الرمال ,رتب وانواع الرمال، MINERAL SANDS; Valuable Heavy Minerals (VHM) , Beach sands; Mineral sands orebodies ; Different Grade of Silica Sand; Formation of Silica Sand; INDUSTRIAL SAND APPLICATIONS
Beneficiation and Mineral Processing of Sand and Silica Sand; Sand and Silica Sand; Processing Sand; Sand into Silicon-Silicon carbide ; Heavy Mineral Sand; Separation of Heavy Minerals from Black Sand/Sand; Zircon to Zirconium; Ti-Bearing Minerals
Quartz is found in almost every geological environment. It is a common constituent in most of the rock types and soil groups. Granite, sandstone, limestone, and most of the igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks contain quartz. Quartz contains mainly oxygen and silicon. These two constituents make upto 75 % of the earth’s crust. An alternate name for the Quartz Group is the Silica Group.
Ores are typically sorted to increase the efficiency of other refining processes, by reducing the amount of material to be processed while simultaneously increasing its purity. This module explains the ore separation processes.
Beneficiation and Mineral Processing of Sand and Silica Sand; Sand and Silica Sand; Processing Sand; Sand into Silicon-Silicon carbide ; Heavy Mineral Sand; Separation of Heavy Minerals from Black Sand/Sand; Zircon to Zirconium; Ti-Bearing Minerals
Quartz is found in almost every geological environment. It is a common constituent in most of the rock types and soil groups. Granite, sandstone, limestone, and most of the igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks contain quartz. Quartz contains mainly oxygen and silicon. These two constituents make upto 75 % of the earth’s crust. An alternate name for the Quartz Group is the Silica Group.
Ores are typically sorted to increase the efficiency of other refining processes, by reducing the amount of material to be processed while simultaneously increasing its purity. This module explains the ore separation processes.
Residual mineral deposits; Laterites; Laterite Profile; Laterisation system; Laterite/Bauxite Conditions; Laterite-type Bauxite, Constitution of Bauxite, Types of deposits; Origin and Mode of formation; Clay (Kaolinite) Deposits; Nickel Laterite Deposits; Mineralogy and Types of lateritic nickel ore deposits; World Nickel Laterite Deposits; Processing of Ni Laterites; Example: Ni-laterites, Ni in soils in east Albania
amphibole asbestos, application of asbestos, applications of asbestos fibres, asbestos grades, mining of asbestos, most common types of asbestos asbestos fibrous min, osha’s asbestos standard, properties of asbestos cement products, properties of asbestos fibres asbestos deposits in, quality control, resources type of asbestos, separating of asbestos, serpentine asbestos (or chrysotile asbestos), the manufacturing process of asbestos, types of egyptian asbestos deposits, typical asbestos types in structures, uses of asbestos, where asbestos is found type of asbestos, world asbestos production, world asbestos production by type
WHAT IS VERMICULITE?; TYPICAL vermiculite PROPERTIES; GRADES OF VERMICULITE; VERMICULITE EXPANSION; Processing Vermiculite; Vermiculite Expansion; Production and Reserves of Vermiculite; Vermiculite occurrences in Gabal Hafafit area, Eastern Desert, Egypt; Uses of Vermiculite
Residual mineral deposits; Laterites; Laterite Profile; Laterisation system; Laterite/Bauxite Conditions; Laterite-type Bauxite, Constitution of Bauxite, Types of deposits; Origin and Mode of formation; Clay (Kaolinite) Deposits; Nickel Laterite Deposits; Mineralogy and Types of lateritic nickel ore deposits; World Nickel Laterite Deposits; Processing of Ni Laterites; Example: Ni-laterites, Ni in soils in east Albania
