The document explains the definition and characteristics of ores, which are naturally occurring solid materials from which metals or valuable minerals can be extracted profitably. It describes the processes of extraction, refining, and mineral deposition, including the formation of hydrothermal vein deposits and the precipitation of minerals from hot, mineral-laden waters. Additionally, it highlights examples such as the Bingham mine in Utah, the deepest copper mine in the world.

1. a naturally occurring solid material
from which a metal or valuable mineral
can be profitably extracted
a rock that contains a significant
quantity of ore minerals; rock with a
relatively high concentration of a
particular metal.
Copper ore
(Chalcopyrite)

2. The ores are extracted from the earth
through mining; they are then refined
(often via smelting) to extract the
valuable element, or elements.
A mineral deposit that is
sufficiently rich to be worked at a
profit is called an ore deposit.
BINGHAM MINE. (Utah, USA)
Deepest copper mine in the world.

4. any concentration of metallic minerals formed by the
precipitation of solids from hot mineral-laden water
(hydrothermal solution) flowing through fractures and
pore spaces of rocks

5. hot, residual watery fluids derived during the later stages of
magma crystallization and may contain large amount of
dissolved metals.
these can also originate from the ground water circulating at
depth that is being heated up by a cooling and solidifying
igneous body or along depths with known geothermal gradient.

6. Such hot water can dissolve valuable substances (at low concentrations)
from rocks. As the metal enriched hot waters move into cooler areas in
the crust, the dissolved substances may start to precipitate

7. is the creation of
a solid from a solution.
When the reaction occurs in
a liquid solution,
the solid formed is called
the 'precipitate'.
OF SOLIDS
(CHEMISRTY)

8. any concentration of metallic minerals formed by the
precipitation of solids from hot mineral-laden water
(hydrothermal solution) flowing through fractures and
pore spaces of rocks

9. A fairly well defined zone of mineralization, usually inclined
and discordant and typically narrow
Most vein deposits occur in fault or fissure openings or in shear
zones within the country rock
Sometimes referred to as (metalliferous) lode deposits, many of
the most productive deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc
and mercury occur as hydrothermal vein deposits

10. Fractures inside the rock are called VEINS, where
mineral precipitates crystallize from hydrothermal solution

13. Deposits in which the ore minerals are
distributed as minute masses (very low
concentration) through large volumes of
rocks.
This occurrence is common for porphyry
copper deposits
Copper Ore (Malachite)

14. BINGHAM MINE. (Utah, USA)
Deepest copper mine in the world.

16. Precipitation of metals as sulphide minerals such as sphalerite and
chalcopyrite occurs when hot fluids above magma chambers at oceanic
ridges that may contain copper, sulfur and zinc come in contact with
cold groundwater or seawater as it migrates toward the seafloor.
(at oceanic spreading centers)

18. this deposit is formed when the dissolved minerals in a
hydrothermal fluid precipitate in the pore spaces of
unconsolidated sediments on the bottom of the lake or ocean.
Such minerals may contain economic concentrations of lead,
zinc and copper, usually in sulfide form like galena, sphalerite,
and chalcopyrite
(in lake or ocean sediment)