An overview of what is happening in the deterioration of the aquatic environment and the consequent adverse impacts on aquatic organisms and how to get rid of petroleum pollutants
1. Oil spills pollute the environment and harm living things by releasing toxic chemicals. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi can biodegrade oil through metabolic processes.
2. The biodegradation process involves microbes initially adding oxygen to break down the hydrocarbon molecules in oil into simpler compounds. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus often limit biodegradation and must be supplemented.
3. Different types of hydrocarbons in oil degrade at different rates, with straight-chain alkanes degrading most easily and aromatic rings most resistant to breakdown. Both augmenting indigenous microbes and stimulating their growth through nutrient addition can help remediate oil spills biologically.
This document discusses xenobiotics, or foreign chemicals, and their metabolism in the body. Xenobiotics metabolism mainly occurs in the liver and involves two phases - phase I and phase II reactions. Phase I reactions use enzymes like cytochrome P450 to increase a chemical's water solubility, while phase II reactions further process chemicals through conjugation, such as by adding glucuronic acid or glutathione. Understanding xenobiotic metabolism is important for pharmacology, toxicology, and drug interactions.
Adsorptive Removal Of Dye From Industrial Dye Effluents Using Low-Cost Adsorb...IJERA Editor
Industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities of humans have affected the environmental system, resulting in drastic problems such as global warming and the generation of wastewater containing high concentration of pollutants. As water of good quality is a precious commodity and available in limited amounts, it has become highly imperative to treat wastewater for removal of pollutants. In addition, the rapid modernization of society has also led to the generation of huge amount of materials of little value that have no fruitful use. Such materials are generally considered as waste, and their disposal is a problem. The utilization of all such materials as low-cost adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater may make them of some value. An effort has been made to give a brief idea about the low-cost alternative adsorbents with a view to utilizing these waste/low-cost materials in the treatment of wastewater.
Humic substances are major components of natural organic matter found in soils, sediments, and geologic deposits. They are formed by the microbial degradation of dead plant matter. Humic substances can be divided into humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin, and are characterized by their dark color, acidic and aromatic properties. They can complex with metals in natural waters and transport them long distances. Their ability to form complexes influences coagulant dosing in water treatment. Humic substances can impact human health, with humic acid possibly forming disinfection byproducts during chlorination, while fulvic acid may have benefits for brain health and infections but also impacts allergic reactions.
Mineral nutrition, Manures and fertilizersAnkush Singh
Mineral nutrition refers to the process by which plants absorb essential chemical elements from the soil as inorganic ions through their roots. Plants need 16 essential elements for growth and life cycle completion, categorized as macro and micro nutrients. Macro nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are required in large quantities, while micro nutrients like iron and zinc are needed in small amounts. Nutrient availability is influenced by soil properties like pH and microorganism activity, as well as additions of fertilizers, manure, and green manure.
Xenobiotics are foreign compounds to our body. They are more lipophilic and less hydrophilic . So it is quite tough to excrete them out from the body. Hence metabolism of xenobiotic is important.
This document discusses biotransformation of xenobiotics, which involves converting lipophilic compounds to more hydrophilic compounds to facilitate excretion. It describes the major Phase I and Phase II enzymes involved, comparing their reactions and consequences. Phase I enzymes include cytochrome P450, which performs many oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis reactions. Phase II involves conjugation reactions like glucuronidation. Genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors can impact an individual's biotransformation of compounds.
This presentation is about the Biotransformation of toxicants in very effective way.
I hope you all will like it,,,
Don't forget to remember me in your precious Dua,,,
1. Oil spills pollute the environment and harm living things by releasing toxic chemicals. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi can biodegrade oil through metabolic processes.
2. The biodegradation process involves microbes initially adding oxygen to break down the hydrocarbon molecules in oil into simpler compounds. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus often limit biodegradation and must be supplemented.
3. Different types of hydrocarbons in oil degrade at different rates, with straight-chain alkanes degrading most easily and aromatic rings most resistant to breakdown. Both augmenting indigenous microbes and stimulating their growth through nutrient addition can help remediate oil spills biologically.
This document discusses xenobiotics, or foreign chemicals, and their metabolism in the body. Xenobiotics metabolism mainly occurs in the liver and involves two phases - phase I and phase II reactions. Phase I reactions use enzymes like cytochrome P450 to increase a chemical's water solubility, while phase II reactions further process chemicals through conjugation, such as by adding glucuronic acid or glutathione. Understanding xenobiotic metabolism is important for pharmacology, toxicology, and drug interactions.
Adsorptive Removal Of Dye From Industrial Dye Effluents Using Low-Cost Adsorb...IJERA Editor
Industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities of humans have affected the environmental system, resulting in drastic problems such as global warming and the generation of wastewater containing high concentration of pollutants. As water of good quality is a precious commodity and available in limited amounts, it has become highly imperative to treat wastewater for removal of pollutants. In addition, the rapid modernization of society has also led to the generation of huge amount of materials of little value that have no fruitful use. Such materials are generally considered as waste, and their disposal is a problem. The utilization of all such materials as low-cost adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater may make them of some value. An effort has been made to give a brief idea about the low-cost alternative adsorbents with a view to utilizing these waste/low-cost materials in the treatment of wastewater.
