The document discusses uncovering metabolic pathways relevant to phenotypic traits of microbial genomes. It describes analyzing genomic and phenotypic data to construct pathway profiles for organisms and using machine learning techniques like ReliefF, SVMAttributeEval, naïve Bayes classifier, J48, IB1 and SMO to select relevant pathways and distinguish traits like methanogenesis. Key pathways discussed include methanogenesis, biosynthesis of coenzyme A, heme biosynthesis and phospholipids in archaea membranes.
Methanogenesis is the biological production of methane through two pathways. It is carried out by methanogenic archaea under strictly anaerobic conditions. These archaea use one-carbon compounds like carbon dioxide, methanol, or methylamines as substrates. They reduce these substrates using coenzymes like coenzyme M, coenzyme F420, methanofuran, and tetrahydromethanopterin to produce methane as the end product through a series of reduction steps. Methanogenesis provides an important source of energy for the methanogenic archaea in environments like wetlands, digestive systems, and anaerobic digesters.
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.
This document discusses various types of anaerobic respiration. It describes how anaerobic respiration works using electron acceptors other than oxygen, such as nitrates, sulfates, or carbon dioxide. It then examines different forms of anaerobic respiration in more detail, including denitrification, sulfate reduction, and sulfur disproportionation. Key enzymes and pathways involved in nitrate reduction, sulfate reduction, and other processes are outlined.
The shikimic acid pathway is a seven-step metabolic route used by plants and microorganisms to produce aromatic amino acids from carbohydrates. It converts phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate into chorismic acid, which is further converted into prephenic acid and then the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. This pathway is important for the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds like lignin, flavonoids, alkaloids, and secondary metabolites. It provides the starting point for the production of phenolic compounds through the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.
The document discusses complexation, which is the combination of individual groups or molecules to form larger molecules or ions. Complexes are formed through coordination bonds between a central metal atom or ion and surrounding ligands. Ligands can be monodentate, bidentate, or polydentate. Complexation has applications in drug delivery through properties like enhanced solubility and stability. Metal ion complexes and organic molecular complexes are discussed as examples. Protein binding of drugs is another type of complexation that affects drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion by binding drugs and rendering them pharmacologically inactive. Factors influencing protein binding include drug properties, protein properties, and patient factors.
Methanogenesis is the biological production of methane through two pathways. It is carried out by methanogenic archaea under strictly anaerobic conditions. These archaea use one-carbon compounds like carbon dioxide, methanol, or methylamines as substrates. They reduce these substrates using coenzymes like coenzyme M, coenzyme F420, methanofuran, and tetrahydromethanopterin to produce methane as the end product through a series of reduction steps. Methanogenesis provides an important source of energy for the methanogenic archaea in environments like wetlands, digestive systems, and anaerobic digesters.
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.
This document discusses various types of anaerobic respiration. It describes how anaerobic respiration works using electron acceptors other than oxygen, such as nitrates, sulfates, or carbon dioxide. It then examines different forms of anaerobic respiration in more detail, including denitrification, sulfate reduction, and sulfur disproportionation. Key enzymes and pathways involved in nitrate reduction, sulfate reduction, and other processes are outlined.
The shikimic acid pathway is a seven-step metabolic route used by plants and microorganisms to produce aromatic amino acids from carbohydrates. It converts phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate into chorismic acid, which is further converted into prephenic acid and then the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. This pathway is important for the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds like lignin, flavonoids, alkaloids, and secondary metabolites. It provides the starting point for the production of phenolic compounds through the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.
The document discusses complexation, which is the combination of individual groups or molecules to form larger molecules or ions. Complexes are formed through coordination bonds between a central metal atom or ion and surrounding ligands. Ligands can be monodentate, bidentate, or polydentate. Complexation has applications in drug delivery through properties like enhanced solubility and stability. Metal ion complexes and organic molecular complexes are discussed as examples. Protein binding of drugs is another type of complexation that affects drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion by binding drugs and rendering them pharmacologically inactive. Factors influencing protein binding include drug properties, protein properties, and patient factors.
This document provides an overview of drug metabolism and biotransformation. It defines biotransformation as the biochemical alteration of drugs or xenobiotics by enzymes. The liver is identified as the major site of biotransformation. Drug metabolism occurs in two phases - phase I involves reactions like oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis. Phase II involves conjugating reactions. Factors like enzyme induction and inhibition can influence the extent of drug metabolism. Cytochrome P450 enzymes and phase I and II enzymes involved in biotransformation are also discussed.
This document discusses different types of metal ion complexes and protein binding. It describes inorganic complexes containing ligands such as ammonia and cyanide. Chelates form more stable complexes due to multiple bonding sites for the metal. Organic molecular complexes involve weaker interactions like hydrogen bonding or charge transfer. Inclusion complexes trap one component within the lattice structure of the other. Common examples discussed include hexamine cobalt chloride, caffeine complexes, and drug polymer interactions.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and the key building blocks that make up living organisms. It states that water makes up 70% of a cell's weight, and carbon is the basis for nearly all cellular molecules except water. The four most abundant elements in organisms are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, which make up 96.5% of an organism's weight. Carbon has unique properties that allow it to form long chains and rings that are the basis for important biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. These macromolecules are assembled through enzyme-controlled reactions and their function depends on the sequence of their monomer subunits.
