Ch03
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The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including stress-strain relationships, hardness, and the effect of temperature on properties. It describes common tests used to evaluate these properties such as tensile, compression, bending, and hardness tests. The tensile test is used to generate a stress-strain curve and determine properties like elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility. The shape of the stress-strain curve provides information about the material's behavior and properties.
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FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR
Griffith proposed that brittle materials contain fine cracks that concentrate stress below the theoretical strength, causing fracture. When a crack propagates, the new surface area requires energy from the released elastic strain energy of the material. Griffith established that a crack will propagate when the decrease in elastic strain energy is equal to or greater than the energy required to create the new surface. The stress intensity factor describes the stress near a crack tip and is used to predict crack propagation. Fracture toughness is the material property describing a material's resistance to crack propagation.
Fatigue Failure Slides
This document provides an overview of fatigue failure. It begins by defining fatigue as the premature failure or lowering of strength of a material due to repetitive stresses, even if they are below the material's yield strength. It then discusses key topics in fatigue such as stress cycles, S-N curves, fatigue testing, and factors that affect fatigue life. Crack initiation and propagation stages are described. Methods for improving fatigue performance, such as shot peening and removing stress concentrators, are also covered.
Fracture
This document discusses fracture in materials under tensile loads. It describes two main types of fracture: ductile and brittle. Ductile fracture occurs through plastic deformation and the growth of microvoids, leading to necking of the material before failure. Brittle fracture occurs suddenly without plastic deformation through rapid crack propagation perpendicular to the tensile stress. The document outlines the stages and characteristics of ductile fracture in metals and compares it to the flat, cleavage surfaces of brittle fracture.
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True stress
This document summarizes key parameters that can be determined from a true stress-true strain curve obtained from tensile testing of a material sample. These parameters include:
- True stress and true strain at maximum load, which represent the material's ultimate tensile strength and strain at necking.
- True fracture stress and true fracture strain, which represent the stress and strain at fracture after significant necking has occurred.
- True uniform strain, representing the strain up to maximum load before necking.
- True local necking strain, representing the additional strain from maximum load to fracture during necking.
- Strain hardening exponent and strength coefficient, materials constants that describe work hardening behavior and
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This document provides an introduction and overview of materials properties and applications. It discusses how physical properties help determine suitable manufacturing processes and optimize conditions. Various material groups are then outlined, including metals, plastics, ceramics and composites. Key mechanical properties like strength, ductility and hardness are defined. Tests for properties like impact resistance and shear strength are also introduced. Finally, common material applications are matched to exemplify different materials' key properties.
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The document discusses various phenomena related to yielding and plastic deformation in metals including:
1) Yield phenomenon and twinning that occurs in iron containing small amounts of carbon and nitrogen at different temperatures.
2) Blue brittleness that occurs due to strain aging during plastic deformation within a specific temperature range.
3) Lüders bands that form due to localized plastic deformation caused by dynamic strain aging of interstitial atoms pinning dislocations.
4) The Bauschinger effect where yield strength decreases when the direction of applied stress is reversed due to back stresses and annihilation of dislocations.
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FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR
Griffith proposed that brittle materials contain fine cracks that concentrate stress below the theoretical strength, causing fracture. When a crack propagates, the new surface area requires energy from the released elastic strain energy of the material. Griffith established that a crack will propagate when the decrease in elastic strain energy is equal to or greater than the energy required to create the new surface. The stress intensity factor describes the stress near a crack tip and is used to predict crack propagation. Fracture toughness is the material property describing a material's resistance to crack propagation.
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This document provides an overview of fatigue failure. It begins by defining fatigue as the premature failure or lowering of strength of a material due to repetitive stresses, even if they are below the material's yield strength. It then discusses key topics in fatigue such as stress cycles, S-N curves, fatigue testing, and factors that affect fatigue life. Crack initiation and propagation stages are described. Methods for improving fatigue performance, such as shot peening and removing stress concentrators, are also covered.
Fracture
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True stress
This document summarizes key parameters that can be determined from a true stress-true strain curve obtained from tensile testing of a material sample. These parameters include:
- True stress and true strain at maximum load, which represent the material's ultimate tensile strength and strain at necking.