Humic substances are major components of natural organic matter found in soils, sediments, and geologic deposits. They are formed by the microbial degradation of dead plant matter. Humic substances can be divided into humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin, and are characterized by their dark color, acidic and aromatic properties. They can complex with metals in natural waters and transport them long distances. Their ability to form complexes influences coagulant dosing in water treatment. Humic substances can impact human health, with humic acid possibly forming disinfection byproducts during chlorination, while fulvic acid may have benefits for brain health and infections but also impacts allergic reactions.
Mineral nutrition, Manures and fertilizersAnkush Singh
Mineral nutrition refers to the process by which plants absorb essential chemical elements from the soil as inorganic ions through their roots. Plants need 16 essential elements for growth and life cycle completion, categorized as macro and micro nutrients. Macro nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are required in large quantities, while micro nutrients like iron and zinc are needed in small amounts. Nutrient availability is influenced by soil properties like pH and microorganism activity, as well as additions of fertilizers, manure, and green manure.
Xenobiotics are foreign compounds to our body. They are more lipophilic and less hydrophilic . So it is quite tough to excrete them out from the body. Hence metabolism of xenobiotic is important.
This document discusses biotransformation of xenobiotics, which involves converting lipophilic compounds to more hydrophilic compounds to facilitate excretion. It describes the major Phase I and Phase II enzymes involved, comparing their reactions and consequences. Phase I enzymes include cytochrome P450, which performs many oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis reactions. Phase II involves conjugation reactions like glucuronidation. Genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors can impact an individual's biotransformation of compounds.
This presentation is about the Biotransformation of toxicants in very effective way.
I hope you all will like it,,,
Don't forget to remember me in your precious Dua,,,
Sterilization kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores, achieving a germ-free state. Disinfection kills many but not all microorganisms. Common sterilization methods include heat, radiation, filtration, and chemicals. Heat sterilization uses dry heat or moist heat via boiling or autoclaving. Common disinfectants are phenols, bisphenols, biguanides, halogens, aldehydes, and alcohols. Disinfectants are used to sterilize non-living surfaces and equipment while antiseptics can be applied to living tissues.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis. It describes various physical methods of sterilization like heat, radiation, filtration and chemical methods like ethylene oxide and other disinfectants. Heat-based methods include moist heat sterilization using autoclaving and dry heat sterilization using ovens or flaming. Proper monitoring of sterilization methods is important to ensure effectiveness. The ideal characteristics of disinfectants are also discussed.
The document discusses sterilization and disinfection procedures for dental offices. It defines sterilization as destroying all microbial life through heat, chemicals, or gas, while disinfection eliminates most disease-causing microorganisms. Proper sterilization and disinfection are essential for preventing transmission of infections. Common sterilization methods described are autoclaving, hot air ovens, and chemicals like ethylene oxide. Factors that impact effectiveness include exposure time and presence of organic matter.
1. Sterilization eliminates all microorganisms including bacteria, viruses and endospores. Disinfection only eliminates pathogenic microorganisms.
2. Heat is the most common sterilization method and can be applied through moist heat like autoclaving or dry heat like oven heating. Chemical sterilization uses agents like phenols, alcohols, halogens, heavy metals and aldehydes to disrupt microbial membranes and proteins.
3. Other sterilization methods include filtration, irradiation using gamma rays, x-rays or UV light, and gaseous agents like ethylene oxide and hydrogen peroxide which penetrate materials to kill microbes.
The document discusses key terms related to immunization and vaccination. It defines terms like immunization, vaccine, vaccination, full immunization, partial immunization, non-immunization, ring immunization, and herd immunity. It also summarizes milestones in immunization in India and provides vaccination charts detailing the various vaccines recommended at different ages. Barriers to immunization like physical barriers and psychological barriers are highlighted. Reasons for low immunization coverage like failures to provide immunization, dropouts, and unreached populations are discussed.
This document provides information on sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as a process that removes all microorganisms from a surface or medium, while disinfection destroys or removes pathogens. Various physical sterilization methods are outlined, including heat, radiation, filtration, as well as chemical methods using alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens and other agents. Autoclaving using moist heat is described as the most widely used and effective sterilization method. The document also briefly discusses the history of sterilization and provides classifications of sterilization methods.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as removing all microbes including bacterial spores, while disinfection removes microbes but not spores. Physical sterilization methods include heat (dry and moist), radiation, filtration, and vibration. Chemical sterilization agents mentioned are ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, and betapropiolactone. Common disinfectants listed are alcohol, phenol, chlorhexane, glutaraldehyde, povidone-iodine, and chloroform. The document emphasizes that sterilization processes must be validated and carefully performed for effective results.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection. It defines sterilization as removing all microorganisms and disinfection as destroying pathogenic microorganisms. It outlines various physical agents like heat, radiation, and filtration and chemical agents like alcohols, aldehydes, and halogens that are used for sterilization and disinfection. It provides details on the properties, mechanisms of action, and factors influencing the effectiveness of different sterilization and disinfection methods and agents.