Characterization & structure elucidation of certain classes of Sec.MetabolotesNilesh Thorat
The document discusses the characterization and structure elucidation of terpenoids and alkaloids.
It provides details on the general chromatographic techniques used to study terpenoids, including TLC, gas chromatography, HPLC and column chromatography. Common chemical and physical methods to determine the structure of terpenoids and alkaloids are also summarized, such as determining molecular formula, functional groups, unsaturation, and using spectroscopic and degradation studies. The document focuses on the analytical techniques and reactions used to elucidate organic structures from these important classes of plant secondary metabolites.
This document discusses isomers of monosaccharides. It begins by classifying monosaccharides based on number of carbon atoms (trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses). It then discusses different types of isomers that can occur in monosaccharides: epimers arising from differences in hydroxyl group position; anomers arising from ring opening/closing; D/L isomers arising from asymmetric carbon configuration; and aldose-ketose isomers arising from functional group differences. Specific examples like glucose, fructose and their isomers are provided. Structural representations like Fischer projections, Haworth projections and chair/boat conformations are also explained.
Natural chemistry Structure elucidation of EmetineAnam Ilyas
The document discusses the structure elucidation of the alkaloid emetine, which is derived from the dried roots of Ipecacuanha plant. It summarizes that emetine has the molecular formula C29H40N2O4 and contains two 6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline units joined to a C5H8 fragment. The structure of emetine was proved through its total synthesis. Spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry were used to further characterize the structure of emetine.
This document provides definitions and classifications of complex compounds. It defines complexes as molecules where most bonding structures can be described by classical theories but one or more bonds are anomalous. Complexes result from donor-acceptor reactions between Lewis acids and bases. They are divided into metal ion complexes, organic molecular complexes, and inclusion complexes. Metal complexes involve coordination between metal ions and ligands. Chelates form cyclic structures with multidentate ligands. Organic complexes involve weaker interactions like hydrogen bonding. Inclusion complexes entrap guest molecules in host structures like channels, layers, or cavities. Common examples of complexes and their properties are discussed.
synthesis of hetero-cyclic drugs which act as anti-malarial drugs where you get all information about synthesis, preparation, properties, uses of drugs.
1. The document provides an introduction to biochemistry including defining it as the science concerned with chemical basis of life and chemical constituents of living cells.
2. It describes the key components of living matter including water, inorganic substances, and organic biomolecules.
3. The key cellular organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and their functions are outlined.
Biotransformation involves the chemical alteration of drugs in the body through phase 1 and phase 2 reactions. Phase 1 reactions like oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis activate or expose functional groups on drugs. Phase 2 reactions like conjugation make drugs more polar and excretable. The liver is the primary site of biotransformation through cytochrome P450 enzymes and UDP-glucuronyltransferases. First pass metabolism can decrease oral bioavailability. Drug interactions can occur through enzyme induction, increasing metabolism of other drugs, or enzyme inhibition, decreasing metabolism of other drugs.
This document discusses different types of polymerization, including addition/chain growth polymerization and step polymerization. It focuses on addition/chain growth polymerization, describing the three types: free-radical chain growth polymerization, anionic chain growth polymerization, and cationic chain growth polymerization. Free-radical polymerization uses initiating molecules to start the polymerization reaction and grow polymer chains through a chain reaction mechanism. Anionic and cationic polymerizations also use initiating molecules and chain growth, but differ in whether an anion or cation is used to start and propagate the reaction. Termination of radical polymerization occurs through recombination or disproportionation of polymer chains.
This document provides an overview of matter and its composition. It discusses the basic units and structures of atoms, including subatomic particles. It also describes the different types of chemical bonds between atoms, including ionic bonds formed through electron transfer and covalent bonds formed through electron sharing. Additionally, it covers basic concepts in chemistry including the periodic table, isotopes, and chemical reactions.
Spectroscopic and chemical techniques for structure elucidation of alkaloidsSidratal Muntaha
Spectroscopic and chemical techniques for structure elucidation of compounds. 2D-NMR, COSY, ADEQUATE, proton NMR, carbon 13 NMR and other spectral methods were used for structure elucidation of alkaloids.
This document discusses fluorinated amino acids, their properties, and potential applications. It begins by providing background on amino acids and fluorine chemistry. It then discusses several potential applications of fluorinated amino acids, including as probes to study protein structure and dynamics, as enzyme inhibitors, and for protein engineering to develop novel or improved properties. Specific examples discussed include using fluorinated amino acids to study protein complexes using NMR, incorporating them into peptides to provide immunological and kinetic data, and designing hyperstable protein folds using fluorinated building blocks. In summary, the document reviews promising applications of fluorinated amino acids in life sciences by exploiting their unique properties.
This document discusses ionic chain polymerization, specifically cationic polymerization. It begins by introducing cationic initiators such as Lewis acids and protonic acids. Cationic polymerization proceeds via a chain mechanism involving initiation, propagation, and termination steps. The carbocation intermediate is stabilized by electron-donating substituents on the monomer. Common industrial cationic polymerizations include isobutylene and styrene. Factors that influence the rate of cationic polymerization such as solvent effects and carbocation stability are also discussed.
Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Physical Pharmaceutics I , 3rd semester B.Pharm, Complexation & protein binding, Classification in detail, determination methods, application of complexes in pharmacy.
Respiration is the process by which glucose is oxidized to produce energy. It occurs via three main stages - glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes pyruvate and generates more ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation uses the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthase to produce the majority of ATP. Respiration is essential for producing the energy currency ATP that cells need to carry out life functions.
The central dogma of molecular biology, the basic structure of nucleic acids, Genetic code, 4 levels of protein structure, Revision question with answers
The document summarizes key aspects of the circulatory, lymphatic, and immune systems. It describes the major components of blood (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) and their functions. It explains the structure and functioning of the heart, including the heart chambers, valves, heart sounds, and regulation of heartbeat. It also outlines the types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood pressure, and lymphatic system components (lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus). Finally, it provides a brief overview of blood typing and natural immunity.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process. It is an ancient and nearly universal pathway that occurs in the cytosol of cells. Glycolysis consists of two phases - the preparatory phase in which ATP is consumed to modify glucose, and the payoff phase in which net ATP is produced. Key steps include phosphorylation of glucose, isomerization to fructose, and cleavage and rearrangement to two trioses. This yields two pyruvate molecules, two ATP, and two NADH from each glucose. Glycolysis is highly regulated and crucial for energy production in most organisms.
The document discusses the human circulatory and lymph systems. It describes that the circulatory system consists of blood and blood vessels, including the heart. The lymph system consists of lymph fluid, vessels, and nodes. It provides details on blood components like erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. It also explains the functions of various blood vessels and circulation processes.
This document provides an overview of drug metabolism and biotransformation. It defines biotransformation as the biochemical alteration of drugs or xenobiotics by enzymes. The liver is identified as the major site of biotransformation. Drug metabolism occurs in two phases - phase I involves reactions like oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis. Phase II involves conjugating reactions. Factors like enzyme induction and inhibition can influence the extent of drug metabolism. Cytochrome P450 enzymes and phase I and II enzymes involved in biotransformation are also discussed.
This document discusses different types of metal ion complexes and protein binding. It describes inorganic complexes containing ligands such as ammonia and cyanide. Chelates form more stable complexes due to multiple bonding sites for the metal. Organic molecular complexes involve weaker interactions like hydrogen bonding or charge transfer. Inclusion complexes trap one component within the lattice structure of the other. Common examples discussed include hexamine cobalt chloride, caffeine complexes, and drug polymer interactions.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and the key building blocks that make up living organisms. It states that water makes up 70% of a cell's weight, and carbon is the basis for nearly all cellular molecules except water. The four most abundant elements in organisms are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, which make up 96.5% of an organism's weight. Carbon has unique properties that allow it to form long chains and rings that are the basis for important biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. These macromolecules are assembled through enzyme-controlled reactions and their function depends on the sequence of their monomer subunits.
Characterization & structure elucidation of certain classes of Sec.MetabolotesNilesh Thorat
The document discusses the characterization and structure elucidation of terpenoids and alkaloids.
It provides details on the general chromatographic techniques used to study terpenoids, including TLC, gas chromatography, HPLC and column chromatography. Common chemical and physical methods to determine the structure of terpenoids and alkaloids are also summarized, such as determining molecular formula, functional groups, unsaturation, and using spectroscopic and degradation studies. The document focuses on the analytical techniques and reactions used to elucidate organic structures from these important classes of plant secondary metabolites.
This document discusses isomers of monosaccharides. It begins by classifying monosaccharides based on number of carbon atoms (trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses). It then discusses different types of isomers that can occur in monosaccharides: epimers arising from differences in hydroxyl group position; anomers arising from ring opening/closing; D/L isomers arising from asymmetric carbon configuration; and aldose-ketose isomers arising from functional group differences. Specific examples like glucose, fructose and their isomers are provided. Structural representations like Fischer projections, Haworth projections and chair/boat conformations are also explained.
Natural chemistry Structure elucidation of EmetineAnam Ilyas
The document discusses the structure elucidation of the alkaloid emetine, which is derived from the dried roots of Ipecacuanha plant. It summarizes that emetine has the molecular formula C29H40N2O4 and contains two 6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline units joined to a C5H8 fragment. The structure of emetine was proved through its total synthesis. Spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry were used to further characterize the structure of emetine.
This document provides definitions and classifications of complex compounds. It defines complexes as molecules where most bonding structures can be described by classical theories but one or more bonds are anomalous. Complexes result from donor-acceptor reactions between Lewis acids and bases. They are divided into metal ion complexes, organic molecular complexes, and inclusion complexes. Metal complexes involve coordination between metal ions and ligands. Chelates form cyclic structures with multidentate ligands. Organic complexes involve weaker interactions like hydrogen bonding. Inclusion complexes entrap guest molecules in host structures like channels, layers, or cavities. Common examples of complexes and their properties are discussed.
synthesis of hetero-cyclic drugs which act as anti-malarial drugs where you get all information about synthesis, preparation, properties, uses of drugs.
1. The document provides an introduction to biochemistry including defining it as the science concerned with chemical basis of life and chemical constituents of living cells.
