This document provides information on marble mining and processing in India. It begins with definitions and classifications of dimension stone and marble. It then discusses the history of stone use in India and geographical distribution of marble resources. The key points are that India has a long history of stone building construction, and houses a large portion of the world's marble resources, with the majority located in Rajasthan. The document proceeds to describe marble mining techniques, from conventional to modern mechanized methods. It outlines the processing of marble into blocks, slabs and tiles using gang saws and wire saws. Finally, it discusses the marble trade, with major export countries being the US, China, and Italy, and major imports from Italy, Sri Lanka,
building stone
classification of stone
physical properties of stone
chemical properties of stone
types of building stone
uses in different construction
quarrying of building stone
prevention of stone
different tests performed on the stone
Building Stones: Varieties of Indian Stones, Quarrying blasting, Dressings of stones,
Characteristics of good building stones, Slate, Marble, Artificial stones, Stone
Preservation
building stone
classification of stone
physical properties of stone
chemical properties of stone
types of building stone
uses in different construction
quarrying of building stone
prevention of stone
different tests performed on the stone
Building Stones: Varieties of Indian Stones, Quarrying blasting, Dressings of stones,
Characteristics of good building stones, Slate, Marble, Artificial stones, Stone
Preservation
Marbles available at - https://www.tradeindia.com/Seller/Construction-Real-Estate/Marble/
As we are aware that marble is extensively used in the field of building & construction industry, it is also used for various other purposes in architecture, sculptures, design, etc. Here, we have presented some of the most used marbles along with designs, patterns and color variations.
Building stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving or roofing materials in the construction of buildings and other structures.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
The difference between vitrified tiles and ceramic tiles (pdf.io)Neha Gupta
Vitrified tiles are manufactured from mixtures containing clay and some elements like silica, quart and feldspar why ceramic tiles are made from only clay. Thus, the main difference between vitrified tiles and ceramic tiles are their compositions.
Stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin.
Most of the rocks are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or made into various shapes and blocks or slabs to be used walling, paving or roofing materials. Rocks are mostly used in the construction of buildings and hundreds of structures. Stones are categorised into building stones, ornamental stones and dimension stones.
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
Marbles available at - https://www.tradeindia.com/Seller/Construction-Real-Estate/Marble/
As we are aware that marble is extensively used in the field of building & construction industry, it is also used for various other purposes in architecture, sculptures, design, etc. Here, we have presented some of the most used marbles along with designs, patterns and color variations.
Building stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving or roofing materials in the construction of buildings and other structures.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
The difference between vitrified tiles and ceramic tiles (pdf.io)Neha Gupta
Vitrified tiles are manufactured from mixtures containing clay and some elements like silica, quart and feldspar why ceramic tiles are made from only clay. Thus, the main difference between vitrified tiles and ceramic tiles are their compositions.
Stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin.
Most of the rocks are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or made into various shapes and blocks or slabs to be used walling, paving or roofing materials. Rocks are mostly used in the construction of buildings and hundreds of structures. Stones are categorised into building stones, ornamental stones and dimension stones.
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
i hope dis helps you guys to make ur ppt's
basically I am just giving you all ideas, you can be as creative as you want when you make them.
if any comments or suggestions please let me know
thank you
Vernacular architecture can be defined as a type of local or regional construction, using traditional materials and resources from the area where the building is located. Consequently, this architecture is closely related to its context and is aware of the specific geographic features and cultural aspects of its surroundings, being strongly influenced by them. For this reason, they are unique to different places in the world, becoming even a means of reaffirming an identity.
Ornamental Stones are those stones that can be used for ornamental purposes.They can be used for architecture , construction and building of Tombs etc.
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3. DIMENSION STONES
➲ Dimension stone can be defined as natural rock material
quarried for the purpose of obtaining blocks or slabs that meet
specifications as to size (width, length, and thickness) and shape
(Barton, 1968, p. 4). Color, grain texture and pattern, and
surface finish of the stone are also normal requirements.
Durability (essentially based on mineral composition and
hardness and past performance), strength, and the ability of the
stone to take a polish are other important selection criteria.
method of finishing a stone, and the type of finish applied
(Stone World, 2001, p. 106-139).
4. India has a long history of utilisation of stones. Towering temples,
acquisitive carvings, huge imposing palaces, monuments,
musoleums, minarets, gates and artefacts speaks volumes about
the use of stones, let it be the Khajuraho, Delwara temples, caves
of Ajanta & Ellora, stupas of Sanchi, Konarktemple, Buland
Darwaza of Fatehpur Sikri, Victory Tower ofChittorgarh, Forts of
Rajasthan, U.P and Delhi all have been built using one stone or
other.
