and resource-intensive, individual miners often join mining pools to combine their resources and increase their chances of successfully mining blocks. Mining pools distribute rewards among participants based on their contributed computational power.
4. **Energy Consumption**:
Cryptocurrency mining, particularly Bitcoin mining, consumes significant amounts of energy due to the computational power required to solve cryptographic puzzles. This has led to concerns about its environmental impact, especially when powered by non-renewable energy sources.
5. **Other Consensus Mechanisms**:
While PoW is the most well-known consensus mechanism for mining cryptocurrencies, other mechanisms like Proof of Stake (PoS), Proof of Authority (PoA), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) have emerged. These alternatives aim to address some of the scalability, energy consumption, and centralization issues associated with PoW.
6. **Altcoin Mining**:
Besides Bitcoin, there are thousands of other cryptocurrencies (altcoins) that utilize various mining algorithms and consensus mechanisms. Some altcoins still use PoW, while others employ PoS or other consensus mechanisms. Altcoin mining can be profitable depending on factors like the coin's value, mining difficulty, and operating costs.
7. **Regulatory Considerations**:
Mining operations are subject to regulatory scrutiny in many jurisdictions due to concerns about energy consumption, environmental impact, and potential illicit activities like money laundering. Regulatory frameworks around cryptocurrency mining vary widely from country to country.
Overall, mining plays a crucial role in securing blockchain networks and validating transactions, but it also poses challenges related to energy consumption, environmental impact, and regulatory compliance.
An Experimental Investigation on Effect of Fly Ash on Egg Shell Concreteijtsrd
Egg shell which is made of calcium is thrown away as a waste. When the calcium carbonate is heated a binding material called Calcium Oxide (Lime) is obtained. As lime is the major compound of Portland cement, eggshell powder can be used as partial replacement of fine aggregate.Fly Ash is one of the residues generated in the combustion of coal. Fly ash includes substantial amounts if Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and Calcium Oxide (CaO). 75 million tons of fly ash which are rich in Silica is disposed to landfill as a waste annually in India.This project aims at examining the feasibility of eggshell powder as a partial replacement of fine aggregate and also to observe the affect of fly ash on the proposed concrete. In the present study, concrete cubes of grade M30 and M40 were prepared in the laboratory by replacing the fine aggregate with fly ash and egg shell powder at combined proportions of 0%, 7%, 14%, 21%, 28%, 35% & 42% by weight. Tests are conducted at 7 days and 28 days on concrete cubes, cylinders and flexural beams to study compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength/ finally the results are compared with the normal conventional concrete and the effect of fly ash on it is studied G Anisha | A Pavani"An Experimental Investigation on Effect of Fly Ash on Egg Shell Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2206.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/2206/an-experimental-investigation-on-effect-of-fly-ash-on-egg-shell-concrete/g-anisha
Hi everyone,
In this presentation is shown the construction materials: how we manufacture and use them, and how we build a building.
I hope you will enjoy it.
Jesús ZB and my friend Daniel, Spain.
الرمال ,رتب وانواع الرمال، MINERAL SANDS; Valuable Heavy Minerals (VHM) , Beach sands; Mineral sands orebodies ; Different Grade of Silica Sand; Formation of Silica Sand; INDUSTRIAL SAND APPLICATIONS
2. CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION.
2. DEFINITION OF SEDIMENTOLOGY.
3. DEFINITION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.
4. CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.
5. IMPORTANCE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.
6. CONCLUSIONS.
7. REFERENCES.
3. SEDIMENTOLOGY:
Definition:
Sedimentology is the scientific study of
sedimentary rocks and processes by which they
were formed the description, classification,
origin, and interpretation of sediments.
4. Sedimentaryrocks:
Definition:
● Sedimentary rocks are also called as
secondary rocks, which are constituted of
sediments.
● Sediments are formed by the mechanical, or
chemical activities of the natural agencies
like running water, blowing wind,
percolating water, glaciers.
● Sedimentary rocks are formed by
consolidation and cementation of sediments
deposited under water.