amphibole asbestos, application of asbestos, applications of asbestos fibres, asbestos grades, mining of asbestos, most common types of asbestos asbestos fibrous min, osha’s asbestos standard, properties of asbestos cement products, properties of asbestos fibres asbestos deposits in, quality control, resources type of asbestos, separating of asbestos, serpentine asbestos (or chrysotile asbestos), the manufacturing process of asbestos, types of egyptian asbestos deposits, typical asbestos types in structures, uses of asbestos, where asbestos is found type of asbestos, world asbestos production, world asbestos production by type
WHAT IS VERMICULITE?; TYPICAL vermiculite PROPERTIES; GRADES OF VERMICULITE; VERMICULITE EXPANSION; Processing Vermiculite; Vermiculite Expansion; Production and Reserves of Vermiculite; Vermiculite occurrences in Gabal Hafafit area, Eastern Desert, Egypt; Uses of Vermiculite
What and Why of Mineral Fillers;Factors Typically Considered in Filler Minerals; Role of Fillers; Mineral used as Filler; Calcium Carbonate; Clay; Talc; Pyrophyllite; Wollastonite; Gypsum; Perlite; Vermiculite; Barite
Zeolites are eco-friendly alternatives to many products
The largest application of the synthetic zeolites is the production of home laundry detergent powders, then goes the production of catalysts and adsorbents
Natural zeolites which dominate the global market, are consumed in concrete, water treatment and pet litter sectors
North America, Western Europe and Japan zeolites markets are mature and will post moderate growth
The other regions demand will increase more noticeably, especially in Asia Pacific
Zeolites Market Review is a source for detailed information on the market situation.
The Lecture contains descriptive and analytical parts, enriched with tables and figures for national and global markets. Market forecasts for the next five years complete the Lecture.
Few instances of silica sand utilized in various areasJayshah651
Silica sand is one of the most common varieties of sand found in the world. Silica sand has been esteemed for a very long time. The presence of these minerals causes the sand's customary and more obscure shading to contrast with silica sand.
Few instances of silica sand utilized in various placesJayshah651
Here, we have to list 10 silica sands used in various places. Silica sand has been esteemed for an extremely long time. Silica sand is one of the multiple common varieties of sand located in the world.
An Experimental Investigation on Effect of Fly Ash on Egg Shell Concreteijtsrd
Egg shell which is made of calcium is thrown away as a waste. When the calcium carbonate is heated a binding material called Calcium Oxide (Lime) is obtained. As lime is the major compound of Portland cement, eggshell powder can be used as partial replacement of fine aggregate.Fly Ash is one of the residues generated in the combustion of coal. Fly ash includes substantial amounts if Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and Calcium Oxide (CaO). 75 million tons of fly ash which are rich in Silica is disposed to landfill as a waste annually in India.This project aims at examining the feasibility of eggshell powder as a partial replacement of fine aggregate and also to observe the affect of fly ash on the proposed concrete. In the present study, concrete cubes of grade M30 and M40 were prepared in the laboratory by replacing the fine aggregate with fly ash and egg shell powder at combined proportions of 0%, 7%, 14%, 21%, 28%, 35% & 42% by weight. Tests are conducted at 7 days and 28 days on concrete cubes, cylinders and flexural beams to study compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength/ finally the results are compared with the normal conventional concrete and the effect of fly ash on it is studied G Anisha | A Pavani"An Experimental Investigation on Effect of Fly Ash on Egg Shell Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2206.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/2206/an-experimental-investigation-on-effect-of-fly-ash-on-egg-shell-concrete/g-anisha
List of 11 Quartz used in multiple scopes of applicationsJayshah651
Quartz has specific physical, substance, and electric properties that are exceptionally useful in a wide scope of ventures and areas. Here are different assortments of Quartz with different occupations.
