metamorphic rocks and their distinguishing features-megascopic and microscopic study of gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble and slate
Properties and characteristics and uses of metamorphic rocks
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
metamorphic rocks and their distinguishing features-megascopic and microscopic study of gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble and slate
Properties and characteristics and uses of metamorphic rocks
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
All Igneous rock textures with examples in easy and simple way to understand and increase microscopic studies skills and the way to easily identify igneous rocks under polarized microscope.
All Igneous rock textures with examples in easy and simple way to understand and increase microscopic studies skills and the way to easily identify igneous rocks under polarized microscope.
Surfaces & shapes for the kitchen and bath. Manfacturer of Cast Polymer products ranging from kitchen countertops to elegant whirlpools, soaking tubs, tub surrounds, vanity tops with integral bowls, windowsills, standard shower bases, orbases that can be custmized to meet your specifications or ADA specifications, shower walls, soap/shampoo holders, gas furnace faces and hearths. What can be imagined...can be created.
Aditya birla group to buy jaypees guj cement for rs 3800crNagesh Charugundla
UltraTech Cement will acquire the Gujarat Cement Unit of Jaypee Cement Corp Ltd. Gujarat Cement Unit comprises of an integrated cement unit at Sewagram and grinding unit at Wankbori, the company said in a statement.
Can you solve these questions please with clear explanation Describe.pdfAmansupan
Can you solve these questions please with clear explanation Describe the main difference
between Kaolinite and Montmorillonite clay minerals Differentiate between Sedimentary,
Igneous and metamorphic Rocks. Identify the main Transportation agents for the following
types of soil. Wind Sea (salt water) Lake (fresh water) River\" Ice
Solution
Minerals-Montmorillonite
Minerals-Kaolinite
The main difference between Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks, is the way that they
are formed, and their various textures.
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are formed when magma (or molten rocks) cool down, and become solid. High
temperatures inside the crust of the Earth cause rocks to melt, and this substance is known as
magma. Magma is the molten material that erupts during a volcano. This substance cools down
slowly, and causes mineralization to take place. Gradually, the size of the minerals increase until
they are large enough to be visible to the naked eye. Igneous rocks are mostly formed beneath
the Earth’s surface.
The texture of Igneous rocks can be referred to as Phaneritic, Aphaneritic, Glassy (or vitreous),
Pyroclastic or Pegmatitic. Examples of Igneous Rocks include granite, basalt and diorite.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are usually formed by sedimentation of the Earth’s material, and this
normally occurs inside water bodies. The Earth’s material is constantly exposed to erosion and
weathering, and the resulting accumulated loose particles eventually settle, and form
Sedimentary rocks. Therefore, one can say, that these types of rocks are formed slowly from the
sediments, dust and dirt of other rocks. Erosion takes place due to wind and water. After
thousands of years, the eroded pieces of sand and rock settle, and become compacted to form a
rock of their own.
Sedimentary rocks range from small clay-size rocks to huge boulder-size rocks. The textures of
Sedimentary rocks are mainly dependent on the parameters of the clast, or the fragments of the
original rock. These parameters can be of various types, such as surface texture, round, spherical
or in the form of grain. The most common type of Sedimentary rock is the Conglomerate, which
is caused by the accumulation of small pebbles and cobbles. Other types include shale, sandstone
and limestone, which is formed from clastic rocks and the deposition of fossils and minerals.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are the result of the transformation of other rocks. Rocks that are subjected to
intense heat and pressure change their original shape and form, and become Metamorphic rocks.
This change in shape is referred to as metamorphism. These rocks are commonly formed by the
partial melting of minerals, and re-crystallization. Gneiss is a commonly found Metamorphic
rock, and it is formed by high pressure, and the partial melting of the minerals contained in the
original rock.
Metamorphic rocks have textures like slaty, schistose, gneissose, granoblastic or hornfelsic.
Examples of these types .
Metamorphic rocks process of formation 2014aalleyne
S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed.
c. Classify (metamorphic) rocks by their process of formation.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. What type of rock is formed
when change occurs from heat
and pressure in the Earth?
Characteristics
Hardened sediment with layers (strata) of sandy or
clayey stone; mostly brown to gray; may have
fossils and water or wind marks
3. Metamorphic Rocks
• Metamorphic rocks are formed by the effect of heat and
pressure on existing rocks.
• This can greatly affect the hardness, texture or layer patterns of
the rocks.
Magma
metamorphic
rock
forming
here
heat
Pressure from surface
rocks
10. Type of Metamorphism
• 1. Cataclastic Metamorphism
This type of metamorphism occurs mainly
due to direct pressure
• Cataclastic metamorphism is mere
mechanical breakdown of rocks without any
new mineral formation, however, sometime
due to intense shearing few new minerals are
formed.
11. 2.Contact Metamorphism-
This type of metamorphism occurs locally adjacent
to the igneous intrusion; with high temp. and low
stress
There is little change in bulk composition of the
rock
The rocks formed are non-foliated fine-grained
rocks called as HORNFELS.
12. 3.Regional Metamorphism-
metamorphism occurs covering larger area, which
is subjected to intense deformation under direct or
differential stress.
Rocks formed under such environment are usually
strongly foliated, such as slates, schists, and
gniesses.