The Taj Mahal, beauty par excellence built in 17th century by
Emperor Shahjahan in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz
Mahal has been built using white marble from Makrana area,
Nagaur Distt. of Rajasthan.
Although Delwara temple at Mount Abu, built earlier than
Taj Mahal could not give impetus to marble industry as the Taj
had given. It has remained the trademark of India for the last
three hundred years.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. MARBLE
➲ The term marble is derived from the Latin word MURMUR which itself
came from Greek root ‘Marmorous’ meaning ‘Shining Stone’.
➲ Murmur in Persian means ‘White’ and ‘Sang’ means stone hence
‘Sange-murmur’
➲ Geological definition: A metamorphosed limestone produced by
recrystallisation under condition of thermal and also regional
metamorphism.
➲ In commercial parlance almost any rock which can take polish easily –
more especially unmetamorphosed lime stones are termed as marble.
➲ Marble definition (USGS):Commercial marble includes metamorphosed
lime stones and serpentine rocks, all of which are capable of taking a
polish. An important member of this classification is serpentine marble,
which is also known as Verde antique, and comprises green-to-black
serpentine, which is a hydrous magnesium silicate mineral that is
crisscrossed by veins of lighter minerals, such as calcite or dolomite.
10. Why is marble so beautiful?
It is largely consisting of calcite, whose boundaries are fused.
This has the ability to transmit lights to a depth of 12.7 to 38
millimeters from where it is reflected by the surfaces of deeper
lying crystals which gives a pleasing and cool look. Your eyes
will never tire off looking at marble.
11. TYPES OF MARBLE
. True marbles (recrystallised metamorphic limestone,
calciferous and cipolin (siliceous marbles)
➲ · Limestone dolomite and polishable calcareous breccia
➲ · Travertine deposited from water solutions
➲ · Onyx
➲ · Calcareous alabaster
➲ · Serpentines
➲ · Ophicalcite (serpentine limestones)
➲ · Verde-antique (massive serpentine with crossed vein lets of
other minerals like calcite/dolomite)
12. Indian Classification of Marble
➲ BIS : 1130-1969 (reaffirmed in October 1998) for marble blocks, slabs and tiles to be utilised as
dimension stone has classified marbles into 25 different categories comprising 7 categories
under a broad group of white marbles and 18 categories under a group of coloured marbles , 8
new varieties are also in the trade
The important new types not included in BIS classification are:
➲ 1) Yellow marble of Jaisalmer
➲ 2) Pista marble (amphibolite variety) of Andhi-Jhiri belt, Jaipur, Alwar and Dausa
districts, Rajasthan
➲ 3) Brown green and golden ultramafics of Dunkar, Churu district, Rajasthan
➲ 4) Chocolate-brown and English teak wood marble of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan
➲ 5) Parrot green marble of Jhilo in Sikar district, Rajasthan
➲ 6) Chocolate-brown or wood finish marble of Mandaldeh, Chittaurgarh district, Rajasthan
➲
➲ 7) Purple marble of Tripura Sundari in Banswara district, Rajasthan
➲ 8) Blue marble of Desuri in Pali district, Rajasthan
13. International Classification of marble
Group A
Sound marbles with uniform and favourable working qualities containing no geological flaws
or voids.
Group B
Marbles similar in character to the preceding group, but less favourable working qualities
may have natural faults such as hairline cracks, voids and inclusions, a limited amount
of wasting, sticking and filling may be required.
Group C
Marbles with some variation in working qualities, geological flaws, voids, veins and lines of
separation are common. It is standard practice to repair these variations by one or more
of several methods - wasting, sticking, filling or cementing. Liners and other forms of
reinforcement are used when necessary.
Group D
Marbles similar to Group C but containing a larger proportion of natural faults such as cracks,
voids, discolouration, maximum variations in working qualities and requiring more of the
same methods of finishing. This group comprises many of the highly coloured marbles
significant for their decorative values.
The soundness classifications merely indicate what method and amount of repair and
fabrication is necessary prior or during installation, as based on standard trade
practices.
14. Resources of Marble
Geological distribution:
Dharwar System:
The marble belonging to Dharwar System is mostly distributed in Aravali and Raialo Series of
Rajasthan, Champaner Series of Gujarat, Sakoli Series of Madhya Pradesh and Chilpi Series
of Maharashtra.