This document discusses various methods of sterilization and disinfection. It begins with the historical background of disinfection pioneered by Semmelweis and Lister in the 19th century. It then covers factors that influence disinfection effectiveness like organism type, concentration of disinfectant, and contact time. The document outlines different types of disinfection and various physical (e.g. heat) and chemical methods. Key methods discussed include autoclaving, pasteurization, and the use of chemicals like bleach and alcohols.
Disinfection and sterilization guidelines what you need to know 2007Manel Ferreira
This document provides an overview and recommendations for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. It discusses the classification of medical equipment based on intended use as critical, semicritical, or noncritical. Critical items require sterilization to eliminate all microbes. Semicritical items require high-level disinfection to kill all microbes except for some bacterial spores. Noncritical items require low-level disinfection to kill vegetative bacteria and viruses. Common sterilization and disinfection methods are outlined for each classification. The document also reviews factors influencing efficacy and provides recommendations for monitoring sterilizers and proper storage of sterile items.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection. It defines sterilization as the complete removal of all microbial life, including spores, while disinfection only reduces microorganisms and not spores. It describes various chemical disinfectants like alcohols, hypochlorites, phenol and their mechanisms and effectiveness. Heat and chemical sterilization methods are outlined along with their advantages and limitations. Proper hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment are emphasized as critical for preventing infection.
This document discusses the history and methods of sterilization and disinfection. It begins with a brief history of sterilization dating back to the invention of the autoclave in 1862. It then covers terminology related to sterilization. The document discusses various sterilization methods including physical methods like heat, filtration, and radiation as well as chemical methods like phenols, alcohols, halogens, oxidizing agents, and aldehydes. Key factors that influence the efficacy of sterilization methods are also summarized.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection techniques used to eliminate microorganisms. It defines key terms and outlines various methods for sterilizing instruments and disinfecting surfaces, including heat, chemicals, gases, and filtration. Effective sterilization and disinfection requires understanding the microbial characteristics and selecting the appropriate process for different medical equipment, environments, and situations.
This document outlines proper procedures for sterilizing dental instruments and maintaining clean surfaces and waste management. It discusses cleaning, packaging, and sterilizing critical, semi-critical and non-critical instruments. It also covers cleaning environmental surfaces, handling regulated waste like contaminated sharps, and ensuring sterilized instruments are properly stored. Maintaining sterility is essential for preventing disease transmission in dental settings.
This document provides information about India's National Immunization Programme (UIP). It discusses the targeted vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs), the history and objectives of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) and Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). It outlines the national immunization schedule, components of UIP including vaccination of pregnant women and children, and strategies to achieve coverage goals. Coverage levels from surveys are presented. The document also discusses vaccine administration techniques for different vaccines.
This document discusses immunization and provides information on key terms, schedules, coverage rates, and barriers. It defines immunization as stimulating the immune system through antigens to induce immunity. The national immunization schedule in India is outlined which recommends vaccines for pregnant women, infants, and children at specific ages and doses. Coverage rates from 1985 to 2008 show improvements. Barriers to immunization mentioned include physical barriers like waiting time as well as socio-cultural factors. Herd immunity is described as resistance to disease spread when few members are susceptible.
Dr. Sudeesh Shetty presented on sterilization methods. Sterilization is defined as making a substance free from all microorganisms, including spores. Various physical and chemical agents are used for sterilization. Physical agents include heat (dry and moist), filtration, radiation, and ultrasound. Commonly used chemical agents are alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens, phenols, surface active agents, and gases like ethylene oxide and formaldehyde. Generally, heat and chemical methods are effective at sterilizing, while physical methods like filtration are used for heat-labile liquids. Selection of the appropriate sterilization method depends on the items and level of steril
Surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage formMuhammad Jamal
This presentation is very much helpful for the medical students,pharmacists, researchers and other health care providers. i hope it will provide important information regarding surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Sterilization kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores, achieving a germ-free state. Disinfection kills many but not all microorganisms. Common sterilization methods include heat, radiation, filtration, and chemicals. Heat sterilization uses dry heat or moist heat via boiling or autoclaving. Common disinfectants are phenols, bisphenols, biguanides, halogens, aldehydes, and alcohols. Disinfectants are used to sterilize non-living surfaces and equipment while antiseptics can be applied to living tissues.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis. It describes various physical methods of sterilization like heat, radiation, filtration and chemical methods like ethylene oxide and other disinfectants. Heat-based methods include moist heat sterilization using autoclaving and dry heat sterilization using ovens or flaming. Proper monitoring of sterilization methods is important to ensure effectiveness. The ideal characteristics of disinfectants are also discussed.