2. It describes the key components of living matter including water, inorganic substances, and organic biomolecules.
3. The key cellular organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and their functions are outlined.
Biotransformation involves the chemical alteration of drugs in the body through phase 1 and phase 2 reactions. Phase 1 reactions like oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis activate or expose functional groups on drugs. Phase 2 reactions like conjugation make drugs more polar and excretable. The liver is the primary site of biotransformation through cytochrome P450 enzymes and UDP-glucuronyltransferases. First pass metabolism can decrease oral bioavailability. Drug interactions can occur through enzyme induction, increasing metabolism of other drugs, or enzyme inhibition, decreasing metabolism of other drugs.
This document discusses different types of polymerization, including addition/chain growth polymerization and step polymerization. It focuses on addition/chain growth polymerization, describing the three types: free-radical chain growth polymerization, anionic chain growth polymerization, and cationic chain growth polymerization. Free-radical polymerization uses initiating molecules to start the polymerization reaction and grow polymer chains through a chain reaction mechanism. Anionic and cationic polymerizations also use initiating molecules and chain growth, but differ in whether an anion or cation is used to start and propagate the reaction. Termination of radical polymerization occurs through recombination or disproportionation of polymer chains.
This document provides an overview of matter and its composition. It discusses the basic units and structures of atoms, including subatomic particles. It also describes the different types of chemical bonds between atoms, including ionic bonds formed through electron transfer and covalent bonds formed through electron sharing. Additionally, it covers basic concepts in chemistry including the periodic table, isotopes, and chemical reactions.
Spectroscopic and chemical techniques for structure elucidation of alkaloidsSidratal Muntaha
Spectroscopic and chemical techniques for structure elucidation of compounds. 2D-NMR, COSY, ADEQUATE, proton NMR, carbon 13 NMR and other spectral methods were used for structure elucidation of alkaloids.
This document discusses fluorinated amino acids, their properties, and potential applications. It begins by providing background on amino acids and fluorine chemistry. It then discusses several potential applications of fluorinated amino acids, including as probes to study protein structure and dynamics, as enzyme inhibitors, and for protein engineering to develop novel or improved properties. Specific examples discussed include using fluorinated amino acids to study protein complexes using NMR, incorporating them into peptides to provide immunological and kinetic data, and designing hyperstable protein folds using fluorinated building blocks. In summary, the document reviews promising applications of fluorinated amino acids in life sciences by exploiting their unique properties.
This document discusses ionic chain polymerization, specifically cationic polymerization. It begins by introducing cationic initiators such as Lewis acids and protonic acids. Cationic polymerization proceeds via a chain mechanism involving initiation, propagation, and termination steps. The carbocation intermediate is stabilized by electron-donating substituents on the monomer. Common industrial cationic polymerizations include isobutylene and styrene. Factors that influence the rate of cationic polymerization such as solvent effects and carbocation stability are also discussed.
Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Physical Pharmaceutics I , 3rd semester B.Pharm, Complexation & protein binding, Classification in detail, determination methods, application of complexes in pharmacy.
Respiration is the process by which glucose is oxidized to produce energy. It occurs via three main stages - glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes pyruvate and generates more ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation uses the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthase to produce the majority of ATP. Respiration is essential for producing the energy currency ATP that cells need to carry out life functions.
The central dogma of molecular biology, the basic structure of nucleic acids, Genetic code, 4 levels of protein structure, Revision question with answers
The document summarizes key aspects of the circulatory, lymphatic, and immune systems. It describes the major components of blood (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) and their functions. It explains the structure and functioning of the heart, including the heart chambers, valves, heart sounds, and regulation of heartbeat. It also outlines the types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood pressure, and lymphatic system components (lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus). Finally, it provides a brief overview of blood typing and natural immunity.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process. It is an ancient and nearly universal pathway that occurs in the cytosol of cells. Glycolysis consists of two phases - the preparatory phase in which ATP is consumed to modify glucose, and the payoff phase in which net ATP is produced. Key steps include phosphorylation of glucose, isomerization to fructose, and cleavage and rearrangement to two trioses. This yields two pyruvate molecules, two ATP, and two NADH from each glucose. Glycolysis is highly regulated and crucial for energy production in most organisms.
The document discusses the human circulatory and lymph systems. It describes that the circulatory system consists of blood and blood vessels, including the heart. The lymph system consists of lymph fluid, vessels, and nodes. It provides details on blood components like erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. It also explains the functions of various blood vessels and circulation processes.
This document summarizes information about prosthetic heart valves, including their composition, designs, complications, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. The main points are:
1. Prosthetic heart valves can be mechanical or biological and common complications include valve failure, endocarditis, thrombosis, and bleeding issues.
2. Clinical presentation of valve complications depends on the type and location of the valve as well as the nature of the complication, ranging from acute heart failure to thromboembolic events.
3. Diagnosis involves imaging like chest x-ray and echocardiography, as well as blood tests and cultures. Transesophageal echocardiography is particularly useful for evaluating prost
This document discusses various metabolic engineering approaches to modify crop plants. It covers engineering pathways to increase production of desirable compounds like vitamins and minerals, and reduce antinutrients. Specific examples discussed include producing provitamin A in golden rice, modifying starch and fructan biosynthesis to improve gut health, and preventing cyanogenic glucoside production in cassava. Both transgenic and non-transgenic methods are described, including using genes only from within a crop's gene pool. The goal is to enhance crop productivity and nutritional quality for human health.