Cuddapah and Delhi Systems
Marble deposits of Cuddapah System are located in the Papaghani Series of Andhra Pradesh,
Bijawar series of Madhya Pradesh and Kaladgi Series of Karnataka. Delhi System marbles
are located in Alwar Series and Ajabgarh Series of Rajasthan. Marbles of Ajabgarh Series are
exposed around Jaipur Bharatpur, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Mewar, Udaipur and Sirohi areas of
Rajasthan; Danta and Palanpur area of Gujarat; and Narnaul area of Haryana.
Vindhyan System
It is mostly found in Morena district of Madhya Pradesh, and Guntur & Kurnool districts of Andhra
Pradesh. Bhima Series are developed in Bijapur and Gulburga districts of Karnataka. Marble
belonging to Vindhyan System is of creamy, grey, bluish and buff in colours and is capable of
taking a good polish.
Jurassic System
Fossiliferous limestones of Jurassic System occurring in Jaisalmer and Bikaner districts of
Rajasthan take very good polish.
Cretaceous System
Coraline limestone belonging to Bagh Beds of Upper Cretaceous age furnish a very handsome
marble capable of taking a good polish and are located at Kherwan, Chirakhan and Bowarle in
Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh.
15. Geographical Distribution
Andhra Pradesh: Khamam,Cuddapah,Nellore districts
Gujarat : Ambuja Marble deposit, Banakantha dist, Ambaji, Jarivav, Kumbheri,
Kateshwar,Bharaj, Khikla etc. Chhuchupura Marble deposit in Vadodra districts
Haryana : Antri – Beharipur, Zainpur, Chappra-Bibipur, Nangal durg, Islampur and Dhanota-
Dhancoli in Mahendergarh districts.
Jammu & Kashmir : Doda and Kupwada districts.
Maharashtra: Near villages Katta-Hiwara, Kadbikhera, Sakaritola, Pauni, Chorbaoli,Deolapar,
Mansar, Kandri, Chargaon, Junewani, etc. in Nagpur district.
Madhya Pradesh : Katni, Jabalpur, Narsinghpur, Harda, Sidhi and Jhabua districts.
Rajasthan:20Districts : Ajmer,Alwar,Banswara,Bhilwara,Bundi,Chittorgarh,Churu,
Dausa,Dungarpur,Jaipur,Jaisalmer,Jalore,Jodhpur,Nagaur,Pali,Rajsamand,
Sikar,Udaipur
16. Resources of Marble 1.4.2005 (UNFC) (Grade-wise)
(000 t)
(Cat 121 & 122) Cat 333)
(Max.)
Grade Reserve Resources Total
Total 4700 178938 1792638
White colour 373 8193 8566
Off colour 108 677435 677543
Unclassified 0 1080531 1080531
Not known 4219 21779 25998
21. All India Value of production ,2001-02 to 2005-06
(Value: Rs. Million)
2001-02 4425
2002-03 5535
2003-04 5443
2004-05 5780
2005-06 12652
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
YEAR
Value Rs.Million
25. Mining of marble
➲ marble mines are semi-mechanised and few are fully
mechanised
➲ preferred mining method is 'Bench-Quarrying'
➲ mining machineries like line drillers, chain saws, belt
saws, diamond wire saw cutters, derrick cranes,
loaders and tippers are used
➲ ultimate product in marble mining is parallelepiped
regular blocks, luffers and khandas
➲ Fully mechanised mines recover about 35% regular
blocks, 30% luffers and 30% khandas
44. Processing of marble
➲ Dressing of block by single blade cutter or wire saw cutter
➲ Fixing on trolley for gang saw cutting
➲ Cutting blocks by gang saw or Circular saw
➲ Processing of marble is done mainly to get sawn slabs and
tiles of varying thickness
➲ Recovery of slabs from regular blocks after processing
ranges from 60 to 70 per cent
45. INDUSTRY FLOW DIAGRAM
EXPORTS
QUARRY/
PRODUCERS
AGENTS DIRECT SALES
SLAB DISTRBUTION
WHOLE SELLERS
STONE FINISHERS
CONTRACTORS
RETAILERS
LOCAL SALES
STONE PROCESSORS
SLABS/TILES
FLOORING TABLE TOPS VANITIES MOSAIC
CLADDING KITCHEN TOPS FACADE SKIRTING
EXPORTS
LOCAL SALES
MUSEUMS
HOTELS
PERSONAL
ARTEFACTS
ORNAMENTAL
MONUMENTS
RAW BLOCKS
71. Major Trading countries from India
Major Exports Major Imports
U.S.A Italy
China Sri Lanka
Hong Kong Turkey
Italy Egypt
Spain Oman
U.A.E Vietnam
Iran
72. Exports of Marble (Total ) (Quantity & Value )
Year Quantity
000t
Value
Rs. Million
Per Unit
Value
2001-02 170 1841 10.82
2002-03 253 1894 7.49
2003-04 261 2383 9.13
2004-05 242 2230 9.21
2005-06 259 2494 9.62
73. Exports of Marble by type
