This document provides an overview of different types of computer memory devices. It begins by explaining the importance of memory and then outlines the main types which include main memory (RAM and ROM), cache memory, and secondary storage devices. RAM is further divided into DRAM and SRAM. ROM includes PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Secondary storage includes magnetic devices like hard disks and floppy disks, as well as optical devices like CDs and DVDs. Newer memory technologies like flash memory and Blu-ray disks are also mentioned.
Primary memory (main memory)
complete knowledge about main memory Ram Rom and its kinds
with history and pictures
try it to believe it
Main memory refers to physical memory that is internal to the computer
Primary memory (main memory)
complete knowledge about main memory Ram Rom and its kinds
with history and pictures
try it to believe it
Main memory refers to physical memory that is internal to the computer
From this power point slide you will be able to know what is computer memory and the short description about the RAM,ROM . You also can know the Hard Disk Structure and also know about the data storing Technology that called RAID.
A full ppt about computer memory.It will contain all data about computer memory like types of memory,ram and rom, types of ram and rom and cache memory.
From this power point slide you will be able to know what is computer memory and the short description about the RAM,ROM . You also can know the Hard Disk Structure and also know about the data storing Technology that called RAID.
A full ppt about computer memory.It will contain all data about computer memory like types of memory,ram and rom, types of ram and rom and cache memory.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
2. INTRODUCTION
Memory is the most essential part of a computer.
Without memory there would be no computer, as we
know it today.
It is used for storing both instructions to be executed
and data.
This presentation has been developed after an intensive
research on Memory Devices.
3. TYPES OF MEMORY
MAIN MEMORY
o Random Access Memory (RAM)
o Read Only Memory (ROM)
CACHE MEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY
o Optical Media Devices
o Magnetic Media Devices
4. MAIN MEMORY
Directly or indirectly connected to the CPU via a memory bus
Comprises of two buses: an address bus and a data bus
The CPU firstly sends a number through an address bus, a
number called memory address, that indicates the desired
location of data. Then it reads or writes the data itself using the
data bus.
Additionally, a memory management unit(MMU) is a small
device between CPU and RAM recalculating the actual memory
address, for example to provide an abstraction of virtual
memory or other task.
Broadly, the main memory is of two types-
o Random Access Memory (RAM)
o Read Only Memory (ROM).
5. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
In RAM, the memory cells can
be assessed for information
transfer from any desired
location, that is, the processing
of a word in memory is the same
and requires an equal amount of
memory.
It is the fastest main memory
technology.
It requires constant power to
maintain the stored
information, therefore, it is
volatile.
A 1GB DDR RAM memory
module
6. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RAM
Memory unit
2k words
N bits per word
K address line
read
write
n data input lines
n data output
lines
Control
lines
7. TYPES OF RAM
The RAM chips are of two types-
o Dynamic RAM(DRAM)
A form of volatile memory which also requires the stored
information to be periodically re-read and re-written,
or refreshed, otherwise it would vanish.
o Static RAM (SRAM)
A form of volatile memory similar to DRAM with the
exception that it never needs to be refreshed.
8. Dynamic RAM
A type of RAM that stores
each bit of data in a
separate capacitor within an
integrated circuit.
Since real capacitors leak
charge, the information
eventually fades unless the
capacitor charge is refreshed
periodically.
Its advantage is its structural
simplicity: only one transistor
and a capacitor are required per
bit, compared to four transistors
in SRAM. This allows DRAM to
reach very high density.
11. TYPES OF DRAM
DRAM chips are available in various designs:
EDODRAM (Extended Data Out DRAM)
SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)
DDRDRAM (Double Data Rate DRAM)
12. EDODRAM (Extended Data Out DRAM)
Its cells keep the data valid
until it receives an
additional signal.
It has a dual-pipeline
architecture that allows the
memory controller to
simultaneously read new
data while discharging the
old.
A pair of 32 MB EDO
DRAM modules
13. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
SDRAM has a synchronous
interface, meaning that it waits
for a signal before responding
to control inputs and is
therefore synchronized with the
computer's system bus.
This allows the chip to have a
more complex pattern of
operation than asynchronous
DRAM which does not have a
synchronized interface.
Pipelining means that the chip
can accept a new instruction
before it has finished
processing the previous one
14. RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)
It is a type of
synchronous DRAM,
designed by
the Rambus Corporation.
It is fairly fast and has tried
to address some of the
complex electrical and
physical problems involved
with memory.
15. DDRDRAM (Double Data Rate DRAM)
Unlike SDRAM, it can do
two operations per cycle
thereby doubling the
memory bandwidth over
the corresponding single-
data-rate SDRAM
16. Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)
It is a type of memory in
which, memory refreshing is
not required.