CitrusCyc: Metabolic Pathway Databases for the C. clementina and C. sinensis...Surya Saha
CitrusCyc is a metabolic pathway database for the Citrus clementina and Citrus sinensis genomes. It was constructed using the Pathway Tools software and contains pathways, reactions, enzymes and genes derived from the annotated citrus genomes and the MetaCyc database. The database contains over 25,000 proteins and 40,000 transcripts with EC numbers for both citrus species. It provides visualizations of metabolic pathways and allows for overlay of RNA-seq expression data. Future work includes manual curation of pathways and development of a Meta-CitrusCyc database.
The document discusses different types of mechanical heart valves that have been developed over time to replace dysfunctional natural heart valves. It begins by describing the function of natural heart valves and reasons for their replacement. Early mechanical designs like the ball-and-cage valve and tilting disk valves are outlined, followed by modern bileaflet valves. The materials used in heart valves and modes of failure are also covered. Overall the document provides a history of mechanical heart valve design and materials as well as considerations for evaluating prosthetic heart valves.
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - systemic circulation carries blood to the body and pulmonary circulation carries blood to and from the lungs. Blood flows from the heart through arteries, then narrows into smaller arterioles and capillaries where nutrients and gases are exchanged with body tissues before returning to the heart through veins. Maintaining healthy blood pressure can prevent circulatory diseases like heart attacks and strokes.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the structure and function of the heart, properties of cardiac muscle, the cardiac cycle, heart sounds and murmurs, electrocardiography, congenital and acquired heart diseases, and considerations for dental care for patients with heart conditions. Key points covered include the layers of the heart wall, pacemaker cells, conduction system, electrical activity of cardiac muscle, stages of the cardiac cycle, classification of heart murmurs, common congenital defects like ventricular septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot, acquired conditions like rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis, and prophylactic measures for dental procedures in high-risk patients.
Mechanical and bioprosthetic heart valves have evolved significantly since the first prosthetic valve implantation in 1952. Modern bileaflet mechanical valves provide improved central blood flow compared to older caged ball designs. Tissue valves like porcine and pericardial valves do not require lifelong anticoagulation but have limited durability. Prosthetic heart valves are prone to complications like thrombosis, structural deterioration, endocarditis, and paravalvular leak. Careful monitoring and treatment is needed to optimize outcomes.
The document summarizes porphyrias, which are metabolic disorders caused by enzymes in the heme biosynthesis pathway. They cause neurological or skin symptoms, sometimes both. The term comes from the Greek word for purple, as patients' feces and urine turn purple in light during attacks. Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) results from defects in porphobilinogen deaminase, causing porphyrin precursors to accumulate. Attacks are triggered by factors like alcohol, drugs, hormones, infections, and starvation. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, neuropathy, and psychiatric issues. Prevalence varies in different populations. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, including hematin intravenously.
This document provides an overview of principles of hemostasis. It begins with an introduction and discusses Virchow's triad, which describes the three main factors that influence blood coagulation: changes in blood vessels, blood flow, and blood components. Primary hemostasis mediated by platelets is described. Secondary hemostasis and the coagulation cascade are then explained. Laboratory tests for evaluating hemostasis are also summarized. The document concludes with sections on vitamin K antagonists and the anticoagulant warfarin.
This document discusses various types of heart valve prostheses including mechanical and bioprosthetic valves. It provides details on specific valve models and discusses considerations for aortic and mitral valve replacement. Complications related to valve replacement and long-term follow-up and management are outlined. Several postoperative syndromes that can occur are also summarized.
Turbulent blood flow plays an essential localizing role in the development of...SHAPE Society
The study investigated the role of hemodynamic forces in localizing atherosclerotic lesions in hypercholesterolemic rats with abdominal aorta constriction. Doppler ultrasound showed turbulent blood flow downstream of the constriction with lower wall shear stress, while laminar flow and normal wall shear stress occurred upstream. Rats with constriction developed focally distributed atherosclerotic lesions downstream but only diffuse fatty streaks upstream. Immunohistochemistry also showed greater oxidative stress downstream. Thus, turbulent blood flow combined with hypercholesterolemia promotes localized plaque formation, showing hemodynamic forces prime the local vessel wall for lesion development.
The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including stress-strain relationships, hardness, and the effect of temperature on properties. It describes common tests used to evaluate these properties such as tensile, compression, bending, and hardness tests. The tensile test is used to generate a stress-strain curve and determine properties like elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility. The shape of the stress-strain curve provides information about the material's behavior and properties.
Lesson 7.1 inborn errors of metabolism princesa2000
This document discusses inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs), which are genetic disorders caused by defects in metabolic pathways. It covers:
- Classification of IEMs including disorders of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism.
- Presentation of IEMs in newborns including non-specific symptoms like vomiting and seizures.
- Diagnosis through family history, physical exam, and simple lab tests to check for metabolic acidosis.
- Treatment options like dietary restrictions, supplements, and gene therapy depending on the specific IEM.
