The data storing capacity of a digital device is known as memory.
Memory of device like empty pages of note book.
Memory devices enables us to retrieve the stored data from the memory.
Examples are HDD, CD, DVD, pen drive, floppy disk, memory cards.
Hard disk is a secondary and permanent storage device in the computer.
It stores large amount of data. It is a solid state storage device.
Reading and writing speed is high.
HDD are available from 1 GB to several TB.
Motherboard is the most important component of the system, it is infrastructure device of the computer.
It is the primary board of the computer.
It is also called as back bone of the computer.
All the components of the computer should connect to the motherboard.
All communication devices (ports) are connected to the motherboard.
A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the main circuit board, system board, baseboard, planar board or logic board,[1] or colloquially, a mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in general purpose microcomputers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems such as the central processor, the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general purpose use and applications.
Hard disk is a secondary and permanent storage device in the computer.
It stores large amount of data. It is a solid state storage device.
Reading and writing speed is high.
HDD are available from 1 GB to several TB.
Motherboard is the most important component of the system, it is infrastructure device of the computer.
It is the primary board of the computer.
It is also called as back bone of the computer.
All the components of the computer should connect to the motherboard.
All communication devices (ports) are connected to the motherboard.
A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the main circuit board, system board, baseboard, planar board or logic board,[1] or colloquially, a mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in general purpose microcomputers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems such as the central processor, the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general purpose use and applications.
Working principle of a hard disk controllerMarajulislam3
A hard disk controller (HDC) is an electrical component within a computer hard disk that enables the processor or CPU to access, read, write, delete and modify data to and from the hard disk. Essentially, an HDC allows the computer or its processor to control the hard disk.
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) pronounced as skuzzy.
The SCSI system consists of the SCSI controller that communicates with the system.
The SCSI cables are used to connect the SCSI drives to the SCSI controller and the SCSI devices.
SCSI interfaces are mainly used to connect HDD, tape storage devices, printers and scanners.
SCSI drives are more costly and faster as compare to IDE drives.
SCSI enables fast communication between the system and the device.
Working principle of a hard disk controllerMarajulislam3
A hard disk controller (HDC) is an electrical component within a computer hard disk that enables the processor or CPU to access, read, write, delete and modify data to and from the hard disk. Essentially, an HDC allows the computer or its processor to control the hard disk.
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) pronounced as skuzzy.
The SCSI system consists of the SCSI controller that communicates with the system.
The SCSI cables are used to connect the SCSI drives to the SCSI controller and the SCSI devices.
SCSI interfaces are mainly used to connect HDD, tape storage devices, printers and scanners.
SCSI drives are more costly and faster as compare to IDE drives.
SCSI enables fast communication between the system and the device.
From this power point slide you will be able to know what is computer memory and the short description about the RAM,ROM . You also can know the Hard Disk Structure and also know about the data storing Technology that called RAID.
Microprocessor is a multi programmable logic device.
It is also known as brain of the computer.
It accepts the data and instructions from input devices , process it and gives the output.
Input – Process – Output cycle.
It is a complex chip in the computer.
WHAT IS I/O PORTS?
A port is used to connect the system and a device together, using a connecting cable, so that they can communicate together.
The different ports available are usually located at the back of system case.
Modem is a network device that enables a computer to transfer data from telephone lines to computers and computers to telephone lines.
The word modem is derived from modulator and demodulator.
Modem performs modulation and demodulation.
Monitor is an out put device of the computer.
It is like a TV, that displays text and graphics on the screen.
Video adapters are responsible for delivering the images to the monitor.
Power supply is an electronic device that provides power to electronic components and circuits.
Most of the computer devices are digital devices and they need less power as compared to home or office use.
This led to the implementation of SMPS.
This is a technology which takes AC input and it gives DC output .
It converts the power from high level to low level.
Scanner is a device that translates hard copy into soft copy.
It translates data on a sheet of paper to a form that can be stored on a computer.
In other words converting of a document into digital format.
Data can be in either form of text or graphics.
The proposed work of this project is to develop a system that can be supplemented with real time wireless monitoring systems which are designed and implemented through GSM network and are able to record and transmit bio-signals of soldiers.
fire fighting, safety precaution and first aid methods in electrical workshop.
it has full information about safety rules in electrical workshop.
and it also contains the safety signs.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. Introduction
The data storing capacity of a digital
device is known as memory.
Memory of device like empty pages of
note book.
Memory devices enables us to retrieve the
stored data from the memory.
Examples are HDD, CD, DVD, pen drive,
floppy disk, memory cards.
5. Primary memory
The essential memory to work with
computer is known as primary memory.
It is also called volatile memory or
temporary memory.
Volatile memory stores the data
temporarily, it looses the data as soon as
the system power supply turned off.
RAM is the good example for volatile
memory.
6. RAM
Random Access Memory.
It is a semi conductor memory where CPU
and other hardware devices can read and
write data.
It stores the data temporarily.
That is why it is called as volatile memory,
once if we switch off the computer it
looses the data.
8. SRAM
Static RAM.
It is a one type of semi conductor memory.
It stores the data until the power supplied to the
system.
SRAM uses 4 to 6 transistors for each memory cell.
If more no of transistors present in the cell, the cells
do not require refreshing data frequently.
Refreshing a cell means rewriting data in a cell.
SRAM is faster in accessing data, due to the speed it
acts like cache memory.