14. Types of Metamorphic RocksTypes of Metamorphic Rocks
FOLIATED
The common foliated rocks in the order of increasing grain size are
SLATE – PHYLLITE – SCHIST – GNEISS
NON-FOLIATED
Quartzites and Marble
15. STRUCTURES IN METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Foliation: when platy, lamellar or flaky minerals
(eg. sheet silicate minerals the micas: biotite and
muscovite, chlorite, talc, and serpentine),
occurring in rock orient themselves parallel to
one another (i.e. perpendicular to the direction of
maximum pressure or stress). Foliation: planar fabric
element
Random
orientation
Of minerals
Preferred
orientation
Of minerals
16. • Lineation: when prismatic or rod-like
minerals (eg. Hornblende, tourmaline etc.)
occurring in a rock orient themselves parallel
to one another (perpendicular to direction of
maxi. Pressure or stress)
Lineation: any linear fabric elements
17. SLATY CLEAVAGE
- usually formed during the early stage of
Low-grade Metamorphism due to
lithostatic stress.
- New sheet-structure minerals tends to
be parallel to the bedding planes during
metamorphism.
19. SCHISTOSE STRUCTURE
- usually formed during intermediate and high grade metamorphism
- Grain size increases and can be seen by naked eye; grains tends to enlarge
with increasing grade of metamorphism; the coarse grained sheet-structure
minerals show preferred orientation
- grain size is the main difference between the slaty structure and schistos
structure.
20. GNEISSIC STRUCTURE
- usually associated with high-grade regional metamorphism (where
differential stress prevails I.e. tectonic forces)
- where the sheet silicates and other minerals like
quartz/feldspars/hornblende/pyroxene are segregated in distinct bands in
the rocks- known as gneissic banding.
21. Classification of Metamorphic rocks based
on texture/structures
PHYLLITE
-similar to slate, but slightly coarser phyllosilicate grains
-grains can be seen in hand specimen, giving silk
appearance to cleavage surfaces
-often cleavage planes less perfectly planar than slates
SLATE
-strongly cleaved rock
-cleavage planes are developed due to orientation of fine
phyllosilcate grains eg. Muscovite, biotite, chlorite etc.
-individual grains too fine to be visible with naked eye
-overall dull appearance
22. SCHIST
-parallel alignment of moderately coarse grains
(fabric=schistocity)
-grains are visible by eye
-mainly phyllosilicates and other minerals such as hornblende,
kyanite etc.
GNEISS
-coarse grained rock (grain size several millimetres) and
-foliated (planar fabric: either schistosity or compositional layering)
-tendency for different minerals to segregate into layers parallel to
foliation (gneissic layering): typically quartz and feldspar rich layers
tend to separate from micaceous layers.
Varieties:
--Orthogneiss: rocks formed from Igneous rocks
-- paragneiss: rocks formed from Sedimentary rocks
-metasedimentary gneisses
23. QUARTZITE
SANDSTONE (composed of quartz/feldspars/feldspathoid
minerals) when under go metamorphism result into
Quartzite.
Granulose texture/structure (Granoblastic) makes them
most competent rock amongst all other metamorphic rocks.
Because metamorphism of Sst. Result disappearance of
cementing material, bedding planes, fossil content etc.
Quartzites are compact, hard and strong; very less porous
and less permeable than the parent Sst.
Predominance of Quartz makes the rock very hard and
suitable for road metal; can be used as concrete aggregate
etc.
Acts as strong foundation for any CE structure.
24. MARBLE
Latin word “Marmor”– Shining stone.
Calcareous metamorphic rock
Though it shows granulose structure it is not as hard as Quartzite because of
its Calcareous composition; but can withstand reasonable load.
Due to its pleasant colour and brilliant appearance when polished it is
extensively used as building stone.
Calcite
26. Metamorphic rocks
1.GNEISS (Granite gneiss)
Grain size : coarse grained
Usual Colour : Grey
Structure : Gneissose
Texture : Banded texture.
Composition : K-feldspar, Quartz are formed as light
colour bands, maffic minerals formed as dark bands
and biotite,hornblende,pyroxene are occur in minor
amounts
Occurrence: Its occurs as a product of high grade
dynamothermal metamorphism and present of gneissos
structure represent high grade metamorphism
28. Metamorphic rocks
3. GNEISS
Grain size : coarse grained
Usual Colour : Grey
Structure : Gneissose
Texture : Banded texture.
Composition : K-feldspar, Quartz are formed as light
colour bands, maffic minerals formed as dark bands
and biotite,hornblende,pyroxene are occur in minor
amounts
Occurrence: Its occurs as a product of medium-
high grade metamorphism, gneiss are formed at low
grade metamorphism (originated from regional
metamorphic rocks)
29. Metamorphic rocks
2.SCHIST (Mica Schist)
Grain size : Fine grained
Usual Colour : Light white, Green
Structure : Schistose, flaky
Texture : fine grained with flakes
Composition : Muscovite
Occurrence: Its occurs as dynamothermal
metamorphism and present of muscovite indicate the
low grade metamorphism
Schistose structure indicate that formed under
dynamothermal metamorphism
31. Metamorphic rocks
6.SLATE
Grain size : fine grained
Usual Colour : Bluish black (melano)
Structure : sheet like structure (laminated)
Texture : fine grained with bedding planes.
Composition : Mica(muscovite,biotite), chlorite,
Hornblend, qtz, feldspar
Occurrence: It’s a product of cataclastic metamorphism
by directed pressure and its originated from dynamic
metamorphism with the presence of hydroxyli minerals
indicate low grade metamorphism.
35. 4.QUARTZITE
Grain size : coarse grained
Usual Colour : Brown
Structure : Granulose
Texture : Granoblastic.
Composition : SANDSTONE (composed of
quartz/feldspars/feldspathoid minerals) when under go
metamorphism result into Quartzite. Because
metamorphism of Sst. Result disappearance of
cementing material, bedding planes.
Occurrence: Its occurs as a product of thermal
metamorphism.
Non-foliated metamorphic rocks
