The document discusses the microscope, including its history, parts, types (light, electron, binocular, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence, polarizing), uses, limitations, and proper operation. The microscope was first developed in the late 16th/early 17th century and allows viewing objects too small to be seen with the naked eye. Common types include light, fluorescence, and electron microscopes used in medicine, research, and industry.

1. MICROSCOPE
Dr Komal M Jadhav
2nd Year PG Scholar
Dept Of Agada Tantra

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Objectives
• History
• Types
• Description of Instrument
• Method of use & Applied aspects
• Limitations
• Precautionary measures
• Summary
• Conclusion
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3. OBJECTIVE
To understand the operative procedure of Microscope & its applications in
brief.
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4. HISTORY
1590- Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias Janssen,
developed first microscope .
1609- Galileo Galilei – occhiolino or compound
microscope.
1620 – Christian Huygens, another Dutchman,
developed a simple 2 lens ocular system that was
chromatically corrected.
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5. INTRODUCTION
Microscope – is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by
the naked eye.
Most commonly used instrument in medical and life science colleges and clinical
laboratories.
It is a system of suitably arranged lenses.
It magnifies the objects that were invisible to the naked eye.
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MICRO – Extremely small
SCOPE – Assess/
Investigating

6. DESCRIPTION
PARTS
The support system
The focusing system
The optical system
The illusion system
 Source of light
 Mirror
 condenser
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7. PRINCIPLE
• A focused beam of light passes through the specimen.
The rays passing through the specimen is gathered by the object & a
magnified image is formed.
This image further magnified by the ocular lens to produce the final
magnified virtual image
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8. PROCEDURE FOR THE USE
Focusing under low power (100x)
Focusing under high power (450x)
Focusing under oil immersion(100x)
Racking the microscope ( locking)
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9. TYPES
• 1)LIGHT MICROSCOPE
I. Bright field microscope
II. Dark field microscope
III. Phase contrast microscope
IV. Fluroscence microscope
2)ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
I. Transmission electron microscope – electron beam
II. Scanning electron microscope – scan a gold plated specimen , 1000x
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10. MICROSCOPE
Binocular
Dissection
Dark - field
Phase -
contrast
fluroscence
polarizing
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11. BRIGHT FIELD MICROSCOPE
• Light microscope forms a dark
image against a brighter
background.
• Simple
• compound
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12. DARK – FIELD MICROSCOPE
• The object appears bright against a dark
background.
• It is made possible by special dark field
condenser.
• USES – to identify living, unstained cells and
bacteria like spirochetes,
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13. BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE
• There are two eyepieces for visualizing
the image.
• Compare any 2 images.
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14. PHASE – CONTRAST MICROSCOPE
• Produce high – contrast image of transparent
specimens.
• This microscope visualizes the unstained living
cells by creating difference in contrast between
the cell and water.
• USES – detailed examination of internal
structures in living organisms.
• To study flagellar movements and motility of
bacteria and protozoa – amoeba, trichomonas
• To examine fungi growth in culture.
• Observing cells cultured in vitro during mitosis
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15. FLUROSCENCE MICROSCOPE
• This microscope uses fluroscence property to
generate an image.
• UV rays convert invisible, short wavelength rays
into longer wavelengths.
• Specimen is stained with florescent dyes.
• USES – critical tool for academic and
pharmaceutical research, pathology, clinical
medicine.
• some microbes directly fluoresce when placed
under UV lamp e.g. Cyclospora
• Acridine orange R – gives orange red fluroscence
with RNA and yellow green fluroscence with DNA
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16. POLARIZING MICROSCOPE
• Used for mineral identification
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17. APPLICATION
• To visualize the anatomical structure of any object like blood, cells, hair,
fiber, sperm…
• At cellular level – nucleus, mitochondria etc.
• For WBC, RBC counts.
• Striations in bullets ( to match bullet shot from a particular gun).
• To identify the number and diversity of organisms in a particular region
over time.
• Study of proteins.
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18. LIMITATIONS
• Specimens must be very thin.
• Specimens small enough to fit inside the chamber.
• Certain specimens such as viruses, atoms can’t be viewed with it.
• Black and white images.
• Can’t operate in darkness.
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19. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
Select a stool or table with appropriate height for comfortable working
for long periods.
Keep all lenses clean.
Do not touch with fingers, nor blow on them to remove dust.
Check position of object, condenser and diaphragm.
At the end clean the microscope.
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24. REFERENCES
• A textbook of practical physiology by CL GHAI
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