Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rock types that have been altered by heat, pressure, and chemical processes usually while buried deep underground. There are two basic types - foliated rocks that have a banded or layered appearance due to heat and pressure, and non-foliated rocks that do not have distinct layers. Some common metamorphic rocks include gneiss, slate, schist, quartzite, and marble.
metamorphic rocks and their distinguishing features-megascopic and microscopic study of gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble and slate
Properties and characteristics and uses of metamorphic rocks
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
metamorphic rocks and their distinguishing features-megascopic and microscopic study of gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble and slate
Properties and characteristics and uses of metamorphic rocks
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
Rocks are a combination of minerals that are bonded together in some way.
All rocks are made of minerals
Monomineralic- contain one mineral
Polymineralic- contain more than one mineral
Rocks are classified into three groups by how they are formed
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock
Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling or solidification of magma or lava.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments, a process called lithification.
Metamorphic rocks are formed by preexisting rocks that are exposed to extreme heat and pressure in the
Earth’s interior, a process called metamorphism.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
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Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. Sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock
Igneous rock
sedimen
ts
magma
Burial
compaction
Heatand/or
pressure
metamorphis
m
Weathering
anderosion
(Uplift)
Heat and/or pressure
metamorphis
m
5. •Metamorphic rocks have been modified
by heat, pressure, and chemical
processes, usually while buried deep
below Earth's surface. Exposure to
these extreme conditions has altered
the mineralogy, texture, and chemical
composition of the rocks.
6. •There are two basic types of
metamorphic rocks.Foliated
metamorphic rocks such
as gneiss, phyllite, schist,
and slate have a layered or banded
appearance that is produced by
exposure to heat and directed pressure.
7. •Non-foliated metamorphic rocks such
as hornfels, marble, quartzite,
and novaculite do not have a layered or
banded appearance. Pictures and brief
descriptions of some common types of
metamorphic rocks are shown on this
page.
8. • Amphibolite is a
______
metamorphic rock
that forms
through
recrystallization
under conditions
of high viscosity
and directed
pressure. It is
composed
primarily
of hornblende(am
phibole)
and plagioclase,
usually with very
little quartz.
9. • Gneiss is a
foliated
metamorphic
rock that has a
banded
appearance and
is made up of
granular
mineral grains.
It typically
contains
abundant quart
z or feldspar m
inerals.
10. • Hornfels is a
fine-grained
nonfoliated
metamorphic
rock with no
specific
composition. It
is produced by
contact
metamorphism.
Hornfels is a
rock that was
"baked" while
near a heat
source such as
a magma
chamber, sill,
or dike.
11. • Phyllite is a
foliated
metamorphic
rock that is
made up mainly
of very fine-
grained mica.
The surface of
phyllite is
typically
lustrous and
sometimes
wrinkled. It is
intermediate in
grade
between slate
and schist
12. • Novaculite is a
dense, hard,
fine-grained,
siliceous rock
that breaks with
a conchoidal
fracture. It
forms from
sediments
deposited in
marine
environments
where organisms
such as diatoms
(single-celled
algae that
secrete a hard
shell composed
of silicon
dioxide) are
abundant in the
water
13. • Lapis Lazuli,
the famous
blue gem
material, is
actually a
metamorphic
rock. Most
people are
surprised to
learn that, so
we added it to
this photo
collection as a
surprise. Blue
rocks are rare,
and we bet
that it captured
your eye
14. • Quartzite is a
non-foliated
metamorphic
rock that is
produced by
the
metamorphis
m
of sandstone.
It is
composed
primarily
of quartz
15. • Slate is a
foliated
metamorphic
rock that is
formed
through the
metamorphis
m of shale. It
is a low-
grade
metamorphic
rock that
splits into
thin pieces
16. • Schist is a
metamorphic
rock with well-
developed
foliation. It
often contains
significant
amounts of
mica which
allow the rock
to split into
thin pieces. It is
a rock of
intermediate
metamorphic
grade
between phyllite
and gneiss. The
17. • Soapstone is a
metamorphic
rock that
consists
primarily
of talc with
varying
amounts of
other minerals
such as micas, chlorite,
amphiboles, pyroxenes,
and carbonates. It is
a soft, dense,
heat-resistant
rock that has a
high specific
heat capacity
