Metabolism involves a network of biochemical reactions that break down nutrients and synthesize biomolecules in living cells. These reactions are organized into metabolic pathways and are regulated by enzymes and hormones. A defect in any single enzyme of a pathway can lead to an inborn error of metabolism, blocking the pathway and causing the accumulation of intermediates. Studying metabolism provides insight into metabolic disorders and how the body adapts to different conditions.
"Bacterial metabolism: Fueling life's processes in tiny powerhouses."
Use of bacterial metabolism in biotechnology, biofuels, and other industries
Examples of how bacterial metabolism is harnessed for beneficial purposes
"Metabolism: the sum of chemical reactions in an organism, supporting growth, energy production, and vital functions."
"Bacterial Metabolism and Life: Pervading every aspect of life, shaping ecosystems, and influencing our world."
Bacterial metabolism refers to the collective chemical reactions and processes that occur within bacterial cells, enabling them to maintain life, grow, and reproduce. These metabolic activities involve a complex network of biochemical pathways that facilitate the conversion of nutrients into energy, biomolecules, and essential compounds necessary for bacterial survival.
Metabolic processes in bacteria include catabolic pathways that break down complex molecules (such as sugars) to release energy and anabolic pathways that build complex molecules (such as proteins, nucleic acids) using energy. Bacteria utilize various metabolic strategies based on their energy and carbon sources, including aerobic and anaerobic respiration, fermentation, and photosynthesis in photosynthetic bacteria.
The primary goals of bacterial metabolism are to obtain energy, synthesize necessary cellular components, regulate chemical processes, and adapt to changing environmental conditions. The understanding of bacterial metabolism is crucial for various fields, including medicine, agriculture, biotechnology, and environmental science, as it allows us to develop strategies to combat harmful bacteria, harness their metabolic capabilities for beneficial applications, and study their role in ecological systems.
"Bacterial metabolism: Fueling life's processes in tiny powerhouses."
Use of bacterial metabolism in biotechnology, biofuels, and other industries
Examples of how bacterial metabolism is harnessed for beneficial purposes
"Metabolism: the sum of chemical reactions in an organism, supporting growth, energy production, and vital functions."
"Bacterial Metabolism and Life: Pervading every aspect of life, shaping ecosystems, and influencing our world."
Bacterial metabolism refers to the collective chemical reactions and processes that occur within bacterial cells, enabling them to maintain life, grow, and reproduce. These metabolic activities involve a complex network of biochemical pathways that facilitate the conversion of nutrients into energy, biomolecules, and essential compounds necessary for bacterial survival.
Metabolic processes in bacteria include catabolic pathways that break down complex molecules (such as sugars) to release energy and anabolic pathways that build complex molecules (such as proteins, nucleic acids) using energy. Bacteria utilize various metabolic strategies based on their energy and carbon sources, including aerobic and anaerobic respiration, fermentation, and photosynthesis in photosynthetic bacteria.
The primary goals of bacterial metabolism are to obtain energy, synthesize necessary cellular components, regulate chemical processes, and adapt to changing environmental conditions. The understanding of bacterial metabolism is crucial for various fields, including medicine, agriculture, biotechnology, and environmental science, as it allows us to develop strategies to combat harmful bacteria, harness their metabolic capabilities for beneficial applications, and study their role in ecological systems.
Metabolomics-Introduction, metabolism, intermediary metabolism, metabolic pathways, metabolites, metabolome, metabolic turnover, techniques used in metabolomics, metabolite profiling methods, data analysis, metabolomic resources, role of metabolomics in system biology.
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Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
3. • Metabolism is a network of metabolic /biochemical
reactions.
• Carried out in living cells.
• In a well organized, integrated and regulated manner.
• Related to various biomolecules viz
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleoproteins
4. •Metabolism involves
interconversions of chemical
compounds in the body.
• Metabolite precursors are
transformed to end products via
many specific intermediates.
5. •Metabolism is the sum of the
chemical changes that convert:
•Nutrients into energy.
•Chemically complex substances of
cells into simpler forms.
•Chemically simple substances into
functional complex biomolecules.
6. The Sun is Energy for Life
Phototrophs (Plants) use light to
drive synthesis of organic
molecules.