Biology Project [Circulatory System] Vijay Raja Std Vii Navdeep With Soundvijayaswathy
My project was to prepare a presentation on human circulatory system.
This is what it finally looked like .
Hope it comes of some use to you all .
Vijay Raja
The circulatory system carries blood and substances throughout the body using the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through arteries. Blood flows through veins back to the heart. It is composed of plasma, red blood cells that carry oxygen, white blood cells that fight disease, and platelets that help blood to clot.
This document discusses inborn errors of metabolism. It begins by defining metabolism as the breakdown and building up of molecules through catabolic and anabolic pathways, facilitated by enzymes. Inborn errors of metabolism are disorders caused by mutations that block normal metabolic pathways, resulting in toxic metabolites. The document then classifies different types of inborn errors affecting amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and pigment metabolism. It outlines patterns of clinical presentation including encephalopathy, liver disease, dysmorphic features, and neurological symptoms. The document stresses the importance of early metabolic investigations for treating inborn errors.
Methanogens are archaea that obtain energy through the anaerobic synthesis of methane from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, or organic compounds like acetate. They are strict anaerobes that thrive in environments rich in organic matter like the rumen, wetlands, and sediments. Chemolithotrophs are prokaryotes that obtain energy from the oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds like hydrogen, ammonia, and sulfide while fixing inorganic carbon. They generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation using electrons from inorganic molecules in their electron transport chain rather than organic nutrients. Methanogens and chemolithotrophs play important ecological roles in biogeochemical cycling through the removal and fixation of compounds.
The document discusses reaction molecular signature networks and conserved modules in metabolism. It introduces molecular signatures to represent molecules and reactions, and describes how reaction molecular signatures encode chemical transformations by representing the difference between product and substrate molecular signatures. Conserved modules in metabolism can then be identified by analyzing networks of related reactions based on common chemical transformations in their molecular signatures. This approach allows investigation of conserved chemical transformations in metabolic pathways while accounting for enzyme promiscuity.
Metabolomics-Introduction, metabolism, intermediary metabolism, metabolic pathways, metabolites, metabolome, metabolic turnover, techniques used in metabolomics, metabolite profiling methods, data analysis, metabolomic resources, role of metabolomics in system biology.
This document summarizes various methods for modifying natural enzymes and proteins, including co-translational and post-translational modification methods. Co-translational modifications include regulation of translation, protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, and myristoylation, prenylation, and palmitoylation. Post-translational modifications occur after synthesis and include proteolysis, phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and methylation. The document also discusses random mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis methods for modifying enzymes.
Translation of mRNA into protein occurs through three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, the ribosome assembles on the mRNA with the help of initiation factors. In elongation, tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons and link them together to form the polypeptide chain. Termination occurs when a stop codon enters the A site, signaling the release of the complete protein. In eukaryotes, post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and protein folding further process the protein to produce its active form.
nitrate and sulfate reduction ; methanogenesis and acetogenesisjyoti arora
this presentation includes following topics in brief:
1. nitrate assimilatory reduction
2. sulfate assimilatoery reduction
3. methanogenesis
4. acetogenesis
nitrate and sulfate reduction ; methanogenesis and acetogenesisjyoti arora
this powerpoint includes the following topics in brief:
1. Nitrate assimilatory reduction
2. Sulfate assimilatory reduction
3. Methanogenesis
4. Acetogenesis
Metabolism refers to the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within living organisms. It includes the breakdown of nutrients and organic matter to harvest energy through cellular respiration as well as using energy to construct cellular components. Metabolic profiling studies the low-molecular weight metabolites and intermediates that reflect genetic and physiological changes in organisms. Each cell and tissue has a unique metabolic fingerprint that can provide specialized or generalized physiological information depending on the biofluid studied, such as urine or plasma. Metabolic engineering aims to optimize genetic and regulatory processes in cells to increase production of desired substances.
L25&26 fundamental concept (biochemistry)Rione Drevale
This document discusses aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in microorganisms. It describes the key metabolic processes of catabolism, biosynthesis, polymerization, and assembly that take place in cells. It explains how ATP is generated through aerobic respiration or anaerobic pathways like respiration and fermentation. The roles of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration and various compounds in anaerobic respiration are highlighted. Genetic exchange mechanisms of transformation, conjugation and transduction are also summarized along with applications of recombinant DNA technology.
Metabolism involves a network of biochemical reactions that break down nutrients and synthesize biomolecules in living cells. These reactions are organized into metabolic pathways and are regulated by enzymes and hormones. A defect in any single enzyme of a pathway can lead to an inborn error of metabolism, blocking the pathway and causing the accumulation of intermediates. Studying metabolism provides insight into metabolic disorders and how the body adapts to different conditions.
Phototrophy, chemotrophy and autotrophy in prokaryotesRahul Kunwar Singh
This document provides information about the microbial physiology course SLS/MIC/C007. The course covers microbial growth, metabolism, and cell structure over 5 units: 1) Phototrophy and Chemotrophy, 2) Respiration, 3) Nitrogen and Sulfur Metabolism, 4) Transport and Communication, and 5) Stress Response. Key topics include photosynthesis, chemolithotrophy utilizing hydrogen, sulfur, and iron oxidation, and carbon fixation pathways such as the Calvin cycle and reverse citric acid cycle that allow autotrophic growth.