The document discusses sterilization and disinfection procedures for dental offices. It defines sterilization as destroying all microbial life through heat, chemicals, or gas, while disinfection eliminates most disease-causing microorganisms. Proper sterilization and disinfection are essential for preventing transmission of infections. Common sterilization methods described are autoclaving, hot air ovens, and chemicals like ethylene oxide. Factors that impact effectiveness include exposure time and presence of organic matter.
1. Sterilization eliminates all microorganisms including bacteria, viruses and endospores. Disinfection only eliminates pathogenic microorganisms.
2. Heat is the most common sterilization method and can be applied through moist heat like autoclaving or dry heat like oven heating. Chemical sterilization uses agents like phenols, alcohols, halogens, heavy metals and aldehydes to disrupt microbial membranes and proteins.
3. Other sterilization methods include filtration, irradiation using gamma rays, x-rays or UV light, and gaseous agents like ethylene oxide and hydrogen peroxide which penetrate materials to kill microbes.
The document discusses key terms related to immunization and vaccination. It defines terms like immunization, vaccine, vaccination, full immunization, partial immunization, non-immunization, ring immunization, and herd immunity. It also summarizes milestones in immunization in India and provides vaccination charts detailing the various vaccines recommended at different ages. Barriers to immunization like physical barriers and psychological barriers are highlighted. Reasons for low immunization coverage like failures to provide immunization, dropouts, and unreached populations are discussed.
This document provides information on sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as a process that removes all microorganisms from a surface or medium, while disinfection destroys or removes pathogens. Various physical sterilization methods are outlined, including heat, radiation, filtration, as well as chemical methods using alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens and other agents. Autoclaving using moist heat is described as the most widely used and effective sterilization method. The document also briefly discusses the history of sterilization and provides classifications of sterilization methods.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as removing all microbes including bacterial spores, while disinfection removes microbes but not spores. Physical sterilization methods include heat (dry and moist), radiation, filtration, and vibration. Chemical sterilization agents mentioned are ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, and betapropiolactone. Common disinfectants listed are alcohol, phenol, chlorhexane, glutaraldehyde, povidone-iodine, and chloroform. The document emphasizes that sterilization processes must be validated and carefully performed for effective results.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection. It defines sterilization as removing all microorganisms and disinfection as destroying pathogenic microorganisms. It outlines various physical agents like heat, radiation, and filtration and chemical agents like alcohols, aldehydes, and halogens that are used for sterilization and disinfection. It provides details on the properties, mechanisms of action, and factors influencing the effectiveness of different sterilization and disinfection methods and agents.
This document discusses various methods of sterilization and disinfection. It begins with the historical background of disinfection pioneered by Semmelweis and Lister in the 19th century. It then covers factors that influence disinfection effectiveness like organism type, concentration of disinfectant, and contact time. The document outlines different types of disinfection and various physical (e.g. heat) and chemical methods. Key methods discussed include autoclaving, pasteurization, and the use of chemicals like bleach and alcohols.
Disinfection and sterilization guidelines what you need to know 2007Manel Ferreira
This document provides an overview and recommendations for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. It discusses the classification of medical equipment based on intended use as critical, semicritical, or noncritical. Critical items require sterilization to eliminate all microbes. Semicritical items require high-level disinfection to kill all microbes except for some bacterial spores. Noncritical items require low-level disinfection to kill vegetative bacteria and viruses. Common sterilization and disinfection methods are outlined for each classification. The document also reviews factors influencing efficacy and provides recommendations for monitoring sterilizers and proper storage of sterile items.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection. It defines sterilization as the complete removal of all microbial life, including spores, while disinfection only reduces microorganisms and not spores. It describes various chemical disinfectants like alcohols, hypochlorites, phenol and their mechanisms and effectiveness. Heat and chemical sterilization methods are outlined along with their advantages and limitations. Proper hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment are emphasized as critical for preventing infection.
This document discusses the history and methods of sterilization and disinfection. It begins with a brief history of sterilization dating back to the invention of the autoclave in 1862. It then covers terminology related to sterilization. The document discusses various sterilization methods including physical methods like heat, filtration, and radiation as well as chemical methods like phenols, alcohols, halogens, oxidizing agents, and aldehydes. Key factors that influence the efficacy of sterilization methods are also summarized.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection techniques used to eliminate microorganisms. It defines key terms and outlines various methods for sterilizing instruments and disinfecting surfaces, including heat, chemicals, gases, and filtration. Effective sterilization and disinfection requires understanding the microbial characteristics and selecting the appropriate process for different medical equipment, environments, and situations.
