This document provides an overview of microscopy. It begins with the history and introduction to microscopy, defining a microscope as an instrument that uses lenses to produce magnified images invisible to the naked eye. It then covers the various types of microscopes in detail, including simple, compound, light, fluorescence, electron microscopes. For each type, it explains the basic principles and applications. Specific techniques like brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast are described. The document concludes with best practices for caring for and carrying microscopes safely. The overall objective is to educate about different microscopy methods and their uses.

2. MICROSCOPY
Presenter:- Neha
Nayansha

3. CONTENTS:
 Introduction
 History
 Types of microscope and its uses
 Principle of each microscope
 Caring of microscope
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4. OBJECTIVE:
1. To know about microscopy
2. To know different parts of microscopy
3. To know various types of microscope and its
principle
4. To know about uses of different microscope
5. How to care a microscope
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5. THE HISTORY

6. INTRODUCTION
 Microscope: it is an instrument that
use one or more lenses to produce a
magnified image of an object that is
invisible to unaided eyes

7.  Reflected light: light source above the sample and
what is seen though the view point are light waves
that have reflected off the sample
o Transmitted light : light source below the
microscope stage and sends light upwards towards
the sample and up to the viewing points

8.  Magnification: a measure of the ability of a lens or
other optical instrument to magnify expressed as
the ratio of the size of the image to that of an object
That means an object of any size is magnified to form
an enlarged image
 Focus:
 Principle axis:

9. Eyepiece
Body Tube
Revolving Nosepiece
Arm
Objective Lens
Stage
Stage
Clips Coarse Focus
Fine Focus
Base
Diaphragm
Light

10. APPLICATION
o Industrial microscope
o Professional biological microscope
o Digital microscope
o Educational microscope
o Metullargic microscope
o Student microscope
o Children microscope
o Forensic microscope

11. TYPES OF
MICROSCOPY
 Simple microscope
 Compound microscope
 Light microscope
 Bright-field microscope
 Dark-ground microscope
 Phase-contrast microscope
 Interference microscope
 Fluorescence microscope
 Electron microscope

12. SIMPLE MICROSCOPY
 It is a simple magnifying hand lens.
 Magnification power ranges from 2 to 20

14. LIGHT MICROSCOPE
 Use natural or transmitted light as a source of light
 Resolving power is an important component of light
microscope
 dependent on the wavelength of light used to
illuminate the object and on the numerical aperture
of microscope
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15. Bright –field microscope
o Ordinary light microscope
o Most common form of light microscope
o Consists of compound lens system
o Used for demonstration of structural detail
o For demonstrating of motility of flagellated bacteria
o Eg : E .coli
o Also used for measuring approximate size of bacteria ,
fungi in stained preparation

16. PRINCIPLE:
 light is emitted from source
of light to condenser lens
which contain aperture
diaphragm to control and
focus light on specimen
then the light is passed
through specimen and
reach the objective lens
where the light is magnified
and transmit it to eyepiece
some of the light is
absorbed by stain,
pigmentation and this
contrast allow us to see the
object

17. Dark ground microscope
o Special type of compound microscope
o Use a dark field condenser with a central circular stop
o Use reflected light
o Used for demonstration of very thin bacteria
o Eg: treponema pallidum
o Also used for demonstration of motility of flagellated
bacteria and protozoa

18. PRINCIPLE:
Light rays falling on the
Object are reflected or
scattered onto the object
lens within the result that
microorganisms appear
bright against dark
background

19. PHASE CONTRAST
MICROSCOPE
 Special condenser and objective are used
 Used for examining the internal structure of a living
cell
 Examination of living microorganism
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20. PRINCIPLE:
using a specific optical
system it converts
differences in phase in
an organism into
differences in intensity
of light thereby
producing
light and dark contrast
in image

21. INTERFERENCE
MICROSCOPE
 Another specialized application of light microscope
 Used for demonstrating cell organelles
 Useful for quantitative measurement of the chemical
constituents of the cell as protein , lipids

22. FLOURSCENCE
MICROSCOPE
o Use ultraviolet light
o Used for demonstration of antigen of a pathogen by
direct fluorescece antibody test eg : cornybacterium
diptheriae,n.gonorhoea
o Also for estimation of antibodies in the serum by
indirect antibody fluorescece test eg : syphills
,brucellosis

23. PRINCIPLE:
 The specimen stained
with Fluorescent dye
when exposed to
ultraviolet light result
emmision of longer
wavelength Bacteria
stained with fluorescent
dye appear as a brightly
glowing against dark
background

24. .
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
o Use beam of electron instead of beam of light
o Resolving power of microscope is extremely high
because it use electron of wavelength 0.005nm
o Used for rapid detection of viruses specially for
noncultivable virus
o Ultrastructural study of various microorganisms

25. Principle:
A beam of electron is
focused by an
electromagnet when a
beam of electron
passes through an
object ,the electrons
get scattered producing
an image

26. Shadow casting : by deposition of thin layer of
platinum on the microorganism to be examined
which on bombardment with electron beam scatters
the electron and produces an image that is focused

28. CARING OF MICROSCOPE
 Clean only with a soft cloth/tissue
 Make sure it’s on a flat surface
 Don’t bang it
 Carry it with 2 HANDS…one on the arm and the
other on the base
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29. CARRY A MICROSCOPE
CORRECTLY
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Dr.T.V.Rao
MD

30. REFERENCES:
 Textbook of microbiology and immunology
Subhash Chandra Parija
 Textbook of microbiology P Chakraborty