The document discusses classifying microbes based on their metabolic requirements and laboratory techniques used for culturing bacteria. It covers Robert Koch's pioneering work developing strategies for cultivating bacteria. It describes the four phases of bacterial growth in laboratory conditions. Key techniques discussed include obtaining pure cultures using streak plating on semi-solid agar media, and maintaining and storing stock cultures.
prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
This document provides an introduction and overview of the course CE508 - Metabolic Engineering. It outlines the course details including instructor, meeting times, textbook, grading criteria, projects, and course objectives. The document then discusses key concepts in metabolic engineering including using recombinant DNA technology to direct the improvement of cellular properties and metabolic pathways. It describes metabolic engineering as a directed evolution strategy and explains the analytical and synthetic components including metabolic flux analysis and genetic engineering implementations.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the course CE508 - Metabolic Engineering. It outlines the course details including instructor, meeting times, textbook, grading criteria, projects, and course objectives. The document then discusses key concepts in metabolic engineering including using recombinant DNA technology to direct the improvement of cellular properties and metabolic pathways. It describes metabolic engineering as a directed evolution strategy and explains the analytical and synthetic components including metabolic flux analysis and genetic engineering implementations.
This document provides an overview of chemioenergetics and oxidative phosphorylation. It discusses how mitochondria convert food into ATP through a series of redox reactions known as the electron transport chain located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. These reactions establish a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP. Specifically, it describes (1) the structure and function of the electron transport chain complexes and enzymes, (2) how the chemiosmotic theory and proton gradient underlie ATP production, and (3) the binding change mechanism of ATP synthesis by ATP synthase. The document concludes that oxidative phosphorylation is the key process by which mitochondria generate cellular energy in the form of ATP.
The document discusses amino acids and protein structure and function. It begins by describing how amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains and proteins. It then explains that amino acids can be essential, nonessential, or conditionally essential depending on whether they must be obtained from diet. The document also discusses protein structure, the uses of proteins in the body, and how the body breaks down and uses amino acids for energy or biosynthesis through various pathways.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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8. Methanogenesis
• Process of biological production of methane carried out by a
group of strictly Anaerobic Archaea called as methanogens
for ATP generation.
• The reduction of CO2 by H2 to form methane (CH4) is a major
pathway of methanogenesis and is a forms of anaerobic
respiration.
• Methanogenesis is a unique series of biochemical reactions
that employs novel coenzymes.
C1 carriers
• Coenzyme methanofuran
• Methanopterin
• Methyl reductase enzyme complex.
Redox Coenzymes
• Coenzymes F420 and 7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate(
coenzyme B-CoB),
• Methyl reductase enzyme complex.
9. Methanogenesis from CO2 + H2
1. CO2 is activated by a
methanofuran-containing enzyme
and reduced to the formyl level.
2. The formyl group is transferred to
methanopterin. It is subsequently
dehydrated and reduced in two
separate steps to the methylene and
methyl levels.
3. The methyl group is transferred from
methanopterin to enzyme
containing CoM by the enzyme
methyl transferase. Methyl-CoM is
reduced to methane by methyl
reductase.
10. Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan (part I: biosynthesis of
N-acetylmuramic acid)
• Peptidoglycan (murein) is a cell wall polymer common to most
eubacteria. In the first phase of its biosynthesis N-
acetylmuramate is formed.
• Members of the domain archaea lack peptidoglycan in their
cell wall (pseudopeptidoglycan).
• Instead of N-acetylmuramicacid, pseudomurein contains N-
acetyltalosaminuronic acid (the biosynthetic pathway of N-
acetyltalosaminuronic acid).
• The relevance of the N-acetylmuramic acid pathway in
distinguishing methanogens from non-methanogens
presumably represents the differences in cell wall composition
of archaea compared to eubacteria and identifies
methanogens as archaebacteria.
11. Biosynthesis of coenzyme A
• Coenzyme A is an acyl group carrier and plays a central role in
cellular metabolism.
• The biosynthetic pathway 'biosynthesis of coenzyme A' (coa1)
includes both the biosynthesis of coenzyme A from
pantothenate and the de novo synthesis of pantothenate.
• In several non-methanogenic archaea, the set of enzymes for
the synthesis of pantothenate is conserved with the
corresponding bacterial or eukaryotic enzymes.
• In methanogenic archaea, enzymes for the synthesis of
pantothenate lacks. Thus, autotrophic methanogens follow a
unique pathway for de novo biosynthesis of coenzyme A.
12. Heme biosynthesis (part II)
• Heme is a prosthetic group of many important heme proteins,
which are involved in electron transfer or gas transport.
• Heme proteins such as cytochromes a, b, and c and catalase
are also known for archaea. For the first part of heme synthesis
from delta-aminolevulinic acid to uroporphyrinogen III, the
homologs of the corresponding eukaryotic and bacterial
enzymes are present in many archaea.
• But for the conversion of uroporphyrinogen III to protoheme, is
absent in archaea .
• The relevance of this pathway for the phenotype
'methanogenesis’ presumably arises from the fact that all
methanogens known so far are members of the archaea
domain.