Develop A Strategic Forecast of Silica Sand Based on Supply Chain DecompositionCSCJournals
As a commodity, silica sand is a low priced product but a primary ingredient for a diversity of products. On the whole, the consumption of silica sand can be measured as indicator to the global economy’s trends and circumstances. The last decade showed a fluctuation in silica sand consumptions in several industries and reached the lowest level in 2009 due to the global recession. Due to the variety of products and the new or future developments in applications, the long term forecast of silica sand requires nonconventional methods of prediction. As an integrated part of the supply chain of numerous industries, silica sand demand has been decomposed into many sectors based on the intended applications. in this research. the impact of future demand of glass containers, flat glass, specialty glass, fiber glass, fracture sand, foundry sand, whole grain fillers, abrasive, gravel sand, recreation sand, chemicals, fillers, ceramic and filtration industries in the total global silica demand for the next decade. Each unique market position and its interconnection with other industries had been studied to draw a strategic long term forecast of silica sand based on market share of each industry.
The objectives of this course in iron ore Resources and iron industry are:
i) acquainting students (majors and non-majors) with the basic tools necessary for studying iron ore deposits and processes,
ii) different processes for phosphorus removal from iron ore
iii) beneficiation processes of iron ore deposits.
iv) different processes and techniques that used to enrichment low-grade iron ore resources
v) understanding the different ironwork processes and technology,
vi) understanding the different types of iron ore products,
vii) prominent routes for steelmaking
viii) understanding the relationship between the distribution of iron ore and scrap, as well as steelmarkets,
ix) steel industry in Egypt , and
x) gaining some knowledge of the global iron ore as well as environmental problems associated with the extraction and utilization of iron ore resources.
There are plenty of hard-to-beneficiate iron ores and high-grade tailings in India and all over the world; As the volume of high-grade iron ores declines.
Minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) can efficiently revitalize hard-to-beneficiate iron ore resources and tailings, turning the waste into profitable products. It may also improve the concentrate quality comparing to that from the previous method. From the economic and environmental aspects, MPTH is the most effective method to recover iron oxides.
The clean minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) was proposed.
Industrial utilization of limonite/goethite, limonite-hematite, sulfur-bearing refractory iron ore was achieved, where Sulfur-bearing minerals decomposed or formed sulfate after oxidation roasting.
Sulfur content of iron ore concentrate was significantly reduced to 0.038 %.
Improving utilization efficiency of refractory iron ore resources is a common theme for the sustainable development of the world’s steel and iron industry.
Magnetization Roasting is considered as an effective and typical method for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
After magnetization roasting, the weakly magnetic iron minerals, including hematite, limonite and siderite, are selectively reduced or oxidized to ferromagnetic magnetite, which is relatively easier to enrich by Magnetic Separation after liberation pretreatments.
The Primary Magnetization Roasting Methods include: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave assisted roasting. The developments in magnetization roasting of difficult to treat iron ores, including: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave Assisted Roasting in the Past Decade.
Shaft Furnace Roasting is gradually eliminated due to its high energy consumption and low industrial processing capacity, and the primary problem for rotary kiln roasting is the kiln coating which affects the yield of iron resource and its industrial application.
Fluidized Bed Roasting and Microwave assisted roasting are considered as the most effective and promising methods.
Suspension (Fluidized) Magnetization Roasting is recognized as the most effective and promising technology due to its high reaction efficiency, low energy consumption and large processing capacity. Moreover, an industrial production line with a throughput of 1.65 million t/a for beneficiation of a specularite ore has been built.
Microwave Assisted Roasting is a potential alternative technology for magnetizing iron ores. However, it is currently limited to laboratory research and has no industrial application. Forwarding microwave assisted magnetization roasting methods into industrial applications needs long way and time to achieve.
Furthermore, using biomass, H2 or siderite as a reducing agent in the magnetic reduction roasting of iron ores is a beneficial way to reduce carbon emissions, which can be called clean and green magnetization roasting technology.
In the future, technical research on clean and green magnetization roasting should be strengthened. Maybe microwave magnetization roasting using biomass/H2/siderite as reductant can be further studied for a more effective and greener magnetization of iron ores.
