This document summarizes key information about sedimentary rocks, including their formation processes (mechanical, organic, chemical), structural features (stratification, lamination, cross-bedding), and common types (limestone, sandstone, shale, laterite). Sedimentary rocks form from the deposition and consolidation of sediments and make up 70-80% of the Earth's surface. Their formation involves compaction, cementation, and crystallization. Structural features provide clues to depositional environments. Common types are described along with their compositions and uses.

1. Sedimentary rocks

2. contents
 1.Introduction
 2.Formation
 2.1 mechanically
 2.2organically
 2.2 chemically
 3.structural features
 3.1Stratification
 3.2Lamination
 3.3Cross bedding
 4.Types of sedimentary rocks
 4.1Limestone
 4.2Sandstone
 4.3Shale
 4.4laterite

3. intorduction
 Sedimentary rock is formed by deposition and
consolidation of mineral and organic material and
from precipitation of minerals from solution.
 sedimentary rock occur at the surface of the
earth and within bodies of water
 Rock formed from sediments covers 70-80 % of
the earth‘s land area,
 common types such as limestone, chalk,
sandstone, conglomerate and shale.

4. formation
Mechanical formation
 The mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are
of three types
 Rudaceous rocks which is the cementing
together of boulders, for example, conglomerate.
 Arenaceous rocks for example sandstone,
 Argillaceous rocks which clay rocks for example
shale

5.  Organical foramtion Consisting of accumlated
animals and plants remains
 Calcarious rocks, lime stone
 Carbonaceous rocks, coal

6. Chemical formation :this type of rocks is formed by
precipitation and accumulation of soluble
constituents .4C
 Consolidation is a process by which soft and loose
sediments are converted into hard and firm rocks
 Cementation precipitation of some cementing
materials eg: silica, calcium carbonate
 Compaction The squeezing out of water from the
pores of the sediments
 Crystallization Chemically formed sedimentaryrocks
such as limestone, Compaction Consolidation
Cementation Crystallization

7. Compaction Consolidation
Cementation Crystallization

8. Structural Features
 Stratification :
 The deposition of sediments into layer or beds is
called stratification
formed due to the following
 Difference in the kinds of materials
 Difference in the size of particles
 Difference in the color of the material

9. Lamination:
Thin bedding, less than one
centimeter in thickness, are called lamination.
 It is usually fined grained sedimentary rocks like
shales
 Cross-bedding :
 also called current bedding or false bedding
 found in shallow water and wind formed deposites
 minor bedding or lamination which lie at an angle to
the planes of

10. Types of sedimentary rocks
sandston
e
laterit
e
Lime
stone
shale

12. Sand stone
 It mechanically formed sedimentary rocks
of arenaceous group
 Sandstone is as its name says sand grains
cemented together into solid stone.
 The grain size of sandstone is 1/16 to 2
mm in diameter
 Si O2 is the dominate mineral in
sandstone
 Sandstone rocks are generally classified
as quartz sandstone, arkose and
graywacke
 Si O2 is the dominate mineral in sandstone

13.  Uses - if soft then generally of no use; if hard then
can be used as aggregate, fill etc.
 the construction and roading industries. dimension
stone for buildings, paving, etc.’
 Compostion
 Silica, calcite, and iron oxides are the most common
cementing minerals for sand stone.
 These minerals are deposited in the spaces
between the sand grains by water
 Over the course of thousands or even millions of
years the minerals fill up all of the spaces

14. Sand stone in india
 Shivpuri in Madhya Pradesh
 Lalitpur in Uttar Pradesh
 Jodhpur on the west of Jaipur and Chittorgarh on the
south

15. Lime stone
 Limestone is a sedimentary rock consisting of more
than 50% calcium carbonate
 Limestone is a sedimentary rock, mainly composed
of mineral calcite
 Grain size variable, can consist of clasts of all sizes
 they are of different types bituminous lime stone,
chalk, coral rag, and tufa.

16.  Uses
 It is quarried for roadbeds and gravel roads
 landscape construction and cement manufacture
 production of lime fertilizer, paper, petrochemicals,
pesticide, glass
 Compostion
 limestones are formed by the deposition and
consolidation of the skeletons of marine invertebrates
 a few originate in chemical precipitation from solution
 Limestone deposits are frequently of great thickness

17.  Lime stone in india
 Madhya Pradesh-Raipur, Durg, Bastar
 Rajasthan-Udaipur ,jodhpur, , Nagaur
 Andhra Pradesh- Vishakhapatnam, Krishna,
Adilabad
 Tamil Nadu- Tirunelveli, Coimbatore, Madurai

18. shale
 Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock
composed of mud
 very fine less than 1/256 mm
 Shale are fissle and laminated
 Shale have different shades green ,red black
yellow etc.

19.  Uses of Shale
 Black shales contain organic material that
sometimes breaks down to form natural gas or oil.
 Other clay are are used for producing clay
compostion:
 Shale is a rock composed mainly of clay-size mineral
grains
 These "other constituents" in the rock are often
determined by the shale's environment of deposition
 determine the color of the rock

20. laterite
 Laterites are a source of aluminium ore
 laterites are formed from the leaching of parent
sedimentary rocks ,metamorphic rocks igneous
rock and mineralized proto-ores
 Uses of laterite rocks
 building blocks for construction of masonry in
building
 used to construct walls without the use of cement
mortar

21.  Compostion of laterite:
 laterites consist mainly of quartz and oxides
of titanium, iron, tin, aluminium and manganese,
which remain during the course of weathering
 Laterites in india
 southern regions of the Western Ghats
inlcudes coastal regions in Ratnagiri District and
Malabar.
 Mahadeo ranges in Madhya Pradesh