- True fracture stress and true fracture strain, which represent the stress and strain at fracture after significant necking has occurred.
- True uniform strain, representing the strain up to maximum load before necking.
- True local necking strain, representing the additional strain from maximum load to fracture during necking.
- Strain hardening exponent and strength coefficient, materials constants that describe work hardening behavior and
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This document provides an introduction and overview of materials properties and applications. It discusses how physical properties help determine suitable manufacturing processes and optimize conditions. Various material groups are then outlined, including metals, plastics, ceramics and composites. Key mechanical properties like strength, ductility and hardness are defined. Tests for properties like impact resistance and shear strength are also introduced. Finally, common material applications are matched to exemplify different materials' key properties.
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The document discusses various phenomena related to yielding and plastic deformation in metals including:
1) Yield phenomenon and twinning that occurs in iron containing small amounts of carbon and nitrogen at different temperatures.
2) Blue brittleness that occurs due to strain aging during plastic deformation within a specific temperature range.
3) Lüders bands that form due to localized plastic deformation caused by dynamic strain aging of interstitial atoms pinning dislocations.
4) The Bauschinger effect where yield strength decreases when the direction of applied stress is reversed due to back stresses and annihilation of dislocations.
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The document discusses plasticity theory and yield criteria. It introduces Hooke's law and its limitations under large strains. Generalized Hooke's law is presented for isotropic and anisotropic materials. Common stress-strain curves are shown including elastic-plastic and strain hardening responses. Several yield criteria are covered, including maximum principal stress, Tresca, and von Mises criteria. The von Mises criterion uses a second invariant of stress to predict yielding of ductile materials. An example compares predictions of yielding using Tresca and von Mises criteria for a given stress state in aluminum.
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- It accounts for 90% of mechanical failures and occurs suddenly without warning.
- Three factors are needed for fatigue failure: a maximum stress, stress variation, and sufficient number of cycles.
- Fatigue testing involves subjecting specimens to cyclic stresses and recording the number of cycles until failure to generate an S-N curve.
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The document discusses the processing of traditional ceramics, new ceramics, and cermets. For traditional ceramics, raw materials are prepared by crushing and grinding, then shaped using processes like slip casting or plastic forming that involve water as a binder. The shaped pieces are dried and fired to bond the ceramic particles. New ceramics have stronger requirements and use processes from powder metallurgy, like dry pressing and sintering, for shaping and strengthening without water. Both types may be glazed or finished after firing.
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This document discusses various concepts related to stress and strain. It begins by explaining the three main types of loads - tension, compression, and shear. It then provides diagrams demonstrating these different types of loads. The document goes on to define engineering stress and strain and discuss their units. Several mechanical properties are also defined, including yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation. Finally, the document discusses various tests used to determine mechanical properties, including tensile, compression, hardness, and impact tests.
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This document discusses stress-strain curves and various material testing methods. It contains the following key points:
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2. Stress-strain curves relate the stress and strain experienced by materials. They contain useful data like proportional limit, elastic limit, yield point, ultimate strength, and ductile vs. brittle fracture behavior.
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2. Stress-strain curves relate the stress and strain experienced by materials. They contain useful data like proportional limit, elastic limit, yield point, ultimate strength, and ductile vs. brittle fracture behavior.
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I hope, you'll find it helpful...!
Em321 lesson 08b solutions ch6 - mechanical properties of metals
This document discusses mechanical properties that can be determined from a stress-strain curve obtained via tensile testing. It defines stress and strain, explains elastic and plastic deformation, and introduces key properties like modulus of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, ductility, toughness, and resilience. An example stress-strain curve is analyzed to find these properties numerically. The document emphasizes that stress-strain curves are commonly used instead of force-displacement plots to characterize materials.
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Terminology for Mechanical Properties The Tensile Test: Stress-Strain Diagram...
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The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials important for manufacturing including modulus, yield strength, tensile strength, stress-strain relationships, ductility, toughness, hardness, and fatigue. It explains how properties like modulus, strength, and stress-strain behavior are evaluated using tensile tests, and how properties like ductility, toughness, and hardness are measured and related to a material's suitability for manufacturing processes. Comparative data on the mechanical properties of common materials like metals, ceramics, polymers is also presented.