Heterotrophs (Animals) use
these as building blocks.
CO2,O2 and H2O are recycled.
14. Metabolic Reaction
•Metabolic reaction is a biochemical
reaction where a metabolite is specifically
reacted by an Enzyme and Coenzyme to
give a product.
A E-Co B
15. Types Of Metabolic Reactions
• Reversible Reactions – Same Enzyme is required.
• Not regulatory steps.
E1
A E1 B
20. Metabolic Pathway
•Metabolic pathway is a series of well
defined and significant biochemical
reactions followed one after another
giving intermediate products and
finally end product of the pathway.
21. A Precursor of the pathway (A)
E1
B
E2
C Intermediates of the pathway (B,C,D)
E3
D
E4
E End Product of the pathway (E)
22. Organization of Pathways
• Pathways consist of sequential steps.
• The enzymes may be separate.
• May form a multienzyme complex.
• May be a membrane-bound system.
• New research indicates that multienzyme complexes
are more common than once thought.
24. Organization of Pathways
Linear
(product of rxns are
substrates for
subsequent rxns)
Closed Loop
(intermediates recycled)
Spiral
(same set of
enzymes used
repeatedly)
28. Types Of Metabolic Pathway
•Catabolic/Degradative /Energy
Generating/ATP producing
Pathways/Exothermic.
•Anabolic/Synthetic/Energy Utilizing/
ATP Using Pathways/Endothermic.
29. •Catabolic pathways involve
oxidative reactions producing
reducing equivalents- NADH+H+
and FADH2.
•Catabolic pathways converge to
few end products.
36. •Regulation means stimulation and
inhibition of pathways as per cellular
need.
•Hormones regulate the metabolic
pathways.
•Metabolic pathways are regulated to
allow the organism to respond to
changing conditions.
37. •Every metabolic pathway has its
specific regulatory enzymes/key
enzymes.
•Hormones regulate by either
stimulating /inhibiting the
regulatory/key enzymes of the
pathway.
38. Modes Of Metabolic Regulation
• Allosteric regulation
• Covalent modification
• Control of enzyme levels
• Compartmentalization
• Metabolic specialization of organs
39. •Feedback inhibition – product
of pathway down regulates
activity of early step in
pathway
41. Regulating Related Catabolic and
Anabolic Pathways
• Anabolic & catabolic pathways involving the
same compounds are not the same.
• Some steps may be common to both
• Others must be different - to ensure that each
pathway is spontaneous.
• This also allows regulation mechanisms to
turn one pathway onn and the other off.
42. Modes Of Enzymes Regulation
•Alteration in membrane permeability.
•Conversion of Inactive to Active form.
•Stimulation of mRNA translation.
•Induction of new mRNA formation.
•Repression of mRNA formation.
43. •Knowledge of normal
metabolism is essential for :
•Understanding adaptations of
Starvation
Exercise
Pregnancy and lactation.
•Understanding of metabolic
disorders.
44. Abnormal Metabolism Is Due To
Nutritional Deficiencies
Enzyme Defects
Hormonal Defects
Drug and Toxin Interactions
45. •Normal Enzyme and Hormonal
activities gives normal
metabolism and health to
human body.
•Defect in Enzymes and
Hormones derange the normal
metabolism.
46. Derangement in Metabolism
•Any defect or derangement in normal pattern of
metabolism leads to metabolic disorders.
•Mutation in Genes of Enzymes, forms defective
Enzymes.
•Congenital defect of Enzyme leads to Inborn
Error Of Metabolism.
47. Inborn Error Of Metabolism
•Congenital deficiency of any
single Enzyme of a metabolic
pathway leads to Inborn
Errors of Metabolism.
48. Enzyme Deficiency of a
Metabolic Pathway
• Blocks the metabolic reaction.
• Blocks the metabolic pathway.
• Accumulates and excrete intermediate
product of the pathway.
• No formation of end product of the
pathway.
• Affects other interrelated metabolic
pathways.
49. Methods Used to Study Metabolism
•Metabolic Reactions/Metabolic
Pathways were studied :
•Using whole organism/Cellular
fractions
•Using Metabolic Probes.
•Using Radioisotopes.