WORLD RESOURCES IRON DEPOSITS
Iron Ore Pellets Market Industry Trends
Scope and Market Size
Market Analysis and Insights
DRI Production in Plants Using Merchant Iron Ore
Outlook for DR grade pellet supply‐demand out to 2030
DRI and the pathway to carbon‐neutral steelmaking
Supply‐side challenges for the steel & iron ore industries
scrap is the main raw material, is growing in the structure of global steelmaking capacities; SCARP/ RECYCLING IRON ; EAF steel production method in the world; Scrap for Stock; A Global Scrap Shortage;Availability of Ferrous Scrap Resources; EGYPT IRON SCRAP IMPORTS.
The iron ore production has significantly expanded in recent years, owing to increasing steel demands in developing countries.
However, the content of iron in ore deposits has deteriorated and low-grade iron ore has been processed.
The fine ores resulting from the concentration process must be agglomerated for use in iron and steelmaking.
Bentonite is the most used binder due to favorable mechanical and metallurgical pellet properties, but it contains impurities especially silica and alumina.
Better quality wet, dry, preheated, and fired pellets can be produced with combined binders, such as organic and inorganic salts, when compared with bentonite-bonded pellets.
While organic binders provide sufficient wet and dry pellet strengths, inorganic salts provide the required preheated and fired pellet strengths.
The industrial development program of any country, by and large, is based on its natural resources.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
Depleting resources of coking coal, the world over, is posing a threat to the conventional (Blast Furnace [Bf]–Basic Oxygen Furnace [BOF]) route of iron and steelmaking.
During the last four decades, a new route of ironmaking has rapidly developed for Direct Reduction (DR) of iron ore to metallic iron by using noncoking coal/natural gas.
This product is known as Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) or Sponge Iron.
Processes that produce iron by reduction of iron ore (in solid state) below the melting point are generally classified as DR processes.
Based on the types of reductant used, DR processes can be broadly classified into two groups: (1) coal-based DR process and (2) gas-based DR process.
Details of DR processes, reoxidation, storage, transportation, and application of DRI are discussed in this presentation.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
In the former, the blast furnace uses iron ore, scrap metal, coke and pulverized coal as raw materials to produce hot metal for conversion in the BOF. Although it is still the prevalent process, blast furnace hot metal production has declined over the years due to diminishing quality of metallurgical coke, low supply of scrap metal and environmental problems associated with the process. These factors have contributed to the development of alternative technologies of ironmaking, of which Direct Reduction (DR) processes are expected to emerge as preferred alternatives in the future.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Ironmaking represents the first step in steelmaking.
The iron and steel industry is the most energy-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing sector in the world (Strezov, 2006).
Steelmaking processes depend on different forms of iron as primary feed material. Traditionally, the main sources of iron for making steel were Blast Furnace hot metal and recycled steel in the form of scrap.
The Blast Furnace (BF) has remained the workhorse of worldwide virgin iron production (i.e., hot metal) for more than 200 years. Over the years, BFs have evolved into highly efficient chemical reactors, capable of providing stable operation with a wide range of feed materials.
However, operation of modern efficient BFs normally involves sintering and coke making and their associated environmental problems.
More than 90% of iron is currently produced via the BF process, while the rest is coming from Direct Reduction (DR) processes, Mini Blast Furnaces (MBFs), Corex, Finex, Ausmelt, etc. Additionally, the severe shortage of good-quality metallurgical coal has remained an additional constraint all over the world. In view of this, there is an increasing awareness that the BF route needs to be supplemented with alternative ironmaking processes that are more environment friendly and less dependent on metallurgical coal.
Because of the rapid depletion of easily processed iron ores, the utilization of refractory ores has attracted increasing attention .
There several billion tonnes iron deposits, and most are refractory ores, which are difficult to process by conventional methods because of the low iron grade, fine grain size and complex mineralogy.
The beneficiation of low-grade iron ores to meet the growing demand for iron and steel is an important research topic.