This document outlines proper procedures for sterilizing dental instruments and maintaining clean surfaces and waste management. It discusses cleaning, packaging, and sterilizing critical, semi-critical and non-critical instruments. It also covers cleaning environmental surfaces, handling regulated waste like contaminated sharps, and ensuring sterilized instruments are properly stored. Maintaining sterility is essential for preventing disease transmission in dental settings.
This document provides information about India's National Immunization Programme (UIP). It discusses the targeted vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs), the history and objectives of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) and Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). It outlines the national immunization schedule, components of UIP including vaccination of pregnant women and children, and strategies to achieve coverage goals. Coverage levels from surveys are presented. The document also discusses vaccine administration techniques for different vaccines.
This document discusses immunization and provides information on key terms, schedules, coverage rates, and barriers. It defines immunization as stimulating the immune system through antigens to induce immunity. The national immunization schedule in India is outlined which recommends vaccines for pregnant women, infants, and children at specific ages and doses. Coverage rates from 1985 to 2008 show improvements. Barriers to immunization mentioned include physical barriers like waiting time as well as socio-cultural factors. Herd immunity is described as resistance to disease spread when few members are susceptible.
Dr. Sudeesh Shetty presented on sterilization methods. Sterilization is defined as making a substance free from all microorganisms, including spores. Various physical and chemical agents are used for sterilization. Physical agents include heat (dry and moist), filtration, radiation, and ultrasound. Commonly used chemical agents are alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens, phenols, surface active agents, and gases like ethylene oxide and formaldehyde. Generally, heat and chemical methods are effective at sterilizing, while physical methods like filtration are used for heat-labile liquids. Selection of the appropriate sterilization method depends on the items and level of steril
Surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage formMuhammad Jamal
This presentation is very much helpful for the medical students,pharmacists, researchers and other health care providers. i hope it will provide important information regarding surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
This document summarizes a study on determining the critical micelle concentrations of various biodegradable surfactants. Specifically, it analyzes sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), and saponin extracted from soapnuts. The critical micelle concentration of each surfactant was determined by measuring the conductivity and pH of solutions with varying concentrations and plotting the results. The study found the CMC of SDS to be 8mM, Tween 80 to be 0.012mM, and extracted saponin by soaking soapnut pericarp in water and monitoring conductivity and pH over time.
This document discusses solubilization and surfactants. It defines solubilization as preparing an isotropic solution of an insoluble substance using a component or suitable method. Solubility is affected by the nature of solute and solvent, temperature, pressure, and particle size. Surfactants lower surface tension and act as detergents, wetting agents, etc. When added to water, surfactants self-assemble into micelles with hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic tails inside in spherical, rod, or lamellar shapes above the critical micelle concentration. Micelle formation is driven by thermodynamics to increase entropy.
This document summarizes key concepts about hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity. It defines hydrophobicity as the physical property of a material that repels water, coming from the Greek words for "water" and "fear." Hydrophobic materials have high water contact angles. Hydrophilicity refers to a material that can bond with water through hydrogen bonding and has low water contact angles. The document discusses the molecular interactions driving hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects and provides examples of applications of hydrophobic and hydrophilic coatings.
This document discusses solubility and techniques to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs, including micellar solubilization and hydrotropic solubilization. Micellar solubilization uses surfactants above their critical micelle concentration to form micelles that can encapsulate drugs and improve their solubility. Hydrotropic solubilization uses hydrotropic agents, which are ionic organic salts, to increase drug solubility without forming micelles. Mixed hydrotropic solubilization and using hydrotropes in combination can further increase drug solubility synergistically while reducing toxicity. These solubility enhancement techniques aim to improve drug bioavailability.
This document defines solubility and describes techniques to improve it, including micellar solubilization and hydrotropy. It states that solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent and can be defined quantitatively or qualitatively. Surfactants can form micelles above a critical concentration that solubilize drugs in their cores or palisade layers. Hydrotropes are ionic salts that increase solubility through weak interactions between the solute and hydrotrope anion in solution. Common poorly soluble drugs that use these techniques include anti-diabetic medications.
This document summarizes different types of aquatic ecosystems. It describes marine ecosystems as covering 71% of the Earth's surface and being distinguished by dissolved salts. Marine ecosystems include ocean zones, estuaries, and hydrothermal vents. Freshwater ecosystems make up 0.8% of the surface and include lakes, ponds, rivers and wetlands. Lakes can be divided into pelagic, littoral and riparian zones. Ponds are small freshwater ecosystems based on autotrophic algae. The document also defines important terms like autotroph, heterotroph and phototroph.
This document summarizes different types of aquatic ecosystems. It describes marine ecosystems as covering 71% of the Earth's surface and being distinguished by dissolved salts. Marine ecosystems include ocean zones, estuaries, and hydrothermal vents. Freshwater ecosystems make up 0.8% of the Earth's surface and include lakes, ponds, rivers and wetlands. Lakes can be divided into pelagic, littoral and riparian zones. Ponds largely rely on autotrophic algae as a base trophic level. The document also defines important terms like autotroph, heterotroph, phototroph and biotic and abiotic components.