9. Cache Memory
It is a type of SRAM, enables the
processor to send data at a very high
speed.
Two types of cache memories.
External cache memory.
Internal cache memory.
10. External Cache Memory
It is placed between main memory and
micro processor (CPU), it stores the data
temporarily.
It is also called as L2 cache.
CPU
RAMCache
11. Internal Cache Memory
It is associated with the micro processor.
Helps to increase the processing speed of
processor.
CPU
Cache
RAM
12. DRAM
Data stores in memory cells in DRAMs.
Each memory cell contains a pair of transistors
and a capacitor.
Memory cell is referred as a bit of data.
The life time of the data in DRAM is very short, it
is approximately 15 ms.
The memory cells of DRAM are refreshed by the
DRAM controller.
DRAM controller is a hardware component that
helps the DRAM works like the SRAM.
14. FPMDRAM
Fast Page Mode DRAM.
This is standard DRAM, accessed through
a technique called paging.
Paging enables faster access to all the
data with in a given memory.
This technology was popular on 32-bit
wide memory systems on 486 processors.
It will not support Pentium processors, 64-
bit memory devices.
15. EDODRAM
Extended Data Out DRAM.
It is a type of asynchronous DRAM. It is also
known as Hyper Page Mode DRAM.
It’s data transfer rate is approximately 264 MB
per second.
It is faster than normal DRAM.
It is 6% faster than FPMDRAM.
16. RDRAM
Rambus DRAM is the fastest computer
memory.
It sends the data frequently on the data
bus.
It’s data transfer speed is 800 MHZ.
The high performance work stations and
servers uses RDRAM.
The video memory on the graphic cards
uses RDRAM.
17. SDRAM
Synchronous DRAM.
It synchronizes the memory speed with the CPU
clock speed.
The speed of the SDRAM depends on the speed
of the processor.
It is faster then SRAM, DRAM, FPMDRAM,
EDODRAM and VRAM.
The data transfer speed of SDRAM is measured
in nanoseconds and MHZ.
It works with a speed of 133 MHZ.
18. Modules in SDRAM
There are two modules of SDRAMs.
2 - Clock SDRAM 4 – Clock SDRAM
Each clock signal controls two
different DRAM chips.
Each clock signal controls
four different DRAM chips.
Used by older versions of
computers.
Using by latest computers.
19. Types of SDRAMs
It is the latest version
of SDRAM.
Double Data Rate
SDRAM.
Data transfer rate of
DDR is faster than
SDRAM. It is twice the
speed of SDRAM.
DDR consumes less
power.
DDR It is a type of
synchronous dynamic
access memory that
can transfer four words
of data in each clock
cycle.
Quad Data Rate
SDRAM.
It has separate read
and write ports that
can operate
simultaneously
QDR
20. Types of DDR
DDR 266 DDR 333 DDR 400 DDR2 533
DDR2 667
It is one of the
cheapest DDR
memories.
Available in the
market.
It is meant for the
users, those who
uses powerful
applications such
as video
processing soft
wares, latest
games etc.
It is recommended
for the some of the
latest mother
boards with at
least P4 2.8 GHZ,
or above.
DDR2 memory
chips runs at the
speed just double
the DDR
SDRAMs.
21. Differences between DDR and DDR2
Factor DDR DDR2
Data Bus 64 bits 64 bits
Data Rate 200/266/333/400 MHZ 400/533/667 MHZ
Frequency 100/133/166/200 MHZ 200/266/333 MHZ
density 128 MB to 1 GB 256 MB to 4 GB
Voltage 2.5 Volts 1.8 Volts
22. Memory packages
Memory package is a small circuit board
that contains memory chips.
The installation main memory on to the
computer depends on memory packages.
23. Types of memory packages
SIMM DIMM SODIMM RIMM
Single In – line
Memory Module.
Dual In - line
Memory Module.
Small Outline
Dual In – line
Memory Module.
Rambus Inline
Memory Module.
24. SIMM
It is a small circuit board designed to hold memory chips.
Various SIMM packages are available based on the
number of pins it contains.
30 – pin package 72 – pin package
The capacities of a 30 – pin SIMM
package are 256 KB, 1 MB, 2 MB, 4
MB, 8 MB and 16 MB RAMs.
It contains 2, 4, or 8 data chips per
module.
It has a data bus width of 8 bits with
9 bit parity.
Parity checks the accuracy of data
transmission.
The capacities of a 72 – pin SIMM
package are 1 MB, 2 MB, 4 MB, 8
MB ,16 MB, 32 MB, 64 MB and 128
MB RAMs.
It contains 2, 4, 8 or 16 data chips
per module.
It has a data bus width of 32 - bits
with 36 - bit parity.
25. ROM
Read Only Memory.
It stores the data permanently. It stores
the system configuration.
Lithium ion battery will supply continues
power supply to the ROM.
It is a non volatile main memory.
29. Logical memory
Logical memory enables the user to use
large amount of memory to store data.
This enables the OS to arrange memory
into a logical manner.
The system maps the logical address to
real physical storage address.
30. Logical memory organization
The computer’s main
memory is divided
into different
categories.
Conventional memory
Upper memory
Extended memory
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Extented
memory
Upper memory
Convential
memory
31. Conventional memory
This memory is also called as DOS
memory or BASE memory.
Size of the conventional memory is 640KB
and it is used by the DOS.
DOS can not use more than 640 KB for
most of it’s work.