At present, magnetization roasting followed by magnetic separation is one of the most effective technologies for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
However, certain ores do not qualify to be treated in physical separation processes, and hence, alternative strategies are being looked into for upgrading their iron content.
Reduction roasting has many advantages over the physical beneficiation process, such as enhanced iron recovery and processing of complex and poorly liberated iron ores.
The objective of this presentation is to compile and amalgamate the crucial information regarding the beneficiation of low-grade iron ores using carbothermic reduction followed by magnetic separation, which is a promising technique to treat iron ores with complex mineralogy and liberation issues.
Reduction roasting studies done for different types low-grade iron ores including oolitic iron ores, banded iron ores, iron ore slimes and tailings, and industrial wastes have been discussed.
Reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation is a promising method to recover the iron values from low-grade iron ores.
The process involves the reduction of the goethite and hematite phases to magnetite, which can subsequently be recovered using a low-intensity magnetic separation unit.
The large-scale technological advancements in reduction roasting and the possibilities of the application of alternative reductants as substitutes for coal have also been highlighted.
This presentation aims at insight light on the occurrence of phosphorus in iron ores from the mines around the world.
The presentation extends to the phosphorus removal processes of this mineral to meet the specifications of the steel industry.
Phosphorus is a contaminant that can be hard to remove, especially when one does not know its mode of occurrence in the ores.
Phosphorus can be removed from iron ore by very different routes of treatment. The genesis of the reserve, the mineralogy, the cost and sustainability define the technology to be applied.
The presentations surveyed cite removal by physical processes (flotation and selective agglomeration), chemical (leaching), thermal and bioleaching processes.
Removal results of above 90% and less than 0.05% residual phosphorus are noticed, which is the maximum value required in most of the products generated in the processing of iron ore.
Chinese studies show that the direct reduction roasting of high phosphorus oolitic hematite followed by magnetic separation is reality technical solutions to improve the recovery of metallic iron and dephosphorization rate.
For ores with widespread phosphorus in the iron matrix and low release, thermal or mixed processes are closer to reality technical solutions. Due to their higher operating costs, it will be necessary to rethink the processes of sintering and pelletizing, such that these operations also become phosphorus removal steps.
With the exhaustive processing of the known reserves of hematite from Iron Ore Quadrangle (Minas Gerais-Brazil), there will be no shortage of granules in the not too distant future. THEREFORE, THERE IS AN EXPECTATION THAT THE ORE MINED WILL HAVE HIGHER LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS.
Overview of IRON TYPES: Pig Iron, Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI), Cold Briquetted Iron (CBI) and Cold Briquetted Iron and Carbon (CBIC) Specifications .
Comparison of Pig Iron and DRI
Properties; Manufacturing Process; Uses; Largest producers and markets
Iron ore mining plays a critical role in supplying the raw material necessary for steel production, supporting various industries and economic development worldwide.
From the extraction of iron ore to its processing and eventual export, each stage of the mining process requires careful planning, technological advancements, and environmental considerations.
By adopting sustainable mining practices and mitigating environmental impacts, the future of iron ore mining can be aligned with the principles of responsible resource utilization and environmental stewardship
The Egyptian steel sector is the second largest steel market in the Middle East and North Africa region in terms of production and third largest in terms of consumption.
Egypt was the third-ranked producer of Direct-Reduced Iron (DRI) in the Middle east and North Africa region after Iran and Saudi Arabia and accounted for 5.4% of the world’s total output
The Egyptian steel industry represents one of the cornerstones of Egypt’s economic growth and development, due to its linkages to almost all other industries that stimulate economic expansion, such as construction, housing, infrastructure, consumer goods and automotive. All these industries rely heavily on steel industry and so, the importance and development of the steel sector is significant for the progress of the Egyptian economy in general.
The Egyptian market has many companies that produce different steel products.