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This document discusses mechanical properties and tensile testing. It introduces key terms like stress, strain, elastic deformation, plastic deformation, yield strength, tensile strength, and ductility. It explains how mechanical properties like Young's modulus, yield strength, and tensile strength are determined from a stress-strain curve generated through uniaxial tensile testing. It also discusses plastic deformation through dislocation motion, strain hardening, necking, and factors that influence properties like processing methods. True stress and true strain are introduced as alternatives to engineering stress and strain for accounting for changes in cross-sectional area during deformation.
Mechanical properties of materials (lecture+2).pdf
The document discusses the mechanical properties of materials when subjected to different types of loading like axial, lateral, and torsional loads. It defines concepts like stress, strain, elastic and plastic deformation. It explains stress-strain diagrams and how they are used to determine properties like modulus of elasticity, yield strength, tensile strength, ductility, toughness, and resilience. Typical stress-strain behaviors of ductile and brittle materials are compared. Examples of determining properties from stress-strain curves are also provided.
Structures and Materials- Section 4 Behaviour of Materials
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The section will cover the behaviour of materials by introducing the stress-strain curve. The concepts of elastic and plastic deformation will be covered. This will then lead to a discussion of the micro-structure of materials and a physical explanation of what is happening to a polycrystalline material as it is loaded to failure.20 08 2020stress_straincurve_p
stress strain curve, mild steel, Aluminium, Brittle material, engineering stress vs true stress, engineering strain vs True strain, toughness
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Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The third chapter explains the engineering tests and fundamentals of mechanical properties of materials.
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The document discusses stress-strain curves, which plot the stress and strain of a material sample under load. It describes the typical stress-strain behavior of ductile materials like steel and brittle materials like concrete. For ductile materials, the curve shows an elastic region, yield point, strain hardening region, and ultimate strength before failure. The yield point marks the transition between elastic and plastic deformation. The document also discusses factors that influence a material's yield stress, such as temperature and strain rate, and implications for structural engineering like reduced buckling strength after yielding.
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This document provides information about a Mechanics of Materials course, including:
- The instructor's name and credentials.
- An overview of course contents including stresses, strains, torsion, bending, centroids, and beam deflection methods.
- An introduction to mechanics of materials and the objectives to analyze stresses, strains, and displacements in structures.
- Key terms like stress, strain, axial force, normal force, shear force, deformation, prismatic and non-prismatic bars are defined.
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Demonstration of Mechanical Behaviour of Material Using a Practical Approach
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This document announces an online workshop on demonstrating the mechanical behavior of materials using practical approaches. The workshop will be held on May 10, 2020 from 11:00 AM to 12:30 PM and will be conducted by Dr. Gaurav Gugliani and Mr. Pawan Bhawsar from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Mandsaur University. The workshop will provide an introduction to mechanical engineering and mechanical properties, discuss stress-strain and its types, material properties, and elastic moduli. It will also demonstrate stress-strain diagrams and the universal testing machine along with the types of tests performed on it.Demonstration of Mechanical Behaviour of Material Using a Practical Approach
Demonstration of Mechanical Behaviour of Material Using a Practical Approach Dr. Gaurav Kumar Gugliani
This document announces an online workshop on demonstrating the mechanical behavior of materials using practical approaches. The workshop will be held on May 10, 2020 from 11:00 AM to 12:30 PM and presented by Dr. Gaurav Gugliani and Mr. Pawan Bhawsar. The presentation will introduce mechanical engineering, mechanical properties, stress-strain types, material properties, elastic moduli, and stress-strain diagrams. It will also demonstrate the use of a universal testing machine and the types of tests it can perform.Similar to Ch03 (20)
Em321 lesson 08b solutions ch6 - mechanical properties of metals
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The document provides an overview of manufacturing, including:
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The document discusses various heat treatment methods used in manufacturing to alter the mechanical properties of metals. It describes common heat treatments like annealing, hardening, and surface hardening. Annealing is used to soften metals by heating and slow cooling. Hardening involves rapidly cooling from high temperatures to form hard martensite. Surface hardening methods like carburizing add carbon to the surface. Heat treatments require specialized furnaces, and some methods selectively heat only surface areas.
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