(Dressed & Others)
(Quantity : in 000 t) ; (Value: in Rs. Million)
Dressed Others
Year Quan
tity
Value PerUnit
Value
Quan
tity
Value PerUnit
Value
2001-02 157 1716 10.92 13 125 9.62
2002-03 239 1748 7.31 14 146 10.43
2003-04 175 1875 10.71 59 392 6.64
2004-05 202 1728 8.55 40 502 12.55
2005-06 198 1611 8.14 61 883 14.48
74. Value of Exports of Marble vis-à-vis Granite (Total)
Value: Rs. Million
Year Marble Granite
2001-02 1841 18739
2002-03 1894 23746
2003-04 2383 25063
2004-05 2230 27258
2005-06 2494 34906
75. Imports of Marble (Total)
(Quantity : in 000 t) ; (Value: in Rs. Million)
Year Quantity Value Per Unit
Value
2001-02 52 922 17.73
2002-03 87 1476 16.96
2003-04 97 1713 17.65
2004-05 134 2564 19.13
2005-06 182 3410 18.73
76. Total Demand (Value-wise)
(Rs. million)
Year Produ
ction
Export Balance
A
Imports
B
Total
consumption
A+B
2001-02 4425 1841 2584 922 3506
2002-03 5535 1894 3641 1476 5117
2003-04 5443 2383 3060 1713 4773
2004-05 5780 2230 3550 2564 6114
2005-06 12652 2494 10158 3410 13568
77. DEMAND OF MARBLE (Value in Rs. Million)
y = 2112.1x + 279.3
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2011-
2012
Series1 DEMAND OF MARBLE
78. POLICY
➲ Marble, and other stones are minor minerals, as per the definition contained
under Section 3 (e) of Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act,
1957.
➲ Group on Marble Development
➲ Subgroup- 'Building up a Database on Marble'
➲ Subgroup- 'Examining Mechanisation in Marble Quarries'
➲ both the Subgroups had submitted the reports.
➲ Marble Development and Conservation Rules (MDCR), 2002 framed for
conservation and systematic development and scientific mining of marble
throughout the country
➲ As per the export-import policy announced for the years 2004-09; the imports
of Marble (excluding alabaster) under heading 2515 and Marble & other items
under code no. 25174100 and 25174900 are restricted.
80. STRENGTH
Huge deposits
High quality stones
A developed quarrying base
A leading exporter of stones which is ranked 3rd in the world
Cheap availability of labour
Easy availability of indigenously developed machinery
Large domestic market
A well established distribution network within India
A large processing capacity
A tradition of stone architecture & usage
81. WEAKNESS
Low quality awareness in customers
Poor quality consciousness in manufacturers
Absence of a training mechanism for the stone industry and a resultant shortage of
skilled and trained workforce
Lack of scientific exploitation techniques in quarries
Poor polishing and finishing techniques
Poor segregation, sorting and gradation
Improper packaging practices
Inability to stick to a strict delivery schedule
Improper installation techniques. Lack of promotion of new deposit areas
Dumping of stones abroad at low prices
Lack of Value addition for the export market
Absence of long-term and a rational policies
Absence of sales tax initiatives to the stone craft industry
Lack of understanding about the need for testing of stones
Lack of testing facilities in Northern India
Unorganised
Lack of education and training facilities
Lack of global outlook
Presence of unscrupulous exporters
82. OPPORTUNITIES
A large domestic market
Increase in construction activity in India
Increasing awareness amongst Architects
Unexplored potential for exports growth
An expanding work market
An increased trend towards exports of finished goods
Globalisation and liberalization
Strategic location with sea links to all the major continents
Export Demand for stone handicrafts
Export potential of sandstone and slates
83. THREATS
Opening up of import regulations
Competition from ceramic products
Import restriction in Europe without proper test certifications
Widespread environmental degradation
Closure due to unscientific exploitation
Rescession due to over production
Competition from China, South Africa, South Korea, Brazil, Turkey,
South Korea etc.
Group promotion strategies of competitor countries
Dropping prices of Indian stones in the International market