Geological consultant, working in a range of roles from project development/feasibility study programs and advanced exploration roles. Contracts in a variety of global locations including Egypt, Saudi Arab, and the Middle East. Commodities including Gold, base metal sulfide, Gossan/Supergene, heavy mineral sands, clay/kaolin, Silica Sand, and iron ore.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
Mineral Processing: Crusher and Crushing; Secondary and Tertiary Crushing Circuits; Types of Crusher; Types of Crushing; Types of Jaw Crushers; Impact Crusher; Types of Cone Crushers; Ball Mill; BEST STONE MANUFACTURERS; Local Quality and High quality ; International and Country/Hand made
Classification Equipment
Introduction; Chemical composition of garnet; Structure; Classification; Physical properties; Optical properties; Occurrences; Gem variety; and Uses
Garnet group of minerals is one of the important group of minerals.
Since they are found in wide variety of colours, they are also used as gemstones.
Garnet group of minerals are also abrasives and thus have various industrial applications.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Sand raw materials
1. Lecture 5:
Sand Raw Materials
Hassan Z. Harraz
hharraz2006@yahoo.com
Spring 2015
Taken from the earth Given back to the earth
1
2. MINERAL SANDS
Silicon (Si) is the 2nd most abundant element in earth’s crust.
Commonly found in its oxidized form (SiO2).
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material comprised of
finely divided rock and mineral particles.
Sand is transported by wind and water and deposited in the
form of beaches, dunes, sand spits, sand bars (placer
deposits) ….etc.
Sand constituents of sands are silica (SiO2), usually in the
form of quartz, and iron oxides.
The term "Mineral Sands" normally refers to concentrations of
Heavy Minerals (HM) in an alluvial (old beach or river system)
environment. Occasionally these deposits are referred to as
"Beach sands". However mineral sands are also found in large
Aeolian sand systems or “Dunal sands”.
Mineral sands orebodies essentially fall into two categories based
on the mode of deposition: alluvial or aeolian. Alluvial deposits
are further split into marine beach placers and lacustrine heavy
mineral (HM) accumulations.
The principal Valuable Heavy Minerals (VHM) include ilmenite,
leucoxene, rutile and zircon.
Variations of other titanium minerals occur between the end
members of ilmenite and rutile, including pseudo rutile and
anatase.
11. DIFFERENT GRADE OF SILICA SAND
Different grade of Silica sand
Determination of indicators of grain size,
shape and grading distribution commonly
used for descriptions of silica sand
13. INTRODUCTION
'Silica sand' (also known as “White silica sand”; or ‘Industrial
sand‘; or Glass sand)
▪ It is sand which contains a high proportion of silica in the
form of quartz and is marketed for purposes other than for
direct use in the construction industry.
▪ It is produced from both unconsolidated sands and crushed
sandstones, with processing to marketable form being of
varying degrees of complexity depending on end use.
▪ Silica sand is an essential raw material for the glass and
foundry casting industries, as well as in other industries
such as ceramics and chemicals manufacture and for water
filtration purposes.
14. SILICA SAND
The most common rock/ materials forming minerals on earth
Chemically named: quartz sand / rock crystal
Properties:
✓ Extremely heat durable
✓ Chemical stack resistance
It is mild white and red in color with small transparent granules.
White Silica Sand (Silicon Dioxide or SiO2) is a natural product found in
the earth’s crust in the form of quartz.
It is used in various industries to serve different purposes
15. FORMATION OF SILICA SAND
Naturally:
▪Mechanical & chemical weathering of quartz-bearing
igneous & metamorphic rocks
Chemically weathering:
▪Less stable minerals
➢ break down to become silica sand
▪More stable minerals
➢ release to environment
✓Carry by wind / wave
✓Sort by wave & stream action to form pure silica sand
16. EXTRACTION OF SILICON SAND
1) Stripping of overburden (topsoil & vegetation) by
bulldozers & scraper
2) Wet separation by washing the sand, passing
through screens to remove roots & other organic
matter
3) Gravity separation to separate silica sand from
regular sand
4) Finished silica sand is transported by trucks to plants
for processing
5) Oversized materials & residual clay are returned to
mined pits
17. Silica sands(or glass sand) requires processing as follows:
1)Screening
2)Washing and sizing, using hydrocyclones, attrition
scrubbing,……etc.
