A microprocessor is a computer processor contained on a microchip. It contains the central processing unit (CPU) and performs arithmetic and logic operations. Microprocessors have evolved over generations from processing instructions serially to employing super scalar processing with over 10 million transistors. They are used in devices like computers, phones, and traffic lights to process instructions and control functions. The internal architecture of microprocessors like the Intel 8086 contains a bus interface unit that handles data transfer and an execution unit that decodes instructions and performs arithmetic logic operations.

1. MICROPROCESSOR
Made By: Tarun Nayak

2. Definition
• A microprocessor, sometimes called a logic chip, is a
computer processor on a microchip.
• The microprocessor contains all, or most of, the central processing unit
(CPU) functions.
• Is the "engine" that goes into motion when you turn your computer on.
• A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations.
• They make use of small number-holding areas called registers.
• Typical microprocessor operations include adding, subtracting, comparing
two numbers, and fetching numbers from one area to another.

3. Evolution Of Microprocessor
First Generation Microprocessors
• The first generation microprocessors were introduced in the year 1971-1972.
• The instructions of these microprocessors were processed serially. they fetched
the instruction, decoded and then executed it.
Second Generation Microprocessors
• Microprocessors In the year 1970, small amount of transistors were available on
the integrated circuit in the second generation microprocessors.
• Some of the second generation microprocessors are 16-bit arithmetic 7 pipelined
instruction processing, MC68000 Motorola microprocessor.
• These processors were introduced in the year 1979, and Intel 8080 processor is
another example of the microprocessor.
Third Generation Microprocessors
• The third generation microprocessors were introduced in the year 1978,
was denoted by Intel’s 8086 and the Zilog Z8000.
• These were 16-bit processors with a performance like mini computers.

4. Fifth Generation Microprocessors
• Fifth generation microprocessors employed decoupled super scalar
processing, and their design soon exceeded 10 million transistors.
• In fifth generation, PCs are a low-margin, high volume business conquered
by a single microprocessor.

5. Functions of Microprocessor
• The processor first fetches and instruction from the main memory
• The instruction is then decoded to determine what action is required to be
done.
• Based on instruction the processor fetches, if required, data from main
memory or I/O module
• The instruction is then executed which may require performing arithmetic
or logical operations on data
• In addition to execution, CPU also supervises and controls/I/O devices. If
there is any request from I/O devices, called interrupt, the CPU suspends
execution of the current programs and transfers control to an interrupt
handling program
• Finally, the results of an execution may required transfer of data to
memory or an I/O Module

6. • Used In microcomputers to process a large number
of instructions at a time.
• traffic light control
• speed control of motors
• Calculators
• microprocessors in personal computers are used for
computation, text editing, multimedia display, and
communication over the Internet
• Phones
• Desktops
• Sim Cards
Applications And Uses

7. Advantages of Microprocessor
• Speed: One advantage of a Microprocessor is its speed, which is measured in hertz. For
instance, a Microprocessor with 3 gigahertz, shortly GHz, is capable of performing 3
billion tasks per second.
• Data Movement:Another advantage of a Microprocessor is that it can quickly move
data between the various memory locations.
• Compact size
Disadvantages OF Microprocessor
• It gets over-heated .
• Only Based On Machine Language.

8. Types Of Microprocessor
There are mainly three types of Microprocessors
Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors
• they classify a microprocessor in which orders can be performed together along with other
low level activities.
• These types of processors performs the different tasks like downloading, uploading, recalling
data into the memory card and recalling data from the memory card.
Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor
• These types of processors are made according to the function in which the microprocessor
can carry out small things in specific command.
Superscalar Microprocessors
• Superscalar processor facsimiles the hardware on the processor to perform various tasks at a
time. These processors can be used for ALUs or multipliers.
• They have different operational units and these processors can carry out more than a one
command by continuously transmitting several instructions to the extra operational units
inside the processor.

9. Internal ARCHITECTURE Microprocessor
The Intel 8086 is a 16-bit
microprocessor intended to
be used as the CPU in a
microcomputer.
The term “16-bit” means
Alu internal Registers Are
Designed to Work As 16-bit
binary words.
It consists of two Parts Eu
and Biu.

10. 1. Bus Interface Unit
• Contains Instruction,Stream,Byte,Queue.
• Handles all data and addresses on the buses for the execution unit.
• Sends out addresses, fetches instructions from memory, reads data from.
ports and memory as well as writes data to ports and memory.
2. Execution Unit
• The execution unit (EU) tells the BIU where to fetch instructions or data from.
• The functional parts of the execution unit are control circuitry or system,
instruction decoder, and Arithmetic logic unit.
• Contains control circuit perform various internal operations.
• The EU has a 16-bit ALU, which can perform arithmetic operations such as add,
subtract etc. and logical operations such as AND, OR, XOR, increment.
PARTS OF 8086 MICROPROCESSOR