13. β-oxidation of fatty acids (Aerobic)
• This pathway depends on aerobic conditions
• Thus, its absense in the list of relevant pathways may refer to the
anaerobic lifestyle of methanogens.
• Distinguishing obligate anaerobes and obligate aerobes also
support this assumption, as the pathway of β-oxidation of fatty
acids is one of the most relevant pathways for this phenotype.
14. Degradation of L-threonine to L-2-amino-acetoacetate
and degradation of L-lysine to crotonyl-CoA
• Degradation of amino acids can be used either to gain energy
or to generate fatty acids. Both degradation pathways, are not
operative in methanogens.
• In some anaerobic microorganisms, degradation of several
amino acids is coupled to methanogens by a syntrophic
relationship: hydrogen, which is produced by the oxidation of
the amino acid in the degrading organism, is consumed in
methanogenesis by the methanogenic organism.
• Thus, looking at these degradation processes presumably helps
to distinguish methanogens from other anaerobic genomes.
15. Biosynthesis of phosphatidylserine and cardiolipin
• Phosphatidylserine and cardiolipin are both components of
biological membranes. Differences in membrane lipids led to
the distinction of the domain of archaea from the domain of
bacteria
• Composition and biosynthetic pathways of polar lipids in
methanogens differ from those of other groups of archaea.
• Among the archaea, phospholipids with amino groups, such
as phosphatidylserine, only occur in methanogens and some
related Euryarchaeota.
24. Genomic information
Filtration of Blast hit (0.01) E.C. Blast
t value=12
Phenotypic information
1. National Centre for Biotechnology information
2. EBI Intregated database
3. Karyns genomes
(Presence and absence of phenotypic traits)
25. Metabolic construction: Pathway profile
Types of Metabolic Construction
1. Binary Based Metabolic Construction (0 or1)
2. Score based Metabolic construction . (Score (P) = 0.0-1.0)
≤ 0.5 predicted presence of pathway
≥ 0.5 predicted absence of pathway
26. Pathway selection using machine learning
Univariate attribute Multivariate attribute
Single attribute (Pathway) evaluation Multiple attribute (Pathway) evaluation
• The Filter Methid
• The embedded method
• Wrapper method
27. Pathway selection using machine learning
• The Filter Method (ReliefF)
ReliefF assigns a (relevance) weight to each attribute according to how well their
values distinguish among instances of different classes and according to how well
they cluster instances of the same class and the nearest instances belonging to
other classes are determined.
• The Embedded Method (SVMAttributeEval)
SVMAttributeEval combines a (linear) Support Vector Machine (SVM) and the
technique of Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) in order to assess the relevance of
attribute subsets. RFE is an iterative process of training a classifier computing the
attribute ranking criterion for each attribute and removing the attribute with the
smallest ranking criterion.
• Wrapper method (naïve Bayes classifier)
Wrappers train a classifier based on an attribute subset and score the predictive
power of the subset by cross-validation. An exhaustive search for the best subset
among all possible attribute subsets is very complex due to the high number of
possible subsets.
28. Cross-check by classifiers (by optimizing the attribute weights
for the cost function)
•J48
J48 is based on pruned or unpruned C 4.5 decision trees learned by the algorithm.
C4.5 splits the input data into smaller subsets by iteratively choosing individual
attributes for the decision based on their information gain.
• IB1
IB1 is a nearest neighbor classifier based on normalized Euclidean distance. The
class of its nearest neighbor is assigned to an instance. Naïve Bayes is a
probabilistic classifier that applies a simplification of Bayes' law by (naïvely)
assuming the independence of attributes. Prior probability and likelihood
are estimated by the corresponding frequencies in the training data.
•SMO
SMO implements the sequential minimal optimization algorithm for training a SVM.
A SVM is looking for a hyperplane that is an optimal boundary between the
classes (that is, a boundary that maximizes the surrounding margin containing no
instance). The model is represented by socalled support vectors, a small set of
instances that are sufficient to determine the boundary. If linear separation is not
possible, the data can be transformed to a higher dimensional space by so-called
kernel functions in order to allow linear separation.
• naïve Bayes
44. First Step
Metabolic Construction
• Pedant (Genome Database)
• BioPath (Pathway Database)
Second Step
Pathway Selection
• Pathway profile
• Phenotypic Data
Third step
Cross Validation
• Attribute selection algorithms
• Classifier
Uncovering metabolic pathways relevant to phenotypic traits of microbial genomes 14th Oct, 2011
45. Conclusion
1. Relying on functional (metabolic) entities rather than individual genes, this
approach allows for the direct generation of hypotheses about the
biochemical basis of phenotypic traits.
2. This method is based on the completely automated analysis of genome
data. It is generic and thus applicable to any phenotype and to thousands
of genomes yet to be sequenced as a result of high-throughput
sequencing technologies.
3. This also includes species and phenotypes whose biochemistry is largely
unknown so far. The number of species that are not accessible by
experiments due to their life style but for which the genomic sequence is
available will also grow enormously in the next years.
4. Thus, the automatic linking of phenotypes to associated metabolic
processes, as provided by this method, will be highly valuable for the
interpretation of genome information.
Uncovering metabolic pathways relevant to phenotypic traits of microbial genomes 14th Oct, 2011