3)Flotation and/or chemical/acid leaching to remove Fe
minerals and stained quartz.
4)Spiralling and/or tabling to remove heavy minerals.
5)Hydrosizing.
6)Dewatering
18. DEMAND
There are many different types of glass with
different chemical and physical properties.
19. World resources of Silica Sand
▪ Silica sand resources is
abundant on the world.
▪ Its extraction is limited by
✓ geographic distribution
✓ quality requirements for
some uses
✓ environmental
restrictions
▪ Extraction of theses
resources is dependent on
whether it is economic and
are controlled by the
location of population
centers
http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/silica/780397.pdf
@ Hassan Harraz 2015
Sand Raw Materials
20. History:
Glass making & metallurgical activities few
thousands years BC ago
Key raw material in ceramics, foundry & glass
industrial revolution
Today:
Glass making, foundry casting, ceramics,
filtration, specialist building applications,
leisure ( e.g. golf course), filters in numerous
products, plastics, the manufacture of
chemicals, metal & refractory, as addictives in
horticultural & agricultural products &
simulating oil production
Important for today’s information
technology:
Raw material for silicon chips
Plastics of computer mouses
22. Types Sizes Available Applications
Powder Macro Chemicals
Granules Micro Glassware
Semi Micro Ceramics
Sanitary ware
Foundry
Construction
@ Hassan Harraz 2015
Sand Raw Materials
23. Required chemical composition of silica sand for glass manufacture
Maximum
Cr2O3 (wt %)
Maximum
Fe2O3 (wt %)
Minimum
SiO2 (wt %)Glass
0.000150.01399.7Opthalmic glass
0.00020.01099.6
Tableware, crystal and
borosilicate glass
0.00050.03098.8Colourless containers
--0.25097.0Coloured containers
0.00010.10099.0Clear flat glass
@ Hassan Harraz 2015
Sand Raw Materials
24. Every communities
depend upon it for
different purposes
Especially important
for developing &
developed countries:
For further
technological
improvement &
development
25. INDUSTRIAL SAND APPLICATIONS
Industry, Trade Applications and uses
Glass industry,
Fused silica industry
as glass sand for white container and flat glass, crystal glass, lead crystal, optical glass,
special glass, technical glass, borosilicate glass, glass wool and fused silica bricks and tools
Foundry industry foundry sand for molds and cores for metal castings
Construction materials and concrete
industry
as raw material for premixed dry mortar, polymer cement concrete, textured plaster, sandy
limestone, tiles, bricks, artificial cement stones, design and industrial floors etc.
Water purification as filter sands and gravels according to EN 12904 : 1999
Blasting abrasives and substitutes for mechanical surface treatment
Ceramic industry, Extenders for cement and resin bound masss, ceramic mass, filler, paints etc.
Iron processing and refractory industry
as raw material for filler sands (sliding gate fillers), fire-proof silica
bricks, silica ramming mixtures, repair systems etc.
Chemical industry as raw material for sodium silicate (water glass) and SiC
Electronics industry as fuse sands
Domestic animals hygiene, Aquaristic
equipment
as bird sand, parrot sand, chinchilla sand, terrarium sand and coloured quartz
Leisure and sports facilities
as special sand for playgrounds, riding-grounds, golf-courses, beach volleyball
grounds, athletic grounds, artificial lawn etc.
Sanding and Spreading
as braking sand for trains and trams, as winter sand for snow and ice control (straight or
mixed with salt)
26. Determination of indicators of grain size, shape and
grading distribution commonly used for descriptions of
silica sand