It uses flip-flops to store
binary information.
As it takes up more space
than DRAM, it is used for
specialized applications.
It is much easier to use and
has shorter read-write cycles
compared to DRAM.
17. READ ONLY MEMORY
It performs only read function
not write function. So the data
stored in ROM cannot be
modified.
It comes with special internal
electronic fuses that can be
programmed for a specific
configuration. Once this pattern
is established it stays in the unit.
Thus, ROM is non-volatile.
18. TYPES OF ROM
Programmable read-only memory (PROM)
This device uses high voltages to permanently destroy or
create internal links (fuses or antifuses) within the chip.
Consequently, a PROM can only be programmed once.
Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM)
It can be erased by exposure to strong ultraviolet light (typically for
10 minutes or longer), then rewritten with a process that again
requires application of higher than usual voltage.
Electrically erasable programmable read-only
memory (EEPROM)
It allows its entire contents (or selected banks) to be electrically
erased, then rewritten electrically, so that they need not be
removed from the computer (or camera, MP3 player, etc.).
19. CACHE MEMORY
It is a high speed storage mechanism.
Can be either a reserved section of main memory or an independent
storage device.
It speeds up access to data and instructions stored in RAM.
MEMORY CACHE-
It is a portion of memory of SRAM instead of the slower DRAM. By
keeping as much of the information as possible in high speed SRAM,
it avoids accessing the slower DRAM.
DISK CACHE-
It works under the same principle, but uses conventional main memory
(DRAM) instead of high speed SRAM. It improves the computers
performance a lot as accessing data from RAM is much faster than
from hard-disk.
20. TYPES OF CACHE MEMORY
Level 1 (L1) cache
Built inside the CPU.
It works at half CPU clock speed.
Level 2 (L2) cache
Built external to CPU, in the motherboard.
It works at the motherboard bus speed.
Nowadays both L1 and L2 are integrated in the CPU to
reduce access time and further improve system
performance.
21. The whole idea of memory cache
is to keep staging more
instructions and data in a high-
speed memory closer to the CPU.
MEMORY CACHE
23. SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
These devices are used to store large amount of data permanently.
It differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible
by the CPU. So they need more access time and thus are much
slower.
Per unit, it is typically also an order of magnitude less
expensive than primary storage. Consequently, modern
computer systems have an order of magnitude more
secondary storage than primary storage and data is kept
for a longer time there (such as in hard disk).
It is broadly of two types- 1) MAGNETIC MEDIA and
2)OPTIC MEDIA.
24. MAGNETIC MEDIA DEVICES
Magnetic storage uses different patterns
of magnetization in a magnetizable material to store
data
It is a form of non-volatile memory.
The information is accessed using one or
more read/write heads.
HARD DISKS and FLOPPY DISKS are such devices.
25. HARD DISKS
It stores information on one
or more continuously
spinning disks which are
coated with magnetic
material.
Information is recorded by
magnetic heads called
access arms.
These days, hard disks
have storage capacity
between 80 to 300 GB.
ACCESS ARM
26. FLOPPY DISK (DISKETTE)
It is made of a flexible
substance called Mylar.
It has a magnetic surface
for recording data.
It stores upto 1.44 MB of
data.
It cannot include graphics
or pictures within it.
All floppy disks must be
formatted before data can
be written on it.
27. OPTIC MEDIA DEVICES
Optic devices are generally circular disc which can
contain data encoded in bumps on a special material on
one of its flat surfaces.
The encoding pattern follows a continuous, spiral path
covering the entire disc surface and extending from the
innermost track to the outermost track.
The data is stored on the disc with a laser or stamping
machine, and can be accessed when the data path is
illuminated with a laser diode in an optical disc drive
These are broadly of two types- 1) CDs and 2) DVDs.
28. COMPACT DISK (CD)
CDs are very cheap and
store upto 700 MB of data.
They are of three types-
CD-ROM (CD Read
Only Memory)
CD-R (CD Recordable)
CD-RW (CD Rewritable)
29. DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD)
It is of the same size as a
CD but stores 15 times as
much information, is 20
times faster than it.
It can hold 17 GB of data.
It comes in three varieties-
DVD-ROM (DVD Read
Only Memory)
DVD-R (DVD Recordable)
DVD-RW (DVD
Rewritable)
30. NEW AGE MEMORY DEVICES
FLASH MEMORY-
is a non-volatile memory
It is a specific type
of EEPROM
primarily used in memory
cards and USB flash drives
BLU-RAY DISK-
Supersedes DVDs
Uses blue-violet laser to read
the disc
stores almost six times more
data than on a DVD