Surface active agents, also known as surfactants, are amphipathic molecules that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. They can interact with both polar and non-polar substances, increasing the solubility of insoluble substances. In water, surfactant molecules form spherical clusters called micelles with the non-polar ends on the inside and polar ends on the outside. Surfactants are classified as anionic, cationic, non-ionic, or amphoteric based on their charge, and can be used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, and other products.
Miscelles are aggregates of surfactant molecules that form above the critical micelle concentration in a solution. The long hydrophilic tails of surfactant molecules coil to bind water molecules, while the hydrophobic tails cluster together at the core of the miscelle. In polar solvents, the hydrophilic heads point outward and hydrophobic tails inward. In nonpolar solvents, the arrangement is reversed. Miscelles allow insoluble compounds to dissolve within their cores and are important for nutrient absorption in the body. They are also used for targeted drug delivery and as emulsifiers in detergents.
Water is essential for life due to its unique properties arising from hydrogen bonding between polar water molecules. Water's polarity allows it to dissolve many other polar substances and ions, acting as a universal solvent and transport medium in organisms. Water's high specific heat capacity and heat of vaporization enable important thermal regulation processes. In blood, glucose, amino acids, and ions are carried in the plasma due to their polarity, while fats and cholesterol require transport in lipoprotein complexes due to their nonpolar nature. Oxygen is only slightly soluble in water alone, and is mainly transported bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The document discusses these topics through examples and comparisons to methane.
Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules that lower surface tension between two liquids or a liquid and a solid. They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Surfactants are classified as non-ionic, anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic based on the head group. They form micelles above the critical micelle concentration and have uses as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, foaming agents, and in pulmonary surfactants. Some key properties are their ability to lower surface tension, form micelles, and be characterized by their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance number. Surfactants have many applications including as antimicrobials, in personal care products, paints
Water interacts with other molecules in different ways depending on their polarity. Polar molecules like ions and glucose form hydrogen bonds with water, making them water-soluble. Nonpolar molecules like oils interact weakly with water and are water-insoluble. Hydrophobic molecules attract each other in water, minimizing contact with water. Water activity measures how available water is for chemical reactions or microbe growth. Food stability increases as water activity decreases below 0.9 due to reduced reaction and microbe growth rates.
This document provides an overview of surfactants and their degradation. It begins with a general introduction to surfactants, how they work, and their classification. It then discusses various methods for degrading surfactants, focusing on biodegradation. Biodegradation occurs in three stages and involves mechanisms like ω-oxidation and β-oxidation. Specific surfactant types (anionic, cationic, amphoteric, non-ionic) and the microbes capable of degrading each are outlined. Factors influencing biodegradation rates are also noted. In conclusion, the document states that microbial degradation is an efficient and environmentally-friendly method for surfactant breakdown and that understanding degradation mechanisms can guide development of
The document provides an overview of froth flotation, including its history, basic principles, mechanics, chemicals involved, and engineering aspects. Froth flotation is a process that separates minerals by taking advantage of their different hydrophobic properties. It involves making the valuable minerals hydrophobic so they can attach to air bubbles and float, while the gangue minerals sink. Key chemicals used include collectors to modify mineral surfaces, frothers to stabilize bubbles, and regulators like activators, depressants, and pH modifiers.
This document discusses surfactants and their properties. It begins by defining surfactants as compounds that lower surface tension and can act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants. It then discusses how surfactant molecules are amphiphilic, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, allowing them to adsorb at interfaces. It describes concepts like critical micelle concentration, how surfactant structure affects this, and applications of micellization. The document also classifies surfactants by their functional properties based on HLB values and by their structural characteristics such as ionic, nonionic and amphoteric types.
The document provides a study guide for a marine biology midterm exam. It lists several topics to be covered in an outline format, including the cell membrane, properties of water, salinity, oceans, ecology, and more. For each topic, it provides sub-points and requests specific details and examples from class materials be used to fully answer each part of the outline in the student's own words.
Similar to Bioremediation of petroleum pollutants (20)
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Bioremediation of petroleum pollutants
1.
2. By
Mahmoud Abdullah EL-Naqib
Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar university
in Cairo.
Demonstrator , Animal production Dep.,
Division of Aquaculture.
(2015)
4. Biosurfactants|introduction
Our lecture is dedicated to the
characterization of cellular and molecular
mechanisms underlying surfactant biology
and to an improved understanding of the
role of the surfactant applications in the
biological field. Current systematic focus
on aquatic ecosystem pollutants.
6. Water pollution definition
Water pollution is any chemical, physical or
biological change in the quality of water that has
a harmful effect on any living thing that drinks or
uses or lives (in) it. When humans drink polluted
water it often has serious effects on their health.
Water pollution can also make water unsuited for
the desired use.
