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The document discusses different types of computer memory and storage. It describes system clock, which generates electrical signals to control computer functions. It then defines RAM and ROM, the main types of memory. RAM is volatile and used for active programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and stores permanent instructions. Specific RAM types include DRAM and SRAM, and ROM types are PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Memory is housed in modules like SIMM, DIMM, and RIMM.

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PRESENTED BY MUHAMMAD JUNAID ABBASI
SYSTEM CLOCK It is an ELECTRONIC component & generates ELECTRIC signals at a fast speed. It controls all functions of computer using clock ticks, These ticks are known as CLOCK CYCLE .
The speed at which CPU executes instructions is called CLOCK SPEED. Processor speed is measured in MHz and GHz. SYSTEM CLOCK
MIPS MIPS stands for Millions Of Instructions Per Second. Speed of workstations and some server computer is measured in MIPS. Computer can operate up to several thousand MIPS. Workstations can perform 100 or more and mainframes can perform 200-1,200 MIPS.
FLOPS FLOP stands for Floating Point Operations Per Second.
MEMORY Data and Instructions are stored in memory to be executed. They are stored in memory as bytes during execution. Each byte in the memory has its unique address that identify its location. It is also called Primary storage .
MEMORY Memory Stores the following three items: Operating system and other system software. Application programs Data
MEMORY There are two types of Memory. VOLATILE Memory: Loses its contents when computer is turned off. NON VOLATILE Memory: Doesn't loses its contents when computer is turned off.
Random Access Memory Random access means that each individual byte in the entire memory is directly accessible. RAM is used to store an ever changing parade of programs and data. A program must be loaded into the RAM before execution. It is also called VOLATILE memory.
TYPES OF RAM Memory comes in variety of forms. There are two main types of RAM . Static RAM Dynamic RAM
Static RAM The memory cells are made of digital gates. Each cell can store its value without any need to refresh the data as long as the power is available. CPU doesn't wait to access data. It’s normally used to build a very fast memory known as CACHE memory.
Dynamic RAM It is the type of memory that is used in most computers. DRAM requires an electric current to maintain its electrical state. The electric charge of DRAM decrease with time that may result in loss of data. The processor cannot access the data of DRAM when it is being refreshed.
Difference b/w SRAM n DRAM It is slower than SRAM. It is faster then DRAM. It utilizes more power. It utilizes less power. It has to be refreshed after each read operation. It does not need to be power-refreshed. It is less expensive. It is more expensive. DRAM SRAM
Memory Module RAM is mounted on a small circuit board called MEMORY MODULE. This memory is mounted on the mother board. There are three types of memory module. SIMM DIMM RIMM Types of memory module
SIMM Stands for Single Inline Memory Module. In this Module pins on the opposite sides of the circuit board are connected together to form a single set of contacts . SIMM
DIMM DIMM stands for Double Inline Memory Module. In this module the pins on opposite sides of the circuit do not connect and form two set of contacts. RIMM RIMM stands for Rambus Inline Memory Module. It houses SDRAM chips.
Read Only Memory Rom stores data instructions permanently. These stored instructions cannot be changed or deleted. When the power is switched off the instructions stored in it are not lost, that’s why it is also called NON-VOLATILE memory. It contains small set of instructions called ROM BIOS.
Types of ROM Different types of ROM are as follows: PROM EPROM EEPROM
PROM PROM stands for programmable Read Only Memory. This form of ROM is initially blank, user can write data on it using special devices. If there is any error in writing the instructions, the error can not be removed from the PROM .
EPROM It stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. User can erase data stored in EPROM chips by exposing the chip to ultra violet light.
EEPROM It stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read only Memory . In this memory user can read & write instructions using ELECTRICAL PULSES . If there is any error, the user can erase the contents ELECTRICALLY .
Difference b/w RAM n ROM Data can not be changed or deleted. Data can be changed or deleted. It enables data to only read to memory. It enables data to be both read & written to memory. It is Permanent memory. It is temporary memory ROM RAM
Difference b/w RAM n ROM It’s non-volatile memory. It’s volatile memory. It is not possible to write new instructions on RAM. Instructions in Ram are continuously changing. Instructions are written at manufacturing time. Instructions are written at the time of execution. ROM RAM
Difference b/w PROM n EPROM The user can write instructions on EPROM many times. The user can write instructions on PROM only once. If there is an error while writing on EPROM, it can still be used again. If there is an error while writing on PROM, it becomes unusable. Instructions written on it can be erased. Instructions written on it can not be erased. EPROM PROM
REFRENCES The concepts of Information Technology BY……….. IT SERIES Information Technology “ THE BREAKING WAVE” BY………… IRWIN MCGRAW-HILL WWW.GOOGLE.COM WWW.ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM
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