5. Classification of sedimentary rocks
There are two types of classification of sedimentary
rocks are there.
1.Clastic sediments:(mechanically formed)
Clastic sediments are broken fragments of pre-existing
rocks ranging in size form minute clay particles to very
large boulders.
2. Non- clastic sediments:(chemical precipitation)
Non clastic sediments are formed by chemical
precipitation of minerals from water or chemical
content of water.
6. Classification of clastic rocks:
There are three types of clastic rocks are there.
1.Rudaceous rocks:
Formed by accumulation of bigger rock fragments, such as
gravels, pebbles, boulders.
a) Conglomerate. B) breccias.
2.Arenaceous rocks:
These rocks are composed almost entirely of sand grains.
A) sandstone. B) grit.
3. Argillaceous rocks:
These rocks are made up of very fine grained sediments.
A) shale. B) mudstone. C) arkose (feldspar present).
D) greywacke (clay present). E) sandy siltstone (silty
sandstone).
7. Classification of non-clastic sediments:
1. Chemically formed rocks:
a) Carbonate rocks:
These are formed by chemical precipitation of calcium
carbonate from sea water.
A1) limestone. A2) dolomite.
B) salt rocks:
B1) evaporites.
C) ferruginous rocks:
These are formed by the chemical precipitation of iron
oxides.
C1) iron-stone.
D) siliceous deposits:
These are formed when silica is precipitated from water.
D1) flint. D2) chert. D3) jasper. D4) agate.
8. 2. Organically formed rocks.
a) Biochemical rocks:
These are produced when plants and animals living
under water, extract from it dissolved mineral matter,
usually calcite ,to form shells.
A1) shell-limestone.
B) organic rocks:(carbonaceous rocks)
Rocks containing organic matter.
B1) coal.
9. conglomerate
Fragments are rounded.
Uses:
1. Many conglomerates are colourful and attractive rocks, but they are only
rarely used as an ornamental stone for interior use.
2. Analysis of conglomerate can sometimes be used as a prospecting tool.
For example, most diamond deposits are hosted in kimberlite.
3. Decorative Aggregates, Floor Tiles and Homes
4. As Dimension Stone, Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for
Road Aggregate, Roadstone.
10. sandstone
Rocks having silica or calcite.
Uses:
1. Urban row houses, commercial buildings and churches built from the 1840s
through the early 20th century (this was usually brownstone); often found in North
eastern and Mid-Atlantic areas of the US.
2. Lighter-coloured sandstones were used more frequently by the end of the 19th
century.
3. sandstone is typically most often used for high quality custom-designed buildings.
4. Decorative Aggregates and Interior Decoration.
5. Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for Road Aggregate, Production of
Glass and Ceramics.
6. Monuments and Sculpture.
7. An Oil and Gas Reservoir, In aquifers, Petroleum reservoirs, Soil
Conditioner, Source of Magnesia (MgO), Tombstones, Used in aquariums.
11. shale
Shales are composed mainly of clay minerals like kaolinite, illite,
montmorillonite.
Uses:
1. Decorative Aggregates, Homes and Interior Decoration.
2. As Building Stone, As Facing Stone and Office Buildings.
3. Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for Road
Aggregate, Making natural cement.
4. Creating Artwork, Pottery.
12. limestone
It is composed of calcium carbonate.
Uses:
1. Limestone's most common use is as a crushed construction material, serving as a base for
roads and ballast in railroads.
2. Limestone also is used as roofing granules, a coating that helps shingles resist the heat
and weathering.
3. Crushing limestone to the size of sand particles creates a useful material for reducing
soil acidity.
4. Limestone is easier to mine and causes less damage to mining equipment and transport
vehicles than harder silicates.
13. Breccias
It is having angular fragments.
Uses:
1. Decorative Aggregates, Entryways, Floor
Tiles, Flooring, Homes, Hotels and Interior Decoration.
2. As Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Garden
Decoration, Office Buildings.
3. Creating Artwork, Gemstone, Jewellery.
14. Mudstone
Which are composed of clay-sized sediments.