7. Water pollution category
The first are disease-causing agent (These are bacteria, viruses. etc. )
A second category of water pollutants is oxygen-demanding wastes;
wastes that can be decomposed by oxygen-requiring bacteria. When
large populations of decomposing bacteria are converting these
wastes it can deplete oxygen levels in the water. This causes other
organisms in the water, such as fish, to die.
A third class of water pollutants is water-soluble inorganic pollutants,
such as acids, salts and toxic metals. Large quantities of these
compounds will make water unfit to drink and will cause the death of
aquatic life
8. marine pollution (Marpol 73/78)
Marpol 73/78 is the International Convention for the Prevention
of Pollution From Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of
1978. ("Marpol" is short for marine pollution and 73/78 short for
the years 1973 and 1978.)
Marpol 73/78 is one of the most important international marine
environmental conventions. It was designed to minimize
pollution of the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust
pollution. Its stated object is to preserve the marine environment
through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other
harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge
of such substances
20. Bioremediation definition
the treatment of pollutants or waste (as in an oil
spill, contaminated groundwater, or an industrial
process) by the use of microorganisms (as
bacteria) that break down the undesirable
substances or
Bioremediation is a process that aims the
detoxification and degradation of toxic pollutants
through microbial assimilation or enzymatic
transformation to less toxic compounds
21. Bioremediation types
Ex Situ Bioremediation
(with excavation)
In Situ Bioremediation
(without excavation)
Some examples of bioremediation related technologies:
phytoremediation
bioventing (A process that intentionally stimulates in-situ biological degradation; also
called soil venting)
bioleaching
landfarming
bioreactor
composting
bioaugmentation
rhizofiltration, and biostimulation.
22.
23. S U R F A C T A N T S
“IN A NUTSHELL”
Surface active agents.
Chemical Processing
24. Surfactants :
are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids or
between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting
agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants.
Surfactants are usually organic compounds that are
amphiphilic, meaning they contain
both hydrophobic groups (their tails) water-hating and
Hydrophilic groups (their heads) water-loving.
Surfactants will diffuse in water and adsorb at interfaces
between air and water or at the interface between
oil and water, in the case where water is mixed with oil.
The water-insoluble hydrophobic group may extend out of the bulk water phase, into the air or
into the oil phase, while the water-soluble head group remains in the water phase.
Surfactants
25. The Difference between surface tension and
interfacial tension
The main difference between these two is the places where it
occurs. Surface tension is defined to a single liquid surface,
whereas the interfacial tension is defined to the interface of two
immiscible liquids. Surface tension is actually a derivation of
interfacial tension where force from the second surface is
negligible or zero.
29. What does surfactant do ?
Substance which reduces surface/interfacial
tension between two phases
Water & Oil
are mortal
enemies
Surfactants
acts as clamp
binding Water
& Oil are
together
Surface
Tension –
Force
between
two liquids
29
30. • The "tail" of most surfactants are fairly similar, consisting of a hydrocarbon chain,
which can be branch, linear, or
aromatic. Fluorosurfactants havefluorocarbon chains. Siloxane
surfactants have siloxane chains
• Many important surfactants include a polyether chain terminating in a highly
polar anionic group. The polyether groups often comprise ethoxylated
(polyethylene oxide-like) sequences inserted to increase the hydrophilic character
of a surfactant. Polypropylene oxides conversely, may be inserted to increase the
lipophilic character of a surfactant.
• Surfactant molecules have either one tail or two; those with two tails are said to
be double-chained.
• Surfactant classification according to the composition of their head: nonionic,
anionic, cationic, amphoteric.
• Most commonly, surfactants are classified according to polar head group. A non-
ionic surfactant has no charge groups in its head. The head of an ionic surfactant
carries a net charge. If the charge is negative, the surfactant is more specifically
called anionic; if the charge is positive, it is called cationic. If a surfactant contains
a head with two oppositely charged groups, it is termed zwitterionic. Commonly
encountered surfactants of each type include:
36. • When a surfactant is placed in water it forms micelles at concentrations above its
critical micelle concentration(CMC), they form aggregates known as micelles.
• In a micelle, the hydrophobic tails flock to the interior in order to minimize their
contact with water, and the hydrophilic heads remain on the outer surface in order
to maximize their contact with water .
CMC
36
37. • Critical micellar concentration is the concentration at which
the monomeric surfactant molecules associates into small
aggregates called micelles.
• Diluting the surfactant solution to below the cmc causes the
micelles to disperse or break up into single or nonassociated
surfactant molecules.
• Micelles are not static aggregates but dissociate, regroup and
reassociate rapidly.
• There is a dynamic equilibrium between single surfactant
molecules and micelles.
• The shape of micelles in dilute surfactant solutions
is approximately spherical.
CMC
37
38. •Solubilization can be defined as the spontaneous dissolving of a substance by
reversible interaction with the micelles of a surfactant in water to form a
thermodynamically stable isotropic solution with reduced thermodynamic activity
of the solubilized material.