Uses:
1. Decorative Aggregates, Entryways, Floor Tiles and Interior
Decoration.
2. Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Paving Stone and Roof Tiles.
3. Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for Road
Aggregate, Making natural cement,.
4. Sculpture and Small Figurines.
15. Arkose
Feldspar present in a sandstone is called Arkose.
Uses:
1. Decorative Aggregates, Homes and Interior Decoration.
2. Office Buildings and Paving Stone.
3. Production of Glass and Ceramics.
4. In aquifers, Soil Conditioner, Source of Magnesia (MgO).
16. Greywacke
When the sandstones contains appreciable quantity of clay and quartz grains , the
rock is called greywacke.
Uses:
1. Building houses or walls, Cement
Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for Road Aggregate.
2. As armour rock for sea walls, Petroleum reservoirs.
17. Snady siltstone
It is a mixture of sand and silt.
Uses:
1. The intergranular pore spaces in siltstone are too small for it to serve as a
good aquifer.
2. It is rarely porous enough or extensive enough to serve as an oil or gas
reservoir.
3. Its main use is as a low-quality fill when better materials are not locally
available.
18. Dolomite
It may also contain some calcite. formed from chemical precipitation.
Uses:
1. The most common use for dolostone is in the construction industry.
2. It is crushed and sized for use as a road base material, an aggregate in concrete.
3. It is also calcined in the production of cement and cut into blocks of specific size known
as "dimension stone.“
4. Dolomite's reaction with acid also makes it useful. It is used for acid neutralization in the
chemical industry.
5. Dolomite is used as a source of magnesia (MgO),.
6. as an ingredient in the production of glass, bricks, and ceramics.
7. Dolomite serves as the host rock for many lead, zinc, and copper deposits.
19. Evaporite
It is a rock salt.
Uses:
1. As a Flux in the Production of Steel and Pig Iron, As a Sintering
Agent in Steel Industry to process Iron Ore, As Dimension
Stone, Cement Manufacture, for Road Aggregate, Making natural
cement, Manufacture of Magnesium and Dolomite Refractories.
2. Taken as a Supplement for Calcium or Magnesium.
3. Used in the manufacture of Ceramic Powder.
4. Used in the preparation of Sulphuric Acid.
20. Flint
Flint is a hard type of sedimentary rock that produces a small piece of burning
material when hit by steel.
Uses:
1. Creating Artwork, Gemstone, In fire-starting tools, Manufacture
of tools, Metallurgical Flux, Jewellery, To ignite fire, Used in
flintlock firearms.
2. as Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Garden Decoration, Office
Buildings and Paving Stone .
21. Jasper
Jasper is a dense, opaque, microcrystalline variety of Quartz. Fibrous and
grainy varieties of Quartz are often grouped together and referred to as
Chalcedony.
Use:
1. Jasper is superb for healing and sustaining the
physical and emotional bodies during injury,
prolonged illness or hospitalization.
22. Agate
Agate is the name given to numerous varieties of banded Chalcedony, a mineral of the
Quartz family.
Uses:
1. Agate is one of the most common materials used in the art of hardstone carving.
2. The decorative arts use it to make ornaments such as pins ,other types of jewellery
paper knives, marbles.
3. Agate is also still used today for decorative displays.
23. Coal
Coal is a sedimentary rock composed mostly of carbon and hydrocarbons.
Uses:
1. coal is used primarily as an energy source, either for heat or
electricity.
2. It was once heavily used to heat homes and power locomotives
and factories.
3. Bituminous coal is also used to produce coke for making steel
and other industrial process heating.
24. CONCLUSIONS:
Sedimentary rocks show great variation in their
mineralogical composition.
Sedimentary rocks are known to cover as much as 75%
of the surface area of the earth.
The process of sedimentary rocks is ever prevailing.
Sedimentary rocks are broadly grouped into three
types , they are mechanically, organically, chemically.
25. References:
1. Sedimentology by pettijohn.
2. Engineering geology by K.M.Bangar.
3. Text book of geology by G.B. Mahapatra.
4. Engineering and general geology by parbin singh.