•At surfactant concentrations above the cmc the solubility increases linearly with
the concentration of surfactant, indicating that solubilization is related to
micellization.
•The lower is the CMC value and higher the aggregation number , the more stable
are the micelles.
Micellar solubilization
38
40. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “HLB”
• All surfactants must have an oil loving portion and a water
loving portion or they would not have surface activity
• The ratio of the oil loving portion to the water loving
portion is what we call its balance.
• We measure this balance based on molecular weight
• “HLB” stands for
-Hydrophile / Lipophile / Balance
41. HLB SCALE
• It was invented by William C . Griffin
• The “system” was created as a tool to make it easier to use
Non-anionic surfactants
• It was intended as a large scale road map to good
emulsification performance.
• This keeps HLB scale smaller and more manageable.
• The working scale is from 0.5 to 19.5
• This number is then assigned to the non-ionic surfactant.
41
42. 42
HLB Value
Significance
HLB Value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Use
Water in oil
emulsifier
Oil in water Emulsifiers
Wetting Agents Detergents
Solubilizer
43. HLB SCALE
43
• 1 to 3.5: Antifoams
• 3.5 to 8: Water-in-Oil Emulsifiers
• 7 to 9: Wetting and spreading agents
• 8 to 16: Oil-in-Water Emulsifiers
• 13 to 16: Detergents
• 15 to 40: Solubilizers
Spans are lipophilic and have low HLB values(1.8-8.6)
Tweens are hydrophilic and have high HLB values(9.6-16.7)
A HLB value of 1 indicates that the surfactant is soluble in oil,
A HLB value of 20 implies that it is soluble in water.
46. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
• SDS is a common ingredient in detergents
• Other names for SDS include laurel sulfate and sodium
laurel sulfate
• As a detergent SDS destroys protein secondary, tertiary
and quaternary structure
• This makes proteins rod shaped
• SDS also sticks to proteins in a ratio of approximately 1.4 g
of SDS for each gram of protein
• Negative charge on the sulfate groups of SDS mask any
charge on the protein
47. Polar
Hydrophilic head
Non-polar
Hydrophobic tail
• Because it is amphipathic, SDS is a potent detergent
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-O-S-O-Na+
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
O
C12H25NaO4S
SDS-PAGE
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
49. SDS and Proteins
In aqueous solutions, SDS polarizes releasing Na+ and
retaining a negative charge on the sulfate head
So much SDS binds to proteins that the negative charge
on the SDS drowns out any net charge on protein side
chains
In the presence of SDS all proteins have uniform shape
and charge per unit length
SDS nonpolar chains arrange themselves on proteins and
destroy secondary tertiary and quarternary structrure
Thus shape is no longer an issue as the protein SDS
complex becomes rod shaped
52. 1- Increase the availability of hydrophobic
compounds.
2- Nutrient storage molecules.
3- Save the microbial cells from toxic
substances.
4- Efflux of harmful compounds.
5- Extracellular and intracellular interactions
such as quorum sensing and biofilm.
Physiological roles of
biosurfactant
53. CLICK HERE FOR MORE INFO
Quorum Sensing (QS) system
Bio Surfactants (BS)
system
Water quality management
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
54. The quorum sensing (QS) system is a bacterial communication
system characterized by the secretion and detection of signal
molecules – autoinducers – within a bacterial population. When it
reaches a population “quorum”, in which the autoinducers
threshold is achieved, the bacterial population coordinates its
responses to environmental inputs. QS is a global regulatory
system found in most bacterial species, controlling several and
diverse biological functions, such as virulence, biofilm formation,
bioluminescence and bacterial conjugation (Williams, P, & Camara,
M 2009). The main components of a quorum sensing system are
the QS signal synthesis, the signal receptor (regulatory protein),
and the signal molecule (Williams, P 2007). The complex
autoinducer/regulatory protein modulates the activity of the QS-
regulated genes (Dekimpe, V, & Deziel, E 2009).
Quorum Sensing (QS) system
55. Biosurfactants are potentially replacements for synthetic surfactants in
several industrial processes, such as lubrication, wetting, softening, fixing
dyes, making emulsions, stabilizing dispersions, foaming, preventing foaming,
as well as in food, biomedical and pharmaceutical industry, and
bioremediation of organic- or inorganic-contaminated sites. Glycolipids and
lipopeptides are the most important biosurfactants (BS) for commercial
purpose (Table 1).
Application of bio-surfactants
57. Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Fifth edition
Essentials of Physical pharmacy by C.V.S.Subramanyam
www.google.com
R.S. Reis, G.J. Pacheco, A.G. Pereira and D.M.G. Freire
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56144
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[3] Henkel, M, Müller, M. M, Kügler, J. H, Lovaglio, R. B, Contiero, J, Syldatk, C, et al.
Rhamnolipids as biosurfactants from renewable resources: Concepts for next-generation
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